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History log of /src/lib/libc/time
RevisionDateAuthorComments
 1.8 12-Dec-2000  kleink Merge tzcode2000g.
 1.7 16-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999i.
 1.6 10-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.5 08-Feb-1999  kleink branches: 1.5.6;
Merge tzcode1999b.
 1.4 10-Sep-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.3 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998b
 1.2 09-Jan-1998  perry RCS Id Police.
 1.1 05-Sep-1997  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.6 16-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999i.
 1.1.1.5 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.4 08-Feb-1999  kleink Imported tzcode1999b.
 1.1.1.3 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.2 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998b
 1.1.1.1 05-Sep-1997  jtc import tzcode1997g
 1.5.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.9 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.8 16-Sep-2023  christos branches: 1.8.2;
Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.7 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.6 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.5 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.4 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.4.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.3 24-Oct-2017  christos branches: 1.3.2;
Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.2 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.1 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.1.2; 1.1.4;
Sync with 2016b
 1.1.4.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.1 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.3.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.3.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.4.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.8.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.2 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.1 04-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.1.2;
tzcode2016i
 1.1.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.1.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette file LICENSE was added on branch pgoyette-localcount on 2017-01-07 08:56:03 +0000
 1.59 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.58 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.57 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.57.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.56 23-Dec-2023  christos Import tzcode 2023d:

localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
transition into a DST regime. Previously, it incorrectly assumed
DST was in effect before the transition too. (Thanks to Alois
Treindl for debugging help.)

localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.

The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
compiler is C11 or later.

tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.

tzselect no longer creates temporary files.

tzselect no longer mishandles the following:

Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
TZDIR, and VERSION.

TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
expressions of the form /X{2,}/.

ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.

Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
//TRANSLIT extension.

zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
predicted for just before and just after Ramadan. (Thanks to Ken
Murchison for debugging help.)

zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
 1.55 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.54 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.53 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.52 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.51 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.50 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.49 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.48 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.47 17-Oct-2020  christos update to 2020c
 1.46 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.45 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.44 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.43 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.42 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.41 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.40 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.40.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.39 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.39.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.38 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.37 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.36 04-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.36.2;
tzcode2016i
 1.35 20-Oct-2016  christos welcome to 2016h
 1.34 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.33 16-Sep-2016  christos welcome to tzcond-2016f
 1.32 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.32.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.31 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.30 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.29 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.28 28-Apr-2015  christos welcome to tzcode 2015d (zic performance improvements and cleanups)
 1.27 24-Mar-2015  christos merge 2015b
 1.26 31-Jan-2015  christos merge tzcode2015a:

tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
shortening too-long abbreviations.
 1.25 18-Nov-2014  christos welcome to 2014j
 1.24 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.23 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.22 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.21 05-Aug-2014  apb branches: 1.21.2;
Ue ${GZIP_N_FLAG} instead of -n when setting GZIPFLAGS or GZIP_FLAGS.
This will allow -nT instead of just -n to be passed to pigz.
 1.20 14-Jun-2014  christos welcome to 2014e
 1.19 28-May-2014  christos welcome to 2014d; zic big bang fixes:
some programs did not handle large negative time_t values well (gnome)
 1.18 13-May-2014  christos Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.17 27-Jan-2014  apb branches: 1.17.2;
Use ${TOOL_GZIP} instead of just gzip in all Makefiles
outside */dist/* subdirectories.

When USE_PIGZGZIP=yes, bsd.own.mk sets TOOL_GZIP=${TOOL_PIGZ},
so there's no need to test USE_PIGZGZIP in these Makefiles.
 1.16 26-Dec-2013  christos update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.15 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.14 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.13 08-May-2013  christos branches: 1.13.2;
welcome to 2013c!
 1.12 16-Mar-2013  christos apply 2013b
 1.11 02-Mar-2013  christos but don't lose our own extensions
 1.10 02-Mar-2013  christos resolve more diff
 1.9 02-Mar-2013  christos update to tzcode2013a
 1.8 28-Oct-2012  christos welcome to tzcode2012h via patch.
 1.7 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.6 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.6.2;
merge 2012e
 1.5 16-Oct-2011  christos branches: 1.5.2;
Add code (not enabled) that allows mktime() to return a value for times
in the DST gap when tm_isdst == -1, like glibc does. Document both behaviors.
 1.4 04-Sep-2011  christos bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.3 15-Jan-2011  martin Backout previous, it breaks the build big time and causes e.g. date(1)
and top(1) to dump core.
 1.2 14-Jan-2011  christos don't depend on integer oveflow wrapping to detect it. From Paul Eggert in
the tz mailing list.
 1.1 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.1 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.5.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.5.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.6.2.3 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.6.2.2 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.6.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.13.2.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.17.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.21.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.32.2.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.32.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.32.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.36.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.39.2.3 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.39.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.39.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.40.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.40.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.57.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.25 06-Apr-2025  christos PR/59249: Taylor R Campbell: Add missing man pages: strptime_l, strftime_l,
strftime_lz, strftime_z
 1.24 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.23 04-Apr-2019  christos branches: 1.23.12;
ALL_STATE was bought by STATE_FARM.
 1.22 29-Oct-2015  christos branches: 1.22.16;
Add tzgetgmtoff(3)
 1.21 08-Oct-2014  msaitoh Fix typo.
 1.20 07-Oct-2014  christos Fix backslashes
 1.19 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.18 16-Jan-2014  christos branches: 1.18.4;
"soon" is "now". Remove all __indr_reference crap.
 1.17 14-Aug-2011  christos branches: 1.17.2; 1.17.8;
annotate that some functions use non-literal format strings.
 1.16 16-Dec-2010  christos it is getname not time.
 1.15 16-Dec-2010  christos add the 3 missing man pages.
 1.14 16-Dec-2010  christos Provide a re-entrant and thread-safe set of timezone API's that
don't require locking and can operate on user-specified timezones
as opposed to having to alter the environment to change a timezone.
This work was presented to the tzcode folks and it was generally
accepted, but there seems to be a lot of inertia.
 1.13 15-May-2009  jakllsch Update MLINKS to match the flist.
 1.12 14-May-2009  ginsbach Add the getdate(3) function and getdate_err value, conforming to IEEE
Std 1003.1 (``POSIX.1'') and the Open Group Base Specifications X/Open
System Interfaces extension (``XSI'').
 1.11 16-Jul-2005  christos Use CPPFLAGS for -D flags otherwise lint does not get it.
 1.10 10-May-2004  kleink Add a manual page for the standard-inspired offtime(3) and friends;
requested by Thomas Klausner.
 1.9 31-Mar-2001  kleink Add a daylight(3) link as well. XXX Can't link to timezone(3) yet.
 1.8 31-Mar-2001  kleink Finally deprecate the old timezone() interface in favor of an XSH5
timezone/daytime pair; as proposed by J.T. in September, 1996.
Fixes PR standards/11807 by Nick Hudson.
 1.7 04-May-1999  kleink branches: 1.7.10;
Add documentation for asctime_r(), ctime_r(), gmtime_r() and localtime_r().
 1.6 28-Jul-1998  mycroft Add -DALL_STATE, to allocate localtime() data structures dynamically.
 1.5 25-May-1997  kleink Add a strptime(3) manual page.
 1.4 23-Apr-1997  mrg move str[fp]time into libc/time.
 1.3 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.3.2;
Added some manpages and manpage links (moved from libc/gen).
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Fix typo.
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc Makefile for new time stuff
 1.3.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Added some manpages and manpage links (moved from libc/gen).
 1.3.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file Makefile.inc was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 06:05:39 +0000
 1.7.10.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.17.8.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.17.2.1 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.18.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.22.16.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.23.12.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.2 05-Sep-1997  jtc Music has been expanded and renamed Arts.htm
 1.1 08-Jan-1996  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.2 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.1 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.47 02-Apr-2025  christos Release 2025b - 2025-03-22 13:40:46 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -l TIMEZONE -d . -l /some/other/file/system' no longer
attempts to create an incorrect symlink, and no longer has a
read buffer underflow. (Problem reported by Evgeniy Gorbanev.)
 1.46 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.45 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.44 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.44.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.43 23-Dec-2023  christos Import tzcode 2023d:

localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
transition into a DST regime. Previously, it incorrectly assumed
DST was in effect before the transition too. (Thanks to Alois
Treindl for debugging help.)

localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.

The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
compiler is C11 or later.

tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.

tzselect no longer creates temporary files.

tzselect no longer mishandles the following:

Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
TZDIR, and VERSION.

TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
expressions of the form /X{2,}/.

ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.

Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
//TRANSLIT extension.

zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
predicted for just before and just after Ramadan. (Thanks to Ken
Murchison for debugging help.)

zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
 1.42 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.41 15-Jan-2023  christos Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.
 1.40 11-Dec-2022  christos branches: 1.40.2;
Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.39 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.38 15-Oct-2022  christos update to 2022e; no real changes
 1.37 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.36 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.35 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.34 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.33 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.32 17-Oct-2020  christos update to 2020c
 1.31 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.30 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.29 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.28 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.27 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.26 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.25 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.24 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.24.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.23 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.23.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.22 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.21 25-Apr-2017  christos merge tzcode2017b.
 1.20 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.19 04-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.19.2;
tzcode2016i
 1.18 20-Oct-2016  christos welcome to 2016h
 1.17 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.16 16-Sep-2016  christos welcome to tzcond-2016f
 1.15 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.15.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.14 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.13 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.12 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.11 28-Apr-2015  christos welcome to tzcode 2015d (zic performance improvements and cleanups)
 1.10 24-Mar-2015  christos merge 2015b
 1.9 31-Jan-2015  christos merge tzcode2015a:

tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
shortening too-long abbreviations.
 1.8 18-Nov-2014  christos welcome to 2014j
 1.7 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.6 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.5 15-Aug-2014  christos branches: 1.5.2;
merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.4 14-Jun-2014  christos branches: 1.4.2;
welcome to 2014e
 1.3 28-May-2014  christos welcome to 2014d; zic big bang fixes:
some programs did not handle large negative time_t values well (gnome)
 1.2 13-May-2014  christos branches: 1.2.2;
Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.1 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.1.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.1.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.2.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.2.2.1 13-May-2014  yamt file NEWS was added on branch yamt-pagecache on 2014-05-22 11:36:54 +0000
 1.4.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.5.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.5.2.1 15-Aug-2014  tls file NEWS was added on branch tls-maxphys on 2014-08-20 00:02:16 +0000
 1.15.2.4 26-Apr-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.15.2.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.15.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.15.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.19.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.23.2.4 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.23.2.3 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.23.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.23.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.24.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.24.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.40.2.1 24-Jul-2023  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #242):

lib/libc/time/localtime.c: revision 1.137
lib/libc/time/zdump.c: revision 1.61
lib/libc/time/NEWS: revision 1.41
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.88
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.89
lib/libc/time/private.h: revision 1.65

Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.

put attributes first for c23 compliance.
 1.44.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.17 23-Dec-2023  christos Import tzcode 2023d:

localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
transition into a DST regime. Previously, it incorrectly assumed
DST was in effect before the transition too. (Thanks to Alois
Treindl for debugging help.)

localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.

The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
compiler is C11 or later.

tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.

tzselect no longer creates temporary files.

tzselect no longer mishandles the following:

Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
TZDIR, and VERSION.

TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
expressions of the form /X{2,}/.

ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.

Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
//TRANSLIT extension.

zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
predicted for just before and just after Ramadan. (Thanks to Ken
Murchison for debugging help.)

zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
 1.16 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.15 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.14 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.13 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.13.2; 1.13.4;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.12 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.11 07-Oct-2016  christos branches: 1.11.2;
merge tzcode2016g
 1.10 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.10.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.9 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.8 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.8.4;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.7 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.7.2;
merge 2012e
 1.6 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.6.6;
Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.5 29-Jan-2002  kleink Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.4 22-Jan-1998  jtc branches: 1.4.12;
sync with tzcode1998b
 1.3 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.2 09-Jan-1998  perry RCS Id Police.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.7 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.6 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.5 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998b
 1.1.1.4 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.3 05-Sep-1997  jtc import tzcode1997g
 1.1.1.2 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1.1.2;
Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.1.1.1.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.1.1.1.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file README was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 07:08:15 +0000
 1.4.12.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.6.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.6.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.7.2.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.8.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.10.2.2 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.10.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.11.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.13.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.13.2.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.1 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.23 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.22 20-Oct-2016  christos branches: 1.22.2;
welcome to 2016h
 1.21 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.20 16-Sep-2016  christos welcome to tzcond-2016f
 1.19 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.19.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.18 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.17 24-Mar-2015  christos merge 2015b
 1.16 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.15 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.14 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.14.4;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.13 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.12 28-Oct-2012  christos branches: 1.12.2;
welcome to tzcode2012h via patch.
 1.11 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.11.2;
merge 2012e
 1.10 04-Sep-2011  christos branches: 1.10.2;
bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.9 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.8 27-May-2004  kleink Merge tzcode2004a.
 1.7 20-Dec-2003  kleink branches: 1.7.2;
Merge tzcode2003e.
 1.6 29-Jan-2002  kleink Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.5 12-Dec-2000  kleink branches: 1.5.2;
Merge tzcode2000g.
 1.4 10-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.3 22-Jan-1998  jtc branches: 1.3.6;
sync with tzcode1998a
 1.2 09-Jan-1998  perry RCS Id Police.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.10 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.9 27-May-2004  kleink Import tzcode2004a.
 1.1.1.8 19-Dec-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003e.
 1.1.1.7 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.6 12-Dec-2000  kleink Import tzcode2000g.
 1.1.1.5 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.4 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.3 05-Sep-1997  jtc import tzcode1997g
 1.1.1.2 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1.1.2;
Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.1.1.1.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.1.1.1.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file Theory was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 07:08:17 +0000
 1.3.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.5.2.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.2.1 15-Jun-2004  he Pull up revision 1.8 (requested by kleink in ticket #407):
Update to tzcode2004a.
 1.10.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.10.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.11.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.11.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.12.2.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.14.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.19.2.2 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.19.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.22.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.2 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.1 08-Jan-1996  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.1 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.9 12-Dec-2000  kleink Merge tzcode2000g.
 1.8 16-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999i.
 1.7 10-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.6 08-Feb-1999  kleink branches: 1.6.6;
Merge tzcode1999b.
 1.5 04-Oct-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998h.
 1.4 10-Sep-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.3 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.2 09-Jan-1998  perry RCS Id Police.
 1.1 18-Jun-1997  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.8 16-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999i.
 1.1.1.7 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.6 08-Feb-1999  kleink Imported tzcode1999b.
 1.1.1.5 04-Oct-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998H.
 1.1.1.4 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.3 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.2 05-Sep-1997  jtc import tzcode1997g
 1.1.1.1 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.6.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.5 16-Jan-2014  christos "soon" is "now". Remove all __indr_reference crap.
 1.4 13-Sep-2005  christos branches: 1.4.44; 1.4.50;
compat core reorg.
 1.3 30-Jul-2005  christos - Fix the remaining indr_references so that they define lint symbols.
- Add an internal symbol for strerror_r (thanks klaus for noticing)
- Remove internal __strerror
 1.2 12-Jun-2005  lukem Add missing __RCSID()
 1.1 31-Mar-2001  kleink branches: 1.1.2;
Finally deprecate the old timezone() interface in favor of an XSH5
timezone/daytime pair; as proposed by J.T. in September, 1996.
Fixes PR standards/11807 by Nick Hudson.
 1.1.2.2 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.1.2.1 31-Mar-2001  nathanw file _daylight.c was added on branch nathanw_sa on 2001-10-08 20:22:20 +0000
 1.4.50.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.4.44.1 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.32 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.31 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.30 20-Jan-2024  christos branches: 1.30.2;
Catch up with all the lint warnings since exit on warning was disabled.
Disable 'missing header declaration' and 'nested extern' warnings for now.
 1.29 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.28 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.27 27-Jan-2019  dholland fix mergeo
 1.26 27-Jan-2019  pgoyette Merge the [pgoyette-compat] branch
 1.25 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.25.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.24 07-Jan-2018  kamil branches: 1.24.2;
Revert asctime() namespacing

asctime() is optionally a cancellation point in the POSIX spec.
It's not true for NetBSD.

Requested by <joerg>
 1.23 05-Jan-2018  kamil Register new weak symbol in libc for internal usage: asctime

The NetBSD Standard C Library uses internally some of its functions with
a mangled symbol name, usually "_symbol". The internal functions shall not
use the global (public) symbols.

Add asctime to namespace.h.

Register a new __weak_alias() entry for asctime() in asctime.c.

acstime() is used internally in ctime and __ctime50. This revision switches
the internal usage to the internal symbol.

Sponsored by <The NetBSD Foundation>
 1.22 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.21 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.20 23-Oct-2014  christos branches: 1.20.2; 1.20.4;
merge 2014i
 1.19 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.18 28-Oct-2012  christos branches: 1.18.8;
welcome to tzcode2012h via patch.
 1.17 26-Oct-2012  christos remove unused constant
 1.16 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.15 25-Jun-2012  abs branches: 1.15.2;
Update old-style definitions to ANSI, remove a couple of register
definitions along the way. Fixed gcc 4.1 build (thank you vax)
 1.14 04-Sep-2011  christos branches: 1.14.2;
bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.13 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.12 15-Oct-2006  perry Make the declarations of wday_name and mon_name less eccentric. I
suppose they were legal before, but lint was unhappy about them. It
was probably unhappy for the wrong reasons, but I think it certainly
wasn't something one would want anyway. Declaring a string of length
three to have storage of length three without room for the nul is
asking for trouble even if it does work in context, and there was no
reason not to state how many days there are in a week or months in a
year -- they aren't onerous and aren't going to change.

NOTE: If this code isn't being synced with the central TZCODE stuff,
it probably should be KNFed etc. It is full of K&R declarations,
register, lots of eccentricities, etc.
 1.11 13-Sep-2000  msaitoh check LIBC_SCCS
 1.10 22-Jan-2000  mycroft Delint.
Remove trailing ; from uses of __weak_alias(). The macro inserts this if
needed.
 1.9 08-Oct-1998  kleink Oops, also needs "namespace.h".
 1.8 11-Sep-1998  kleink Restore `elsieid' accidently clobbered during merge.
 1.7 10-Sep-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.6 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.5 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.4 23-Jan-1997  mrg - convert unsafe strcpy(), strcat() and sprintf() to the `n' versions.
- some KNF.
 1.3 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.5 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.4 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.3 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.2 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc New time and date code from ADO
 1.2.2.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.2.2.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc file asctime.c was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-09 23:41:12 +0000
 1.14.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.15.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.18.8.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.20.4.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.20.2.1 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.24.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.25.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.30.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.2 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.1 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.8 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.7 13-May-2014  christos branches: 1.7.2;
Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.6 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.6.2;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.5 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.5.2;
merge 2012e
 1.4 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.4.6;
Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.3 10-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.2 09-Jan-1998  perry branches: 1.2.6;
RCS Id Police.
 1.1 10-Sep-1996  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.3 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.2 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.1 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.2.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.4.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.4.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.5.2.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.6.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.7.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.72 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.71 16-Sep-2023  christos branches: 1.71.2;
Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.70 12-Sep-2023  dholland ctime.3: fix merge mistake

The paragraphs about the *_r and *_z/rz functions belong at the end of
the section (or somewhere like that), not affixed to the description of
difftime in the middle of the list of functions.
 1.69 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.68 26-Oct-2022  jschauma rephrase / clarify explanation of struct tm member normalization
 1.67 21-Oct-2022  uwe ctime(3): fix unbalanced paren introduced in 1.40
 1.66 21-Oct-2022  uwe ctime(3): add missing leading slash in a pathname
 1.65 21-Oct-2022  jschauma escape mathematical minus so it doesn't get rendered as a dash
 1.64 21-Oct-2022  jschauma Note normalizing behavior of mktime(3) using language from FreeBSD.
 1.63 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.62 28-Sep-2021  kim Remove duplicate tm_isdst. Fixes PR misc/56419 for HEAD.
 1.61 02-Sep-2019  sevan start documenting history
 1.60 19-Oct-2018  christos branches: 1.60.2;
Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.59 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.59.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.58 11-Feb-2018  wiz branches: 1.58.2;
Remove Tn. Remove trailing whitespace. Remove useless Pp.
 1.57 07-Feb-2018  pgoyette Fix typos, as reported by Eitan Adler. Update dates.
 1.56 25-Jan-2018  christos Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.55 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.54 29-Dec-2016  wiz Fix asctime_r prototype.
 1.53 22-Dec-2016  abhinav Remove trailing comma at the end of the last .Nm entry in the NAME section
 1.52 22-Dec-2016  abhinav Grammar fixes at few places
Also, don't use .D1 inside .Bd (mandoc -Tlint was complaining)
Remove whitespace at the end of a sentence
 1.51 07-Oct-2014  christos branches: 1.51.2;
Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.50 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.49 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.49.4;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.48 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.47 19-Jan-2013  apb Document the fact that ctime_rz, localtime_rz, and mktime_z,
accept a NULL timezone_t pointer as a reference to UTC,
and the fact that tzalloc accepts a NULL zone name.
 1.46 02-Nov-2011  christos branches: 1.46.6;
document where tm_zone comes from in the _z calls.
 1.45 02-Nov-2011  apb Use double quotes to prevent multiple adjacent spaces from
being squashed to a single space on output.
 1.44 27-Oct-2011  christos branches: 1.44.2;
Change mktime*(3) so that it does not always return EOVERFLOW when it cannot
perform the conversion, but returns EINVAL when the time requested would fall
in the DST gap, or is not representable in the timezone requested, and document
this.
 1.43 16-Oct-2011  christos Add code (not enabled) that allows mktime() to return a value for times
in the DST gap when tm_isdst == -1, like glibc does. Document both behaviors.
 1.42 09-Jul-2011  plunky don't indent this bullet list either, it is not required
(the text is indented anyway)
 1.41 09-Jun-2011  njoly Do not indent RETURN VALUES section (which was ignored because of
missing dash).
 1.40 12-Apr-2011  jruoho branches: 1.40.2;
Split out FUNCTIONS to make this tolerable to read. Also improve readability
with lists. Describe the functions in the order of appearance in SYNOPSIS.
Use CAVEATS instead of NOTES. Remove "man page spam". Etc.
 1.39 12-Apr-2011  jruoho Move some of the discussion from the messy ctime(3) to tm(3).
 1.38 24-Jan-2011  njoly Redo Vt macro fixes (from r1.35) which were lost.
 1.37 17-Dec-2010  wiz branches: 1.37.2;
Sort ERRORS. Fix a typo. Readd macro usage lost in previous.
Remove trailing whitespace.
 1.36 16-Dec-2010  christos Provide a re-entrant and thread-safe set of timezone API's that
don't require locking and can operate on user-specified timezones
as opposed to having to alter the environment to change a timezone.
This work was presented to the tzcode folks and it was generally
accepted, but there seems to be a lot of inertia.
 1.35 09-Dec-2010  njoly Convert a few macros to Vt (variable type).
 1.34 27-Oct-2010  wiz Fix a typo and remove trailing whitespace.
 1.33 27-Oct-2010  christos markup improvements, document ctype_r, time_t is not a "long integer"
 1.32 15-May-2010  pgoyette Remove repeated text "After filling..."

XXX Someone else can decide whether we should refer to "U.S.A." or to
XXX "the United States" in the parenthetical.
 1.31 03-Feb-2010  wiz Remove trailing whitespace. Use Fn when referencing functions. Sort sections.
New sentence, new line.
 1.30 02-Feb-2010  christos According to TOG:
- asctime{,_r}, ctime{,_r} may return NULL; document that, and avoid coredumps.
- gmtime{,_r}, localtime{,_r} may return NULL and set EOVERFLOW, document and
set errno.
- when mktime returns (time_t)-1, make it set EOVERFLOW and document it.

XXX: Should be pulled up to 5.x
 1.29 08-Jan-2010  joerg Try to fixup the mess of mdoc(7)/man(7) mixture as created by the merge.
 1.28 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.27 16-Apr-2003  wiz Use
.In header.h
instead of
.Fd #include \*[Lt]header.h\*[Gt]
Much easier to read and write, and supported by groff for ages.
Okayed by ross.
 1.26 01-Oct-2002  wiz New sentence, new line. From Robert Elz.
 1.25 07-Feb-2002  ross Generate <>& symbolically.
 1.24 16-Sep-2001  wiz Sort SEE ALSO.
 1.23 02-Apr-2001  wiz mdoc'ify. With a tip of the hat to kleink.
 1.22 29-Mar-2001  kleink Sprinkle some restrict.
 1.21 25-Jan-2001  jdolecek branches: 1.21.2;
add forgotten argument name to actime_r() prototype
 1.20 10-Jul-2000  kleink * Use standard interval notation for struct tm members.
* Document tm_isdst as DST flag, not summer time.
 1.19 06-Jul-2000  kleink Note that localtime_r() does not imply tzset(); inspired by a conversation
with Hal Murray in the trail of PR lib/10282.
 1.18 06-Jul-2000  hubertf Improve description for tm_year and some other fields.
May prevent PRs like 10521 in the future.
 1.17 05-Jun-2000  kleink branches: 1.17.2;
Pasto in previous.
 1.16 05-Jun-2000  kleink Move orphaned information to tzset(3).
 1.15 04-May-1999  kleink branches: 1.15.6;
Add documentation for asctime_r(), ctime_r(), gmtime_r() and localtime_r().
 1.14 19-Mar-1998  tv Correct doc for tm.tm_sec to document range 0..61, not 0..60 (strptime(3)
legally assigns 61 here if specified by the user)
 1.13 14-Jul-1997  kleink Add standards conformance statement.
 1.12 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.11 18-Apr-1997  is The protoypes for ctime() and tzset() are in <time.h>. Move #include <time.h>
to the start of the SYNOPSIS so that people won't need to search them.
 1.10 30-Jan-1996  jtc Changed manpages to reflect fact that localtime file is in /etc
 1.9 20-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96c
 1.8 08-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96a
 1.7 28-Nov-1995  jtc merge in changes from 1.1 release branch
 1.6 22-Aug-1995  jtc branches: 1.6.2;
/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo -> /usr/share/zoneinfo; PR #1398
 1.5 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.5.2;
Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.4 10-Mar-1995  jtc Change long to time_t as appropriate.
Add const qualifier to function argument descriptions as appropriate.
 1.3 10-Mar-1995  jtc Get rid of NEW (as in NEWCTIME and NEWTZSET).
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD ID's
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.6 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.5 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.4 20-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96c
 1.1.1.3 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.2 17-Mar-1995  jtc Update to tzcode95c.
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc ctime.3 from TZCODE95B, renamed from newctime.3.
 1.5.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.5.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file ctime.3 was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:21:25 +0000
 1.6.2.1 26-Oct-1995  jtc Fix xrefs: time(2) -> time(3), newtzset(3) -> tzset(3)
 1.15.6.1 23-Jun-2000  minoura Sync w/ netbsd-1-5-base.
 1.17.2.2 18-Jul-2000  hubertf Pull up rev. 1.18 into 1.5 branch, OK'd by thorpej:

> Improve description for tm_year and some other fields.
> May prevent PRs like 10521 in the future.
 1.17.2.1 06-Jul-2000  kleink Pull up rev. 1.19 (approved by thorpej):
Note that localtime_r() does not imply tzset().
 1.21.2.4 18-Oct-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.21.2.3 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.21.2.2 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.21.2.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.37.2.1 08-Feb-2011  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.40.2.1 23-Jun-2011  cherry Catchup with rmind-uvmplock merge.
 1.44.2.3 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.44.2.2 23-Jan-2013  yamt sync with head
 1.44.2.1 10-Nov-2011  yamt sync with head
 1.46.6.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.46.6.1 25-Feb-2013  tls resync with head
 1.49.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.51.2.1 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.58.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.58.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.59.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.59.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.60.2.1 05-Sep-2019  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by sevan in ticket #174):
lib/libc/sys/chmod.2: revision 1.48
lib/libc/sys/stat.2: revision 1.59
lib/libc/sys/unlink.2: revision 1.30
lib/libc/sys/lseek.2: revision 1.25
lib/libc/sys/getuid.2: revision 1.18
lib/libc/sys/chown.2: revision 1.37
lib/libm/man/exp.3: revision 1.32
lib/libm/man/log.3: revision 1.7
lib/libc/sys/open.2: revision 1.60
lib/libc/stdio/fopen.3: revision 1.36
lib/libc/stdio/putc.3: revision 1.14
lib/libc/sys/mount.2: revision 1.51
share/man/man9/copy.9: revision 1.22
share/man/man9/uiomove.9: revision 1.20
lib/libc/sys/setuid.2: revision 1.23
lib/libc/sys/close.2: revision 1.18
sbin/init/init.8: revision 1.61
lib/libc/sys/write.2: revision 1.36
lib/libc/sys/read.2: revision 1.39
sbin/init/init.8: revision 1.62
lib/libc/sys/wait.2: revision 1.40
usr.bin/tty/tty.1: revision 1.10
lib/libc/sys/link.2: revision 1.33
usr.bin/du/du.1: revision 1.24
lib/libc/stdlib/exit.3: revision 1.17
usr.bin/su/su.1: revision 1.53
usr.bin/mail/mail.1: revision 1.66
lib/libc/sys/fork.2: revision 1.25
usr.bin/su/su.1: revision 1.54
usr.bin/mail/mail.1: revision 1.67
lib/libm/man/sin.3: revision 1.15
share/man/man9/intro.9: revision 1.26
share/man/man5/utmp.5: revision 1.17
lib/libc/compat-43/creat.3: revision 1.17
lib/libc/time/ctime.3: revision 1.61
lib/libcompat/4.1/stty.3: revision 1.10
usr.bin/dc/dc.1: revision 1.3
lib/libm/man/cos.3: revision 1.17
lib/libc/sys/chdir.2: revision 1.23
lib/libc/gen/exec.3: revision 1.30
lib/libc/gen/exec.3: revision 1.31
games/bcd/bcd.6: revision 1.18
games/bcd/bcd.6: revision 1.19
usr.bin/write/write.1: revision 1.7
usr.bin/wc/wc.1: revision 1.18
usr.bin/pr/pr.1: revision 1.24
usr.bin/who/who.1: revision 1.25
lib/libc/sys/mkdir.2: revision 1.30
lib/libc/stdio/getc.3: revision 1.13
usr.bin/sort/sort.1: revision 1.40
usr.bin/mesg/mesg.1: revision 1.11
share/man/man5/passwd.5: revision 1.34
sort was there since v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man61.pdf

dc was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man12.pdf

du was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man12.pdf

mail was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man12.pdf

mesg was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man12.pdf

Document history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man13.pdf

su was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man13.pdf

Document history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man13.pdf

Document history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man14.pdf
Update URL

write was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man14.pdf
grammar

passwd(5) was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man51.pdf

utmp(5) was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man51.pdf

Earliest version of wtmp I could find was in v3
https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V3/man/man5/wtmp.5

Document history of chdir(2)
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

Document history of chmod(2)
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

Document history of chown(2)
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

Document history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

create was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

Document history of exec()
Move statement on execlpe() & execvpe() to HISTORY section.

Document history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

fork was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf
stat() was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

document history of fstat()
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

getuid was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

Document history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

Document history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf

stty & gtty were around since v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man21.pdf
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

mount & umount were present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

Open was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

read was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

seek was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

setuid was in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

unlink was presen in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

wait was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

write was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man22.pdf

start documenting history
exp was present in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man31.pdf

Start documenting history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man31.pdf

Start documenting history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man31.pdf

log appeared in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man31.pdf

putc & putw were in v1
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man31.pdf

putchar was in v4
https://minie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V4/man/man3/putchr.3

Start documenting history
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man31.pdf

Document history.
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/man11.pdf
Between v1 & v6 UNIX, bcd was rewritten in C, but I don't know if which
version,
hence I've skipped mentioning it.
End sentence with a dot.
Remove superfluous Pp.
Remove superfluous Pp.
Remove superfluous Ns.
Remove superfluous Pp.
fetch(9) -> ufetch(9)
fetch(9) -> ufetch(9). Remove superfluous Pp.
fetch(9) -> ufetch(9). Remove reference to unimplemented ppi(9).
 1.71.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.24 20-Jan-2024  christos Catch up with all the lint warnings since exit on warning was disabled.
Disable 'missing header declaration' and 'nested extern' warnings for now.
 1.23 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.22 04-Apr-2019  christos explicitly promote to double.
 1.21 27-Jan-2019  dholland fix duplicated chunk from merge
 1.20 27-Jan-2019  pgoyette Merge the [pgoyette-compat] branch
 1.19 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.18 24-Oct-2017  christos branches: 1.18.2; 1.18.4;
Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.17 10-Jan-2017  christos add constcond
 1.16 13-Aug-2015  christos branches: 1.16.2;
merge 2015f
 1.15 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.14 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.13 26-Oct-2012  christos branches: 1.13.2;
stronger lint foo
 1.12 26-Oct-2012  christos consistent lint commments
 1.11 20-Mar-2012  matt branches: 1.11.2;
Remove use of __P
Switch to using C89 definitions.
 1.10 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.10.6;
Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.9 29-Jan-2002  kleink Delint me harder.
 1.8 29-Jan-2002  kleink Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.7 13-Sep-2000  msaitoh branches: 1.7.2;
check LIBC_SCCS
 1.6 15-Nov-1998  christos delint
 1.5 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.4 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.3 20-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96c
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.5 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.4 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.3 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.2 20-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96c
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc New time and date code from ADO
 1.2.2.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.2.2.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc file difftime.c was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-09 23:41:16 +0000
 1.7.2.2 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.2.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.6.3 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.10.6.2 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.10.6.1 17-Apr-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.11.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.11.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.13.2.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.16.2.1 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.18.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.18.2.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.10 11-Feb-2018  wiz Remove useless macro.
 1.9 07-Feb-2018  pgoyette Fix typos, as reported by Eitan Adler. Update dates.
 1.8 14-Dec-2012  uwe And two more pastos in examples: December and January are in standard EST,
not daylight saving EDT.
 1.7 14-Dec-2012  uwe Fix two more pastos in examples.
 1.6 14-Dec-2012  uwe Fix pasto in example template.
 1.5 14-Dec-2012  uwe Use .Vt for types. Don't use .Pq - it formats funny in PostScript and
plain parens do just fine here.
 1.4 14-Dec-2012  uwe Fix table formatting.
 1.3 14-Dec-2012  khorben Fixed a typo within the examples
 1.2 14-Apr-2011  jruoho branches: 1.2.4; 1.2.10;
Xref tm(3).
 1.1 14-May-2009  ginsbach Add the getdate(3) function and getdate_err value, conforming to IEEE
Std 1003.1 (``POSIX.1'') and the Open Group Base Specifications X/Open
System Interfaces extension (``XSI'').
 1.2.10.1 25-Feb-2013  tls resync with head
 1.2.4.1 23-Jan-2013  yamt sync with head
 1.4 04-Jan-2018  kamil Add bunch of missing includes of namespace.h in libc

The NetBSD Standard C Library uses internally some of its functions with
a mangled symbol name, usually "_symbol". The internal functions shall not
use the global (public) symbols.

This change eliminates usage of the global changes of the following symbols:
- strlcat -> _strlcat
- sysconf -> __sysconf
- closedir -> _closedir
- fparseln -> _fparseln
- kill -> _kill
- mkstemp -> _mkstemp
- reallocarr -> _reallocarr
- strcasecmp -> _strcasecmp
- strncasecmp -> _strncasecmp
- strptime -> _strptime
- strtok_r -> _strtok_r
- sysctl -> _sysctl
- dlopen -> __dlopen
- dlclose -> __dlclose
- dlsym -> __dlsym

Sponsored by <The NetBSD Foundation>
 1.3 18-Sep-2014  christos make more descriptors that we open as close-on-exec
 1.2 22-Nov-2009  mbalmer branches: 1.2.24;
one more the
 1.1 14-May-2009  ginsbach Add the getdate(3) function and getdate_err value, conforming to IEEE
Std 1003.1 (``POSIX.1'') and the Open Group Base Specifications X/Open
System Interfaces extension (``XSI'').
 1.2.24.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.10 28-Apr-2015  christos welcome to tzcode 2015d (zic performance improvements and cleanups)
 1.9 26-Oct-2012  christos remove register
 1.8 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.7 02-Jan-2010  tsutsui branches: 1.7.6; 1.7.12;
Include "nbtool_config.h" for src/tools/zic/ and
remove bogus -DNOID to disable __RCSID().

XXX: should we also remove #ifndef lint from scheck.c and zic.c?
 1.6 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.5 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.4 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.3 23-Jan-1997  mrg - convert unsafe strcpy(), strcat() and sprintf() to the `n' versions.
- some KNF.
 1.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Added NetBSD Id.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.3 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.2 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.2.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Added NetBSD Id.
 1.2.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file ialloc.c was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:12:39 +0000
 1.7.12.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.7.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.1 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.1.4; 1.1.8;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.1.8.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.1.8.1 26-Dec-2013  tls file leapseconds.awk was added on branch tls-maxphys on 2014-08-20 00:02:16 +0000
 1.1.4.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.1.4.1 26-Dec-2013  yamt file leapseconds.awk was added on branch yamt-pagecache on 2014-05-22 11:36:54 +0000
 1.147 31-Jan-2025  christos no _ in previous
 1.146 31-Jan-2025  christos fix compat-32 lint on sparc64 (int_least32_t->int_fast32_t)
 1.145 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.144 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.143 11-Mar-2024  christos branches: 1.143.2;
add casts for compat code where time_t is 32 bits.
 1.142 07-Mar-2024  christos pass lint on sparc64 where int_fast32_t is long.
 1.141 17-Feb-2024  christos Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.140 20-Jan-2024  christos Catch up with all the lint warnings since exit on warning was disabled.
Disable 'missing header declaration' and 'nested extern' warnings for now.
 1.139 23-Dec-2023  christos Import tzcode 2023d:

localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
transition into a DST regime. Previously, it incorrectly assumed
DST was in effect before the transition too. (Thanks to Alois
Treindl for debugging help.)

localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.

The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
compiler is C11 or later.

tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.

tzselect no longer creates temporary files.

tzselect no longer mishandles the following:

Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
TZDIR, and VERSION.

TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
expressions of the form /X{2,}/.

ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.

Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
//TRANSLIT extension.

zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
predicted for just before and just after Ramadan. (Thanks to Ken
Murchison for debugging help.)

zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
 1.138 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.137 15-Jan-2023  christos Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.
 1.136 11-Dec-2022  christos branches: 1.136.2;
Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.135 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.134 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.133 25-Mar-2022  rillig localtime.c: fix theoretical syntax error

If NetBSD were built with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0, the previous code would
have resulted in a compile error due to the extra '}'. Fix this by
copying the upstream code.

No binary change.
 1.132 25-Mar-2022  rillig localtime.c: reduce unnecessary diff to upstream

No binary change.
 1.131 25-Mar-2022  rillig localtime.c: take indentation style from upstream

This reduces the diff to upstream.

No binary change.
 1.130 25-Mar-2022  rillig localtime.c: add back storage class 'register'

This reduces the differences to the upstream code.

No binary change.
 1.129 24-Mar-2022  christos put back the 2022a changes and fix the misplaced brace.
 1.128 23-Mar-2022  christos revert changes from 2022a for now until I figure out what's wrong.
 1.127 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.126 05-Dec-2021  christos PR/56538: coypu: For compat ctime and friends (when time_t was 32 bits)
we want to load the timezone data using the same structs they were saved as.
Introduce __time_t which is always 64 bits and make the minimal changes for
this to work. Yes, it is ugly.
 1.125 27-Oct-2021  christos fix problem with uninitialized variable on malformed 32 bit time.
 1.124 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.123 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.122 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.121 17-Apr-2019  christos Pick up the latest matching (most recent) entry instead of the first one.

This fixes:
env TZ=Australia/Melbourne date
printing
Thu Apr 18 03:32:32 LMT 2019
instead of:
Thu Apr 18 03:32:32 AEST 2019

XXX: To be strictly correct, the tzgetname() call should probably take a time
reference point in order to return the appropriate zone name for the time
given.
 1.120 08-Apr-2019  christos The typecnt refers the to ttis array and the timecnt refers to the type array.
The types array can have 0 elements (i.e. timecnt == 0), but the ttis array
needs to have one element (typecnt >= 1). Need to revisit and take into
account the types array.
 1.119 07-Apr-2019  christos only need to initialize the first type.
 1.118 07-Apr-2019  christos Initialize the default timezone a bit more so that tzgetname(3) works.
 1.117 04-Apr-2019  christos Make strftime_{l,z} re-entrant and always require a non-NULL timezone to be
passed in so that we can use the current timezone in all evaluations (mktime
tzgetname). Reported by Hamilton Slye.
 1.116 27-Jan-2019  dholland fix duplicated chunk from merge
 1.115 27-Jan-2019  pgoyette Merge the [pgoyette-compat] branch
 1.114 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.113 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.112 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.112.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.111 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.111.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.110 27-Oct-2017  kre Replace a line that somehow got lost in the import from tzcode2017c
 1.109 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.108 10-May-2017  kre Turns out that the previous fix is incorrect, we were not doing ++hit
to change the boolean hit from false to true, but to change it from 1 to 2
which in a sense should have been obvious from the context:
if (hit)
/* more tests */
++hit;
The real problem was that hit was (in the imported tzcode) incorrectly
changed from int to bool in a previous update.

Not that it matters, this code is never actually executed - it was there
to deal with the mythical double leapseconds, which simply never exist
(hit counted the number of leapseconds in an adjustment) and it will all
be gone in the next tzcode update.

For now, just turn hit back into an int, which should satisfy gcc 8,
I hope.
 1.107 09-May-2017  maya ++bool to bool=true to appease GCC 8. NFC

ok riastradh
 1.106 11-Mar-2017  christos branches: 1.106.2;
merge 2017a
 1.105 04-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.105.2;
tzcode2016i
 1.104 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.103 18-Mar-2016  ginsbach branches: 1.103.2;
Use the correct upper bounds for the types array. The correct upper
bound is typecnt not timecnt. Now perpetual 'standard' time zones
will work correctly as they have a typecnt of 1 but a timecnt of 0.
 1.102 15-Mar-2016  christos Sync with 2016b
 1.101 20-Feb-2016  christos PR/50133: Martin Husemann: Can't cache $TZ.
XXX: Pullup-7
 1.100 29-Oct-2015  christos another lint warning for compat.
 1.99 29-Oct-2015  christos Add tzgetgmtoff, delint compat
 1.98 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.97 18-Aug-2015  riz Remove second 'const' declaration, to hopefully fix clang builds.
 1.96 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.95 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.94 24-Mar-2015  christos merge 2015b
 1.93 31-Jan-2015  christos merge tzcode2015a:

tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
shortening too-long abbreviations.
 1.92 11-Nov-2014  christos localtime did not set tm->tm_zone properly making pkgsrc emacs core-dump.
Thanks to Masanori Kanaoka.
 1.91 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.90 16-Oct-2014  christos - don't leak errno in mktime()
- when we load a new timezone, don't change anything unless the load succeeded.
 1.89 15-Oct-2014  christos PR/49284: Andreas Gustafsson: sysinst segfaults when configuring network
manually. When tzload() fails called from zoneinit(), when trying to set the
local timezone for the first time in tzsetlcl(), we end up with a lclptr
that contains garbage, so settzname() core-dumps.

Thanks Andreas for the analysis!
 1.88 14-Oct-2014  christos improve error checking (setting errno)
 1.87 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.86 18-Sep-2014  christos make more descriptors that we open as close-on-exec
 1.85 16-Aug-2014  christos Reduce diffs with upstream by automatically defining INITIALIZE as it was
intended.
 1.84 15-Aug-2014  martin Intialize dstname - the invariant combination with dstlen is too complex
for gcc to follow.
 1.83 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.82 13-May-2014  christos branches: 1.82.2;
Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.81 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.81.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.80 13-Dec-2013  christos time_t_{min,max} are only used in localtime.c
 1.79 13-Dec-2013  christos add a cast for sparc64 where int_fast32_t is long (should it be?), and
time_t is int32_t (for compat)
 1.78 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.77 30-Jul-2013  joerg Don't depend on implicit rounding from non-integral float constant.
 1.76 22-Jul-2013  msaitoh Both increment_overflow() and normalize_overflow() have two different
declarations. One must be *32(). Fixes compile error observed on sparc64.
 1.75 17-Jul-2013  christos remove "register" in new code
fix backwards check for overflow
 1.74 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.73 02-Mar-2013  christos branches: 1.73.4;
update to tzcode2013a
 1.72 28-Oct-2012  christos add a cast to appease the compat build.
 1.71 28-Oct-2012  christos welcome to tzcode2012h via patch.
 1.70 26-Oct-2012  christos stronger lint foo
 1.69 26-Oct-2012  christos - whitespace
- s/consttmp/const tmp/
- sync comments
- don't save errno where it is not needed
- consistent lint comments
 1.68 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.67 20-Mar-2012  matt branches: 1.67.2;
Remove use of __P
Switch to using C89 definitions.
 1.66 13-Mar-2012  christos PR/45989: Martin Husemann: lint invocation does include -w only on i386

- turn lint -w for all the platforms after fixing the lint warnings.
- add _DIAGASSERTS() for casts that would assign values to types that
would not fit.
- change types, add casts
- change into ansii prototypes
- turn on _DIAGNOSTIC for libc (during current, to be eliminated for release
builds)

approved by core@
 1.65 07-Jan-2012  martin Do not force errno to EOVERFLOW when returning -1 from mktime or friends.
First, there are legitimate cases where we want to return -1 and errno == 0,
second, all paths go through time1() and/or time2sub() which explicitly
take care to set errno in cases of real overflows.
Should fix atf test failure on various ports in
lib/libc/time/t_mktime:timegm_epoch.
 1.64 08-Nov-2011  christos Change the way that we compute the time when we fall in the dst gap: instead
of supplying just the high bound and thus losing minutes and seconds, add
the DST offset to the struct tm (since we know we are going to move ahead
since we fell in the gap), and try again.
 1.63 07-Nov-2011  christos no need to adjust the off, hi is already at the right time.
 1.62 28-Oct-2011  christos branches: 1.62.2;
Only advance the time if we are skipping the gap.
 1.61 28-Oct-2011  christos prevent underflow from giving us a false positive test in the first iteration.
 1.60 27-Oct-2011  christos Change mktime*(3) so that it does not always return EOVERFLOW when it cannot
perform the conversion, but returns EINVAL when the time requested would fall
in the DST gap, or is not representable in the timezone requested, and document
this.
 1.59 16-Oct-2011  christos Add code (not enabled) that allows mktime() to return a value for times
in the DST gap when tm_isdst == -1, like glibc does. Document both behaviors.
 1.58 04-Sep-2011  christos bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.57 16-Jun-2011  christos don't modify tzname unless we are the non-reentrant version.
 1.56 21-Feb-2011  christos branches: 1.56.2;
remove duplicate weak aliases
 1.55 13-Feb-2011  christos Don't forget to set errno. Pointed out by yamt.
 1.54 15-Jan-2011  christos branches: 1.54.2;
Fix reversed oveflow check.
 1.53 15-Jan-2011  martin Backout previous, it breaks the build big time and causes e.g. date(1)
and top(1) to dump core.
 1.52 14-Jan-2011  christos don't depend on integer oveflow wrapping to detect it. From Paul Eggert in
the tz mailing list.
 1.51 06-Jan-2011  christos Since localsub and gmtsub are called recursively to search for the local
time, setting EOVERFLOW at the inmost level will unfortunately persist,
even if later calls to those functions succeed. Move the EOVERFLOW setting
to the top level calls.
 1.50 17-Dec-2010  christos PR/44248: Antti Kantee: Fix multi-threaded localtime hang.
 1.49 16-Dec-2010  christos Provide a re-entrant and thread-safe set of timezone API's that
don't require locking and can operate on user-specified timezones
as opposed to having to alter the environment to change a timezone.
This work was presented to the tzcode folks and it was generally
accepted, but there seems to be a lot of inertia.
 1.48 23-Mar-2010  drochner remove some stray __weak_aliases, where the target functions were
__RENAMEd due to the time_t/dev_t type changes, which caused bogus
references to compat functions
now a libc built with BUILDCOLD is usable
 1.47 17-Feb-2010  christos Fix a bug reported by Gene, and debugged by Robert Elz. fsck_ffs can coredump
if the timezone file fails to load, due to late initialization of sp->goahead
to false in tzload, causing localsub to return NULL in the "cannot happen"
case. The fix is belt and suspenders:
- initialize sp->goback and sp->goahead very early in tzload
- replace all malloc calls with callocs, and remove the bogus
casts (it is not the 70's anymore!)
 1.46 02-Feb-2010  christos According to TOG:
- asctime{,_r}, ctime{,_r} may return NULL; document that, and avoid coredumps.
- gmtime{,_r}, localtime{,_r} may return NULL and set EOVERFLOW, document and
set errno.
- when mktime returns (time_t)-1, make it set EOVERFLOW and document it.

XXX: Should be pulled up to 5.x
 1.45 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.44 24-Oct-2009  mlelstv With 64bit time_t years can be negative and lapyear computation
requires rounding down. This avoids an infinite loop in localtime().
 1.43 18-Jan-2009  drochner Make mktime(3) work with 64-bit time_t.
The problem is that the tm_year field of "struct tm" is just an "int"
(per POSIX), and thus time_t values > 2^31*60*60*24*365 cannot
be converted. This made mktime(3) fail even if no such large time values
were passed in by user code because the algorithm does a binary search
over the time_t range which fails if a probe value cannot be converted.
To fix this, limit the time_t range to be scanned to 55 bits (which
is a bit on the safe side, but still good until y570855533).
This is more a stopgap fix, the overflow should be checked for
at other places as well (eg localtime(3)), and there are some more
limitations in timezone parsing code.
 1.42 11-Jan-2009  christos merge christos-time_t
 1.41 27-Aug-2008  christos branches: 1.41.6;
malloc(3) and getenv(3) affect errno; make sure we save and restore it
Reported by Andy Shevchenko
 1.40 25-May-2008  dholland Fix handling of legacy global variable timezone outputs. PR misc/22221.
 1.39 22-Mar-2006  christos branches: 1.39.18; 1.39.20;
Remove a variable that became set-and-not-used after the dead code removal.
 1.38 22-Mar-2006  christos Coverity CID 578: remove dead code
 1.37 16-Jul-2005  christos Fix linted comments and use __UNCONST.
 1.36 16-Nov-2004  christos PR/28324: Takayoshi Kochi: localtime_r(3) returns GMT
Add missing tzset_unlocked(); as suggested.
 1.35 20-Dec-2003  kleink branches: 1.35.4;
Merge tzcode2003e.
 1.34 29-Oct-2003  kleink Merge tzcode2003d.
 1.33 18-Jan-2003  christos s/_REENT/_REENTRANT/
 1.32 17-Nov-2002  itojun use strlcpy where it is more appropriate.
 1.31 26-May-2002  wiz __STDC__ is always defined on NetBSD.
 1.30 16-Apr-2002  groo botched strncpy -> strlcpy
from xs@kittenz.org
 1.29 29-Jan-2002  kleink Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.28 04-Nov-2001  lukem fix WARNS=2 (-Wshadow) warnings
 1.27 27-Apr-2001  atatat If the TZ environment variable was set to the empty string, a call to
ctime() would get a bus error (or a segmentation fault). Setting these
variables eliminates that problem.

Fixes pr lib/12750.
 1.26 31-Mar-2001  kleink Oops, missed type change in previous.
 1.25 31-Mar-2001  kleink Finally deprecate the old timezone() interface in favor of an XSH5
timezone/daytime pair; as proposed by J.T. in September, 1996.
Fixes PR standards/11807 by Nick Hudson.
 1.24 13-Sep-2000  msaitoh branches: 1.24.2;
check LIBC_SCCS
 1.23 22-Jan-2000  mycroft branches: 1.23.4;
Delint.
Remove trailing ; from uses of __weak_alias(). The macro inserts this if
needed.
 1.22 10-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.21 15-Nov-1998  christos branches: 1.21.6;
delint
 1.20 16-Oct-1998  kleink Need an internal name for tzname.
 1.19 13-Sep-1998  kleink Protect local time state and GMT data initialization with a readers/writer lock
and a mutex, respectively.
 1.18 10-Sep-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.17 28-Jul-1998  mycroft Slight adjustment needed for previous.
 1.16 27-Jul-1998  mycroft Make these compile without __AUDIT__.
 1.15 26-Jul-1998  mycroft const poisoning.
 1.14 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.13 05-Sep-1997  jtc sync with tzcode1997g
 1.12 21-Jul-1997  jtc If port provides __weak_alias(), provide an Standard C and POSIX pure
identifier namespace by renaming non standard functions and variables
such that they have a leading underscore. The library will use those
names internally. Weak aliases are used to provide the original names
to the API.

This is only the first part of this change. It is most of the functions
which are implemented in C for all NetBSD ports. Subsequent changes are
to add the same support to the remaining C files, to assembly files, and
to the automagically generated assembly source used for system calls.
When all of the above is done, ports with weak alias support should add
a definition for __weak_alias to <sys/cdefs.h>.
 1.11 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.10 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.9 22-Apr-1997  mrg note possible security concerns.
 1.8 23-Jan-1997  mrg - convert unsafe strcpy(), strcat() and sprintf() to the `n' versions.
- some KNF.
 1.7 10-Sep-1996  jtc branches: 1.7.2;
sync with tzcode96l
 1.6 20-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96c
 1.5 08-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96a
 1.4 16-Mar-1995  jtc Added comment explaining why we are using a different algorithm than
what was adopted in tzcode95c to solve the problem of the first char
detzcode() extracts requiring sign extention (this is needed for
machines with 64 bit longs).

Our implementation is a bit more efficent, but requires a new macro,
SIGN_EXTEND_CHAR(), and a conditional to set it appropriately).

One minor enhancement for machines without ANSI compilers that have 32
bit longs would be to define SIGN_EXTEND_CHAR() to be the identity
macro.
 1.3 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.3.2;
A slightly modified version of Chris' patch so that detzcode will sign
extend properly on machines with 64 bit longs.
This patch has been submitted to the tz mailing list.
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.14 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.13 19-Dec-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003e.
 1.1.1.12 29-Oct-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003d.
 1.1.1.11 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.10 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.9 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.8 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.7 05-Sep-1997  jtc import tzcode1997g
 1.1.1.6 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.5 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.4 20-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96c
 1.1.1.3 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.2 17-Mar-1995  jtc Update to tzcode95c.
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc New time and date code from ADO
 1.3.2.3 02-May-1995  jtc #include "namespace.h"
 1.3.2.2 25-Mar-1995  jtc added weak_reference() to non ANSI functions and data
 1.3.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file localtime.c was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-25 02:18:45 +0000
 1.7.2.1 17-Sep-1996  jtc snapshot namespace cleanup: time
 1.21.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.23.4.2 17-Apr-2002  he Pull up revision 1.30 (requested by groo):
Replace strncpy() with strlcpy().
 1.23.4.1 06-May-2001  he Pull up revision 1.27 (requested by he):
Prevent core dump on call to ctime() if TZ is set but empty.
 1.24.2.8 10-Dec-2002  thorpej Sync with HEAD.
 1.24.2.7 21-Jun-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.24.2.6 25-Apr-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.24.2.5 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.24.2.4 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.24.2.3 14-Nov-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.24.2.2 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.24.2.1 08-Aug-2001  nathanw _REENT -> _REENTRANT
 1.35.4.1 16-Apr-2005  tron Pull up revision 1.36 (requested by kochi in ticket #1087):
PR/28324: Takayoshi Kochi: localtime_r(3) returns GMT
Add missing tzset_unlocked(); as suggested.
 1.39.20.2 18-Sep-2008  wrstuden Sync with wrstuden-revivesa-base-2.
 1.39.20.1 23-Jun-2008  wrstuden Sync w/ -current. 34 merge conflicts to follow.
 1.39.18.1 04-Jun-2008  yamt sync with head
 1.41.6.5 23-Nov-2008  christos - don't play with int timezone here. Let the compat module deal with it.
- don't assume that time_t is 32 bits, convert 0x80000000 to be computed.
- fix bug in timesub dealing with 64 bit time_t on 32 bit machines. years
need to be time_t's not integers to prevent overflow caused by the binary
search in time2sub. This was causing a lot of things to infinite loop,
and now most things work.
 1.41.6.4 10-Nov-2008  christos version tzet{,wall}
 1.41.6.3 10-Nov-2008  christos this completes the symbol implementation for now. New we need to debug...
 1.41.6.2 08-Nov-2008  christos time_t changes
 1.41.6.1 27-Aug-2008  christos file localtime.c was added on branch christos-time_t on 2008-11-08 21:45:38 +0000
 1.54.2.2 05-Mar-2011  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.54.2.1 17-Feb-2011  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.56.2.1 23-Jun-2011  cherry Catchup with rmind-uvmplock merge.
 1.62.2.4 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.62.2.3 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.62.2.2 17-Apr-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.62.2.1 10-Nov-2011  yamt sync with head
 1.67.2.3 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.67.2.2 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.67.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.73.4.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.81.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.82.2.3 29-Apr-2016  snj Pull up following revision(s) (requested by christos in ticket #1146):
lib/libc/time/localtime.c: revision 1.103 via patch
Use the correct upper bounds for the types array. The correct upper
bound is typecnt not timecnt. Now perpetual 'standard' time zones
will work correctly as they have a typecnt of 1 but a timecnt of 0.
 1.82.2.2 06-Mar-2016  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by christos in ticket #1121):
lib/libc/time/localtime.c: revision 1.101
PR/50133: Martin Husemann: Can't cache $TZ.
XXX: Pullup-7
 1.82.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.103.2.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.103.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.103.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.105.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.106.2.1 11-May-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.111.2.3 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.111.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.111.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.112.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.112.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.136.2.1 24-Jul-2023  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #242):

lib/libc/time/localtime.c: revision 1.137
lib/libc/time/zdump.c: revision 1.61
lib/libc/time/NEWS: revision 1.41
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.88
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.89
lib/libc/time/private.h: revision 1.65

Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.

put attributes first for c23 compliance.
 1.143.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.5 21-Apr-2025  nia libc: Expose timegm to standard C23 applications.
 1.4 25-Oct-2017  abhinav branches: 1.4.16;
Add offtime_r to the NAME section
 1.3 14-Apr-2011  jruoho Xref tm(3).
 1.2 16-Dec-2010  christos Provide a re-entrant and thread-safe set of timezone API's that
don't require locking and can operate on user-specified timezones
as opposed to having to alter the environment to change a timezone.
This work was presented to the tzcode folks and it was generally
accepted, but there seems to be a lot of inertia.
 1.1 10-May-2004  kleink Add a manual page for the standard-inspired offtime(3) and friends;
requested by Thomas Klausner.
 1.4.16.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.71 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.70 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.69 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.69.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.68 20-Jan-2024  christos Catch up with all the lint warnings since exit on warning was disabled.
Disable 'missing header declaration' and 'nested extern' warnings for now.
 1.67 23-Dec-2023  christos Import tzcode 2023d:

localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
transition into a DST regime. Previously, it incorrectly assumed
DST was in effect before the transition too. (Thanks to Alois
Treindl for debugging help.)

localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.

The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
compiler is C11 or later.

tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.

tzselect no longer creates temporary files.

tzselect no longer mishandles the following:

Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
TZDIR, and VERSION.

TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
expressions of the form /X{2,}/.

ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.

Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
//TRANSLIT extension.

zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
predicted for just before and just after Ramadan. (Thanks to Ken
Murchison for debugging help.)

zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
 1.66 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.65 15-Jan-2023  christos Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.
 1.64 11-Dec-2022  christos branches: 1.64.2;
Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.63 17-Nov-2022  jakllsch Simply set HAVE_GETRANDOM to false on __APPLE__.

Addresses PR 57083.
 1.62 16-Nov-2022  christos PR/57083: Jiaxun Yang: Fix build on MacOS/X which has <sys/random.h> but no
getrandom(3).
 1.61 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.60 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.59 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.58 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.57 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.56 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.55 04-Apr-2019  christos deal with zic that's not part of libc.
 1.54 04-Apr-2019  christos Make strftime_{l,z} re-entrant and always require a non-NULL timezone to be
passed in so that we can use the current timezone in all evaluations (mktime
tzgetname). Reported by Hamilton Slye.
 1.53 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.52 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.52.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.51 24-Oct-2017  christos branches: 1.51.2;
Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.50 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.49 05-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.49.2;
lint knows about _Generic
 1.48 04-Nov-2016  christos tzcode2016i
 1.47 20-Oct-2016  christos welcome to 2016h
 1.46 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.45 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.45.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.44 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.43 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.42 22-Jun-2015  christos don't define statics we don't need
 1.41 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.40 28-Apr-2015  christos welcome to tzcode 2015d (zic performance improvements and cleanups)
 1.39 24-Mar-2015  christos merge 2015b
 1.38 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.37 07-Oct-2014  christos don't define functions we define in our own headers
 1.36 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.35 16-Aug-2014  christos Reduce diffs with upstream by automatically defining INITIALIZE as it was
intended.
 1.34 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.33 13-May-2014  christos branches: 1.33.2;
Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.32 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.32.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.31 13-Dec-2013  christos time_t_{min,max} are only used in localtime.c
 1.30 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.29 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.28 26-Oct-2012  christos branches: 1.28.2;
stronger lint foo
 1.27 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.26 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.26.2;
merge 2012e
 1.25 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.25.6;
Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.24 20-Dec-2003  kleink Merge tzcode2003e.
 1.23 27-Oct-2003  lukem Overhaul how `build.sh tools' are used:

* Rename "config.h" to "nbtool_config.h" and
HAVE_CONFIG_H to HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H.
This makes in more obvious in the source when we're using
tools/compat/config.h versus "standard autoconf" config.h

* Consistently move the inclusion of nbtool_config.h to before
<sys/cdefs.h> so that the former can provide __RCSID() (et al),
and there's no need to protect those macros any more.

These changes should make it easier to "tool-ify" a program by adding:
#if HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
#include "nbtool_config.h"
#endif
to the top of the source files (for the general case).
 1.22 26-May-2002  wiz __STDC__ is always defined on NetBSD.
 1.21 26-Apr-2002  bjh21 Pull in config.h when we're building zic as a host tool.
This makes zic compilable with Sun WorkShop C 5.0.
 1.20 29-Jan-2002  kleink Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.19 16-Jan-2001  cgd branches: 1.19.2;
#undef, not #undefine.
 1.18 12-Dec-2000  kleink Merge strftime from tzcode2000g.
 1.17 12-Dec-2000  kleink Merge tzcode2000g.
 1.16 10-Dec-2000  christos #ifdef out duplicate declaration for unlink.
 1.15 10-Oct-2000  is Format string cleanup, by Bill Sommerfeld.
 1.14 10-Nov-1999  kleink branches: 1.14.4;
Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.13 04-Oct-1998  kleink branches: 1.13.2; 1.13.6;
Merge tzcode1998h.
 1.12 10-Sep-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.11 09-Sep-1998  kleink Fix the approximation of log10(2.0) used in INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM; this resulted
in a fair amount of space wasted in the static result buffer used in
asctime(). Noticed by Randy Thelen <rthelen@netapp.com> on tz@elsie.
 1.10 05-Sep-1997  jtc sync with tzcode1997g
 1.9 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.8 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.7 13-Sep-1996  jtc set HAVE_STRERROR
 1.6 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.5 20-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96c
 1.4 08-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96a
 1.3 14-Mar-1995  jtc Added some #defines for NetBSD's defaults.
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.13 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.12 19-Dec-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003e.
 1.1.1.11 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.10 12-Dec-2000  kleink Import tzcode2000g.
 1.1.1.9 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.8 04-Oct-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998H.
 1.1.1.7 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.6 05-Sep-1997  jtc import tzcode1997g
 1.1.1.5 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.4 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.3 20-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96c
 1.1.1.2 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc New time and date code from ADO
 1.2.2.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.2.2.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc file private.h was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-09 23:41:20 +0000
 1.13.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.13.2.1 10-Oct-2000  he Pull up revision 1.15 (requested by is):
Format string cleanup.
 1.14.4.1 17-Oct-2000  tv Pullup lib string format fixes [is].
See "cvs log" for explicit revision numbers per file, from sommerfeld.
 1.19.2.3 21-Jun-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.19.2.2 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.19.2.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.25.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.25.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.26.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.26.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.28.2.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.32.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.33.2.2 13-Dec-2016  snj Pull up following revision(s) (requested by kre in ticket #1323):
lib/libc/time/private.h: patch
lib/libc/time/zic.c: patch
Make zic properly parse newer tzdata files.
 1.33.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin branches: 1.33.2.1.2; 1.33.2.1.4;
Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.33.2.1.4.1 18-Jan-2017  skrll Sync with netbsd-5
 1.33.2.1.2.1 13-Dec-2016  snj Pull up following revision(s) (requested by kre in ticket #1323):
lib/libc/time/private.h: patch
lib/libc/time/zic.c: patch
Make zic properly parse newer tzdata files.
 1.45.2.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.45.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.45.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.49.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.51.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.51.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.52.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.64.2.1 24-Jul-2023  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #242):

lib/libc/time/localtime.c: revision 1.137
lib/libc/time/zdump.c: revision 1.61
lib/libc/time/NEWS: revision 1.41
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.88
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.89
lib/libc/time/private.h: revision 1.65

Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.

put attributes first for c23 compliance.
 1.69.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.13 28-Apr-2015  christos welcome to tzcode 2015d (zic performance improvements and cleanups)
 1.12 18-Mar-2014  riastradh Merge riastradh-drm2 to HEAD.
 1.11 17-Jul-2013  christos remove "register" in new code
fix backwards check for overflow
 1.10 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.9 24-Oct-2012  christos branches: 1.9.2;
apply 2012g via patch
 1.8 02-Jan-2010  tsutsui branches: 1.8.6; 1.8.12;
Include "nbtool_config.h" for src/tools/zic/ and
remove bogus -DNOID to disable __RCSID().

XXX: should we also remove #ifndef lint from scheck.c and zic.c?
 1.7 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.6 05-Sep-1997  jtc sync with tzcode1997g
 1.5 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.4 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.3 08-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96a
 1.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Added NetBSD Id.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.5 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.4 05-Sep-1997  jtc import tzcode1997g
 1.1.1.3 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.2 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.2.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Added NetBSD Id.
 1.2.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file scheck.c was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:12:43 +0000
 1.8.12.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.8.12.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.8.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.8.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.9.2.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.41 08-Apr-2025  riastradh strftime(3): Nix more trailing whitespace.

Missed a spot due to cvs update cycle.

PR lib/59249: missing man pages: strptime_l, strftime_l, strftime_lz,
strftime_z
 1.40 08-Apr-2025  riastradh strftime(3): Nix trailing whitespace.

PR lib/59249: missing man pages: strptime_l, strftime_l, strftime_lz,
strftime_z
 1.39 06-Apr-2025  christos PR/59249: Taylor R Campbell: Add missing man pages: strptime_l, strftime_l,
strftime_lz, strftime_z
 1.38 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.37 25-Oct-2022  kre branches: 1.37.4;

Fix a merge or conversion problem (probably) - a .SH BUGS
(meaningless macro in mdoc) followed by the first line of the
real BUGS section somehow ended up inserted after the first
word of the STANDARDS section. Delete the noise.
 1.36 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.35 05-Apr-2019  christos - Padding support from FreeBSD (GNU extensions)
- add '+' for the c-locale only.
 1.34 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.33 11-Mar-2017  christos branches: 1.33.10; 1.33.12;
merge 2017a
 1.32 24-Dec-2016  abhinav branches: 1.32.2;
As per C99 the range of values for the %S format specifier is [0,60]
rather than [0,61]. The standard has removed mention of double leap seconds.
The standard has give the following rationale in the time.h man page:

"The range [0,60] seconds allows for positive or negative leap seconds.
The formal definition of UTC does not permit double leap seconds, so all
mention of double leap seconds has been removed, and the range shortened
from the former [0,61] seconds seen in previous versions of POSIX."
 1.31 22-Sep-2016  pgoyette Since the argument buf is earlier described as a buffer, replace all
references to "the array" with "the buffer" for consistency.

Bump date.
 1.30 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.30.8;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.29 06-Apr-2012  wiz branches: 1.29.2;
Fix typo, from Bug Hunting.
 1.28 14-Apr-2011  jruoho branches: 1.28.4;
Xref tm(3).
 1.27 16-Dec-2010  christos Provide a re-entrant and thread-safe set of timezone API's that
don't require locking and can operate on user-specified timezones
as opposed to having to alter the environment to change a timezone.
This work was presented to the tzcode folks and it was generally
accepted, but there seems to be a lot of inertia.
 1.26 29-May-2010  dholland Note briefly how to avoid the problem where 0 can be a valid successful
return as well as an error. Suggested by Robert Elz in follow up to PR 39392.
 1.25 29-Apr-2010  jruoho Note the ambiguity of the return value in the BUGS section.

From Christian Biere <christianbiere@gmx.de> in PR #39392.
 1.24 11-Apr-2009  joerg Fix markup.
 1.23 17-Jun-2006  reed branches: 1.23.30;
Fix typo or mispelling.
 1.22 14-Apr-2004  kleink Add documentation for %v. Noted by Havard Eidnes in PR bin/25180.
 1.21 08-Sep-2003  wiz branches: 1.21.2;
Use St -isoC-9X instead of St -isoC9X, to be in sync with groff.
 1.20 03-Sep-2003  jhawk %F is a date conversion, not a time converstion.
don't bother to bump Dd
 1.19 07-Aug-2003  agc Move UCB-licensed code from 4-clause to 3-clause licence.

Patches provided by Joel Baker in PR 22280, verified by myself.
 1.18 16-Apr-2003  wiz Use
.In header.h
instead of
.Fd #include \*[Lt]header.h\*[Gt]
Much easier to read and write, and supported by groff for ages.
Okayed by ross.
 1.17 10-Nov-2002  kleink Fix typo UCT -> UTC; from Christian Biere in PR lib/19007.
 1.16 01-Oct-2002  wiz New sentence, new line. From Robert Elz.
 1.15 18-Aug-2002  yamt note that the contents of the array are undefined in the error case.
 1.14 18-Aug-2002  yamt - Mention leap seconds as the reason for (00-61)
- include blurb about ISO 8601 dates straight from strftime.c
from OpenBSD.
 1.13 07-Feb-2002  ross branches: 1.13.2;
Generate <>& symbolically.
 1.12 13-Dec-2001  kleink Document %z.
 1.11 10-Dec-2001  kleink Sort conversion specifiers.
 1.10 16-Sep-2001  wiz Sort SEE ALSO.
 1.9 02-Apr-2001  wiz Fix format typo, and whitespace.
 1.8 29-Mar-2001  kleink Sprinkle some restrict.
 1.7 15-Jan-2000  kleink branches: 1.7.4; 1.7.6;
Add the C99 %F conversion.
 1.6 07-Feb-1999  augustss Compute week number right. Fixes PR 6961, from
Wolfgang Helbig <helbig@Informatik.BA-Stuttgart.DE>
 1.5 11-Feb-1998  kleink Change interval specification style from (a-b) to [a,b] where appropriate.
 1.4 05-Feb-1998  perry add LIBRARY section to man page
 1.3 09-Oct-1997  lukem rcsid police
 1.2 25-May-1997  kleink Add a reference to the strptime(3) manual page.
 1.1 23-Apr-1997  mrg move str[fp]time into libc/time.
 1.7.6.7 11-Nov-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current
 1.7.6.6 18-Oct-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.6.5 27-Aug-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.6.4 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.6.3 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.6.2 28-Jan-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.6.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.4.4 15-Dec-2002  he Pull up revision 1.17 (requested by kleink):
Fix typo UCT -> UTC. Fixes PR#19007.
 1.7.4.3 27-Dec-2001  he Undo pullup of revision 1.8 (requested by kleink):
No point in using the ``restrict'' qualifier on the netbsd-1-5 branch.
 1.7.4.2 24-Dec-2001  he Pull up revisions 1.8,1.10-1.12 (requested by kleink):
Switch to widely circulated tzcode (2000g) implementation; it
implements C99 features.
 1.7.4.1 04-Apr-2001  he Pull up revision 1.9 (requested by wiz):
Fix format typo, and whitespace.
 1.13.2.2 16-Apr-2004  jmc Pullup patch (requested by kleink in ticket #1670)

Add documentation for %v. PR#25180
 1.13.2.1 11-Dec-2002  he Pull up revision 1.17 (requested by kleink in ticket #978):
Fix typo UCT -> UTC. Fixes PR#19007.
 1.21.2.1 16-Apr-2004  jmc Pullup rev 1.22 (requested by kleink in ticket #141)

Add documentation for %v
 1.23.30.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.28.4.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.28.4.1 17-Apr-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.29.2.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.30.8.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.30.8.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.30.8.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.32.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.33.12.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.33.10.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.37.4.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.57 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.56 07-Jun-2024  riastradh branches: 1.56.2;
libc/locale: Nix needless size_t casts.

No functional change intended. No binary change to aarch64 libc.

Prompted by code inspection around PR lib/58319.
 1.55 18-Feb-2024  kre Revert this part:

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

of the tzcode2924a update. It is bogus. The "problem" is/was a simple
misunderstanding of what strftime(%s) is intended to output. The "fix"
breaks it.
 1.54 17-Feb-2024  christos Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.53 20-Jan-2024  christos Catch up with all the lint warnings since exit on warning was disabled.
Disable 'missing header declaration' and 'nested extern' warnings for now.
 1.52 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.51 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.50 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.49 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.48 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.47 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.46 07-Apr-2019  christos don't print ???, requested by kre@
 1.45 07-Apr-2019  christos Don't try to print NULL if we can't get a timezone name. First we try dst,
then we try the non-dst name and finally we just print ??? if that did not
work. This is not needed to handle the "TZ= date" case which was crashing
before because the default timezone was not consistently initialized, but
should handle any timezone now.
 1.44 05-Apr-2019  christos - Padding support from FreeBSD (GNU extensions)
- add '+' for the c-locale only.
 1.43 04-Apr-2019  christos Make strftime_{l,z} re-entrant and always require a non-NULL timezone to be
passed in so that we can use the current timezone in all evaluations (mktime
tzgetname). Reported by Hamilton Slye.
 1.42 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.41 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.41.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.40 24-Oct-2017  christos branches: 1.40.2;
Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.39 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.38 20-Oct-2016  christos branches: 1.38.2;
welcome to 2016h
 1.37 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.36 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.36.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.35 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.34 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.33 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.32 18-Sep-2014  christos make more descriptors that we open as close-on-exec
 1.31 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.30 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.30.4;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.29 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.28 17-Jul-2013  christos remove "register" in new code
fix backwards check for overflow
 1.27 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.26 17-May-2013  joerg branches: 1.26.2;
Provide explicit LC_C_LOCALE accessor and drop the various NULL checks.
Provide LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE in a way that works with all locale functions.
Merge constant data used by the initial global locale and the C locale.
Drop function call layer for _current_locale() and directly return the
locale reference, not a pointer to it. Use protected access for global
variables, so that libc references can avoid the GOT overhead.
 1.25 21-Apr-2013  joerg Store time-specific locale data directly in the locale.
Ad dstrftime_l, strftime_lz and strptime_l.
 1.24 02-Mar-2013  christos update to tzcode2013a
 1.23 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.22 20-Mar-2012  matt branches: 1.22.2;
Remove use of __P
Switch to using C89 definitions.
 1.21 16-Dec-2010  christos branches: 1.21.6;
Provide a re-entrant and thread-safe set of timezone API's that
don't require locking and can operate on user-specified timezones
as opposed to having to alter the environment to change a timezone.
This work was presented to the tzcode folks and it was generally
accepted, but there seems to be a lot of inertia.
 1.20 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.19 11-Jan-2009  christos merge christos-time_t
 1.18 31-Jul-2007  ginsbach branches: 1.18.14; 1.18.18;
Make sure that %r honors the LC_TIME t_fmt_ampm. This restores
functionality lost at revision 1.12!
 1.17 22-Mar-2006  christos branches: 1.17.4; 1.17.6;
Coverity CID 580: fix 'c' handling to match 'x' ('c' used the wrong variable)
 1.16 12-May-2004  kleink Don't use tm_gmtoff for %z: a strictly conforming ISO C application won't
initialize it. However, instead of using what is suggested in this code
path, attempt get it right for DST as well. Addresses PR standards/21722
from Richard Earnshaw.
 1.15 11-May-2004  kleink Don't use tm_zone for %Z: a strictly conforming ISO C application won't
initialize it. Addresses PR standards/21722 from Richard Earnshaw.
 1.14 02-Oct-2002  itojun branches: 1.14.2;
license clarification, from openbsd
 1.13 29-Jan-2002  kleink branches: 1.13.2;
Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.12 12-Dec-2000  kleink branches: 1.12.2;
Merge strftime from tzcode2000g.
 1.11 07-Sep-2000  taca - Fix strftime(3) not to ignore tm_zone filed of last parameter,
and "%Z" in format string is converted as proper time zone.
This was taken from tzcode2000f. Fix PR lib/10950.
 1.10 15-Jan-2000  kleink branches: 1.10.4;
Add the C99 %F conversion.
 1.9 05-Nov-1999  erh branches: 1.9.2;
PR 5057 - fix %k to print a 0, not just spaces. (%e too). Patch from NAKAJIMA Yoshihiro.
 1.8 07-Feb-1999  augustss branches: 1.8.2; 1.8.4;
Compute week number right. Fixes PR 6961, from
Wolfgang Helbig <helbig@Informatik.BA-Stuttgart.DE>
 1.7 01-Dec-1998  sommerfe Fix pr6517: strftime %s returns unterminated string
 1.6 15-Nov-1998  christos delint
 1.5 27-Sep-1998  kleink Frob internal state keeping to make strftime() reentrant.
 1.4 21-Jul-1997  jtc If port provides __weak_alias(), provide an Standard C and POSIX pure
identifier namespace by renaming non standard functions and variables
such that they have a leading underscore. The library will use those
names internally. Weak aliases are used to provide the original names
to the API.

This is only the first part of this change. It is most of the functions
which are implemented in C for all NetBSD ports. Subsequent changes are
to add the same support to the remaining C files, to assembly files, and
to the automagically generated assembly source used for system calls.
When all of the above is done, ports with weak alias support should add
a definition for __weak_alias to <sys/cdefs.h>.
 1.3 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.2 29-Apr-1997  kleink * POSIX: use tzname for the %Z conversion, not tm->tm_zone.
* KNF, RCSid police.
 1.1 23-Apr-1997  mrg branches: 1.1.1;
move str[fp]time into libc/time.
 1.1.1.3 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.2 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.1 12-Dec-2000  kleink Import strftime from tzcode2000g.
 1.8.4.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.8.2.2 20-Sep-2000  he Pull up revisions 1.9-1.10 (requested by taca):
Fix %k and %e to print a 0 for hour 0, not just spaces. Fixes
PR#5057. Add the C99 %F conversion.
 1.8.2.1 11-Sep-2000  he Pull up revision 1.11 (requested by taca):
Do not ignore tm_zone field of last parameter, and convert "%Z"
in format as proper time zone. Fixes PR#10950.
 1.9.2.2 05-Nov-1999  erh PR 5057 - fix %k to print a 0, not just spaces. (%e too). Patch from NAKAJIMA Yoshihiro.
 1.9.2.1 05-Nov-1999  erh file strftime.c was added on branch comdex-fall-1999 on 1999-11-05 19:21:13 +0000
 1.10.4.2 24-Dec-2001  he Pull up revision 1.12 (via patch, requested by kleink):
Switch to widely circulated tzcode (2000g) implementation; it
implements C99 features.
 1.10.4.1 07-Sep-2000  taca pull up revs 1.10 and 1.11, approved by thorpej:

> - Fix strftime(3) not to ignore tm_zone filed of last parameter,
> and "%Z" in format string is converted as proper time zone.
> This was taken from tzcode2000f. Fix PR lib/10950.
 1.12.2.3 18-Oct-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.12.2.2 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.12.2.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.13.2.1 07-Dec-2002  he Pull up revision 1.14 (requested by itojun in ticket #896):
License / copyright clarifications.
 1.14.2.2 17-May-2004  tron Pull up revision 1.16 (requested by kleink in ticket #349):
Don't use tm_gmtoff for %z: a strictly conforming ISO C application won't
initialize it. However, instead of using what is suggested in this code
path, attempt get it right for DST as well. Addresses PR standards/21722
from Richard Earnshaw.
 1.14.2.1 14-May-2004  jdc Pull up revision 1.15 (requested by kleink in ticket #321).

Don't use tm_zone for %Z: a strictly conforming ISO C application won't
initialize it. Addresses PR standards/21722 from Richard Earnshaw.
 1.17.6.1 03-Sep-2007  wrstuden Sync w/ NetBSD-4-RC_1
 1.17.4.1 21-Aug-2007  liamjfoy Pull up following revision(s) (requested by ginsbach in ticket #818):
lib/libc/time/strftime.c: revision 1.18
Make sure that %r honors the LC_TIME t_fmt_ampm. This restores
functionality lost at revision 1.12!
 1.18.18.1 23-Nov-2008  christos use %lld for time_t and snprintf instead of sprintf.
 1.18.14.2 31-Jul-2007  ginsbach Make sure that %r honors the LC_TIME t_fmt_ampm. This restores
functionality lost at revision 1.12!
 1.18.14.1 31-Jul-2007  ginsbach file strftime.c was added on branch matt-mips64 on 2007-07-31 20:19:17 +0000
 1.21.6.3 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.21.6.2 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.21.6.1 17-Apr-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.22.2.3 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.22.2.2 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.22.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.26.2.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.30.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.36.2.2 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.36.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.38.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.40.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.40.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.41.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.56.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.40 06-Apr-2025  christos PR/59249: Taylor R Campbell: Add missing man pages: strptime_l, strftime_l,
strftime_lz, strftime_z
 1.39 07-Sep-2024  rillig man: fix month name
 1.38 24-Oct-2022  uwe branches: 1.38.4;
strptime(3): make the fact that %z is an extension more prominent

Mention it near the format itself, not on the next screen (with an
awkward indentation too).
 1.37 24-Feb-2019  maya fix typo. From Evil_Bob.
 1.36 27-Oct-2017  kre branches: 1.36.4;

Minor typo: Coordinated Universal time should be Coordinated Universal Time
 1.35 25-Dec-2016  abhinav As per the IEEE 1003.1-2008 standard, the range of values for the %S
format specifier is [0,60].
 1.34 31-Oct-2015  ginsbach branches: 1.34.2;
- Add reference to RFC-3339
- Add J to military / nautical time zone description
 1.33 29-Oct-2015  wiz Whitespace.
 1.32 29-Oct-2015  christos PR/50380: Balazs Scheidler: strptime() returns incorrect values in tm_gmtoff
- Always offset in seconds.
- Handle arbitrary timezones.
 1.31 06-Apr-2015  ginsbach Add UTC as a synonym for GMT (%Z). [from FreeBSD]
 1.30 03-Apr-2015  ginsbach Fix spelling; time zone is two words not one.
 1.29 12-Apr-2011  jruoho Xref tm(3).
 1.28 12-Apr-2011  jruoho .Dv NULL.
 1.27 24-May-2009  ginsbach Crank date for previous.
 1.26 24-May-2009  ginsbach Add %s to strptime(3) to make symmetric with strftime(3).
 1.25 01-May-2009  wiz Drop trailing whitespace.
 1.24 01-May-2009  ginsbach Extend %z to support all RFC-2822 timezone formats.
 1.23 09-Mar-2009  joerg Fix preamble to match order set out by mdoc(7). Discussed with wiz.
 1.22 04-Nov-2008  christos branches: 1.22.2; 1.22.4;
Our new syslogd seems to want to depend on %z which is a gnu extension.
- While here, add all the rest of gnu extensions: %g, %G, %u.
- Fix long standing bug where %Z would not work because "private.h" was
not included. (Hi Brian!)
 1.21 30-Apr-2008  martin Convert TNF licenses to new 2 clause variant
 1.20 25-Apr-2008  ginsbach Add %F the ISO 8601 date format which is equivalent to %Y-%m-%d. This
format character is supported for reasons of symmetry with strftime(3).
FreeBSD and GNU versions of strptime(3) both support %F.
 1.19 25-Apr-2008  ginsbach Change date for previous change (addition of %Z).
 1.18 24-Apr-2008  ginsbach Add support for %Z ala FreeBSD and some other strptime(3) implementations.
Reviewed by christos.
 1.17 19-Mar-2004  kleink branches: 1.17.30;
Make casing in previous consistent.
 1.16 19-Mar-2004  kleink %% doesn't write anything; a literal % is matched. Noted by Hubert Feyrer.
 1.15 16-Apr-2003  wiz Use
.In header.h
instead of
.Fd #include \*[Lt]header.h\*[Gt]
Much easier to read and write, and supported by groff for ages.
Okayed by ross.
 1.14 01-Oct-2002  wiz New sentence, new line. From Robert Elz.
 1.13 18-Aug-2002  yamt note that month and weekday names are case-insensitive.
from OpenBSD.
 1.12 07-Feb-2002  ross branches: 1.12.2;
Generate <>& symbolically.
 1.11 16-Sep-2001  wiz Sort SEE ALSO.
 1.10 02-Apr-2001  wiz Improve some markup.
 1.9 29-Mar-2001  kleink Sprinkle some restrict.
 1.8 05-May-1998  tv branches: 1.8.10; 1.8.12;
Fubar: XPG4 (SUS'98) _does_ specify two digit year behavior without %C.
Change text back to "conforms to."
 1.7 05-May-1998  tv As inspired by PR #5268 from jpo@easterngraphics.com:
- make string comparisons case-insensitive
- add description of whitespace in the format string
- note that %t and %n match no whitespace as well as some whitespace
- change wording of standard to say "includes all requirements of"
instead of "conforms to" XPG4 as our %y is extended beyond XPG4
 1.6 19-Mar-1998  tv Fixes from PRs 5056 and 5161, partly rethought:
- %C and %y can be used in conjunction properly, though %y can have its
old behaviour if used without %C
- %I formats hous 0..11 with 0 representing "12"; this is correct both
with and without am/pm (%p rule fixed to compensate)
- %j fixed for range [0..365] in struct tm
- %m fixed for range [0..11] in struct tm
- %S fixed for range [0..61] in struct tm
 1.5 05-Feb-1998  perry add LIBRARY section to man page
 1.4 20-Jan-1998  mycroft Update dates.
 1.3 20-Jan-1998  mycroft Update documentation of %y to reflect y2k change.
 1.2 30-Jul-1997  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Fix files using old TNF copyright notice
 1.1 25-May-1997  kleink Add a strptime(3) manual page.
 1.2.2.2 05-May-1998  mycroft Pull up 1.6-1.8, per request of tv.
 1.2.2.1 29-Jan-1998  mellon Pull up 1.3-1.4 (mycroft)
 1.8.12.5 18-Oct-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.12.4 27-Aug-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.12.3 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.12.2 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.12.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.10.1 04-Apr-2001  he Pull up revision 1.10 (requested by wiz):
Improve some markup.
 1.12.2.1 28-Mar-2004  jmc Pullup rev 1.16-1.17 via patch (requested by kleink in ticket #1635)

%% doesn't write anything; a literal % is matched.
 1.17.30.1 18-May-2008  yamt sync with head.
 1.22.4.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.22.2.2 04-Nov-2008  christos Our new syslogd seems to want to depend on %z which is a gnu extension.
- While here, add all the rest of gnu extensions: %g, %G, %u.
- Fix long standing bug where %Z would not work because "private.h" was
not included. (Hi Brian!)
 1.22.2.1 04-Nov-2008  christos file strptime.3 was added on branch christos-time_t on 2008-11-04 18:37:29 +0000
 1.34.2.1 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.36.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.38.4.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.67 07-Jun-2024  riastradh libc/locale: Nix needless size_t casts.

No functional change intended. No binary change to aarch64 libc.

Prompted by code inspection around PR lib/58319.
 1.66 18-Mar-2024  riastradh strptime(3): Declare digit d as time_t.

This doesn't make a semantic difference -- d can only take on the ten
values {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, and the arithmetic with it later all
comes out the same whether the type is unsigned or time_t, even if
time_t were int32_t instead of int64_t.

But it pacifies overzealous compilers used by downstream users of
this code. And while it's silly to use a much wider type (64-bit
signed) than is needed here to store a single digit, it doesn't
really hurt either (32-bit unsigned is much larger than needed too).

PR lib/58041
 1.65 16-Mar-2024  riastradh strptime(3): Reduce unnecessary indentation.

Post-fix tidying.

No functional change intended.

PR lib/58041
 1.64 16-Mar-2024  riastradh strptime(3): Avoid arithmetic overflow.

PR lib/58041
 1.63 21-Sep-2020  ginsbach branches: 1.63.6;
Correct range for ISO week conversion

The %V conversion range for strptime(3) should match the strftime(3)
conversion range. A valid ISO week is 1-53.
 1.62 24-Aug-2017  ginsbach branches: 1.62.6;
The military/nautical time zones were added following RFC 822 and RFC
2822 specifications. Unfortunately they are specified incorrectly in
RFC-822 and not very clearly in RFC 2822. RFC 1123 clearly states they
are specified incorrectly - counting the wrong way from UTC - in RFC
822. RFC 2822 just states they were implemented in a non-standard way.
Mea culpa for not noticing when originally implemented. Fix them so
the correct calculations are made.
 1.61 12-Aug-2017  ginsbach Fix a couple comments and a spacing nit.

- Change a XXX comment that no longer applies.
- Add a clarifying comment.
 1.60 15-May-2016  christos remove stray debugging.
 1.59 15-May-2016  christos Bail out if the string does not look like a timezone (is empty or does not
start with a letter or a number). tzparse("") or tzparse(".45") don't fail.
 1.58 31-Oct-2015  ginsbach Don't attempt to set TM_ZONE (name) for 'J' as isdst isn't known.
 1.57 31-Oct-2015  christos make %Z and %z understand the same strings.
 1.56 30-Oct-2015  ginsbach Add 'J' (Juliett) as military time zone name meaning the local time zone.
 1.55 30-Oct-2015  christos drop stray #endif
 1.54 30-Oct-2015  christos revert timezone() ifdef; it is wrong (pointed out by ginsbach)
 1.53 30-Oct-2015  ginsbach ISO 8601 and RFC 3339 specify that an offset can be up to 23:59 and
not 12:00 east/west. Just proves that one shouldn't use other
implementations as a canonical reference. Thanks to all who pointed
this out.
 1.52 30-Oct-2015  ginsbach Reject timezone offsets more than 12 hours (east or west).
 1.51 29-Oct-2015  christos - use #defined constants (from gisbach)
- back to setting tm_zone to NULL when we don't know.
 1.50 29-Oct-2015  christos PR/50380: Balazs Scheidler: strptime() returns incorrect values in tm_gmtoff
- Always offset in seconds.
- Handle arbitrary timezones.
 1.49 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.48 29-Jul-2015  ginsbach Only apply am/pm adjustment to tm_hour when it has actually been parsed.
 1.47 22-Jul-2015  ginsbach More KNF style changes -- consistent use of whitespace in #defines.
 1.46 20-Jul-2015  ginsbach KNF and additional comments
 1.45 15-Jul-2015  ginsbach Don't set state when parsing any timezone (%z) information. The '+' in
this case isn't the same as the FreeBSD '%+' str[fp]time() (GNU) extension.
 1.44 14-Jul-2015  ginsbach Set S_WDAY state for %u (same as it is set for %w).
 1.43 13-Jul-2015  ginsbach Switch to using isleap() and isleap_sum() macros from <tzfile.h> to be
consistent with strftime.c and localtime.c.
 1.42 08-Jul-2015  ginsbach Add macros to clarify what (parse) state is needed to calculate 'missing'
tm fields.
 1.41 08-Jul-2015  ginsbach Rename flags to state since that is really what flags tracks (parse state).
 1.40 03-Jul-2015  christos PR/50009: David CARLIER: Enhance strptime to fill out more fields when it
can. From FreeBSD.
 1.39 06-Apr-2015  ginsbach Add UTC as a synonym for GMT (%Z). [from FreeBSD]
 1.38 17-May-2013  joerg Provide explicit LC_C_LOCALE accessor and drop the various NULL checks.
Provide LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE in a way that works with all locale functions.
Merge constant data used by the initial global locale and the C locale.
Drop function call layer for _current_locale() and directly return the
locale reference, not a pointer to it. Use protected access for global
variables, so that libc references can avoid the GOT overhead.
 1.37 21-Apr-2013  joerg Store time-specific locale data directly in the locale.
Ad dstrftime_l, strftime_lz and strptime_l.
 1.36 13-Mar-2012  christos branches: 1.36.2;
PR/45989: Martin Husemann: lint invocation does include -w only on i386

- turn lint -w for all the platforms after fixing the lint warnings.
- add _DIAGASSERTS() for casts that would assign values to types that
would not fit.
- change types, add casts
- change into ansii prototypes
- turn on _DIAGNOSTIC for libc (during current, to be eliminated for release
builds)

approved by core@
 1.35 14-Dec-2009  matt branches: 1.35.6;
Back errant change due to botched merge.
 1.34 14-Dec-2009  matt Suppress a warning if time_t is __int64_t
 1.33 24-May-2009  ginsbach Add %s to strptime(3) to make symmetric with strftime(3).
 1.32 01-May-2009  ginsbach Extend %z to support all RFC-2822 timezone formats.
 1.31 04-Nov-2008  christos branches: 1.31.2; 1.31.4;
don't forget to use neg.
 1.30 04-Nov-2008  christos we don't need *
 1.29 04-Nov-2008  christos Our new syslogd seems to want to depend on %z which is a gnu extension.
- While here, add all the rest of gnu extensions: %g, %G, %u.
- Fix long standing bug where %Z would not work because "private.h" was
not included. (Hi Brian!)
 1.28 28-Apr-2008  martin Remove clause 3 and 4 from TNF licenses
 1.27 25-Apr-2008  ginsbach Add %F the ISO 8601 date format which is equivalent to %Y-%m-%d. This
format character is supported for reasons of symmetry with strftime(3).
FreeBSD and GNU versions of strptime(3) both support %F.
 1.26 24-Apr-2008  ginsbach Add support for %Z ala FreeBSD and some other strptime(3) implementations.
Reviewed by christos.
 1.25 29-Nov-2005  christos branches: 1.25.18;
WARNS=4
 1.24 05-Mar-2005  dsl Some more optimisations - I must stop looking at this file!
Update copyright to include 2005
(I have a compleetly different version, but it is only a few 100 bytes
smaller due to a 560 byte data area.)
 1.23 04-Mar-2005  dsl A going-over with the optimiser, save over 500 bytes.
I think this is enough to get rescue_tiny to fit again.
While there fix some bugs:
- %y failed to subtract 1900 from tm_year
- %p (am/pm) only worked at the end of the string
- %E% was treated at %% (ie match a % character)
regression test being added....
 1.22 20-Dec-2000  christos fix u_char -> char and char -> u_char casts.
 1.21 19-Dec-2000  cgd Newer GCCs give warnings when the result of preprocessor token pasting
is not itself a valid (single) preprocessor token. In other words, don't
use __CONCAT() to add a structure member name to a pointer dereference.
 1.20 07-Jul-2000  itohy Passing "char" values to ctype(3) functions is problematic.
If an argument of a ctype function is outside "unsigned char"
and if it is not EOF, the behavior is undefined.

The isascii(3) is the sole exception of above and it was used to
be used to check a value was valid for other ctype functions in
ancient systems. On modern systems, the ctype functions take
all values of "unsigned char", and this check is obsolete and
even wrong for non-ASCII systems. However, we leave the isascii()
untouched for now, so as not to change the current behavior.
 1.19 22-Jan-2000  mycroft Delint.
Remove trailing ; from uses of __weak_alias(). The macro inserts this if
needed.
 1.18 29-Apr-1999  tv Use correct number of digits as described in lib/7001. This brings us
pretty close to UNIX98, but %U and %W still don't work.
 1.17 15-Nov-1998  christos branches: 1.17.2;
delint
 1.16 07-Sep-1998  kleink Cosmetical changes, and squash some lint.
 1.15 20-Aug-1998  veego Fix new egcs warnings (might be used uninitialized).
 1.14 05-May-1998  tv As inspired by PR #5268 from jpo@easterngraphics.com:
- make string comparisons case-insensitive
- add description of whitespace in the format string
- note that %t and %n match no whitespace as well as some whitespace
- change wording of standard to say "includes all requirements of"
instead of "conforms to" XPG4 as our %y is extended beyond XPG4
 1.13 19-Mar-1998  tv Fixes from PRs 5056 and 5161, partly rethought:
- %C and %y can be used in conjunction properly, though %y can have its
old behaviour if used without %C
- %I formats hous 0..11 with 0 representing "12"; this is correct both
with and without am/pm (%p rule fixed to compensate)
- %j fixed for range [0..365] in struct tm
- %m fixed for range [0..11] in struct tm
- %S fixed for range [0..61] in struct tm
 1.12 20-Jan-1998  mycroft Pull in tzfile.h.
 1.11 20-Jan-1998  mycroft Update dates.
 1.10 20-Jan-1998  mycroft The rollover for the previous is 1969, not 1970.
 1.9 20-Jan-1998  mycroft Fix an old comment
 1.8 20-Jan-1998  mycroft Treat 2-digit year < 70 as year - 2000, per XPG.
 1.7 21-Jul-1997  jtc branches: 1.7.2;
If port provides __weak_alias(), provide an Standard C and POSIX pure
identifier namespace by renaming non standard functions and variables
such that they have a leading underscore. The library will use those
names internally. Weak aliases are used to provide the original names
to the API.

This is only the first part of this change. It is most of the functions
which are implemented in C for all NetBSD ports. Subsequent changes are
to add the same support to the remaining C files, to assembly files, and
to the automagically generated assembly source used for system calls.
When all of the above is done, ports with weak alias support should add
a definition for __weak_alias to <sys/cdefs.h>.
 1.6 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.5 03-Jun-1997  kleink Nuke a spurious (but under !__STDC__ fatal) space from last commit.
 1.4 03-Jun-1997  kleink Replace some hand-crafted concatenation with the __CONCAT() macro.
 1.3 25-May-1997  kleink Rewritten from scratch. Implement missing conversions and provide support
for E and O modifiers, though our locale does not support `alternate'
conversions and formats - we just stick to the unmodified rules in that case.
 1.2 06-May-1997  kleink KNF.
 1.1 23-Apr-1997  mrg move str[fp]time into libc/time.
 1.7.2.2 05-May-1998  mycroft Pull up 1.13-1.14, per request of tv.
 1.7.2.1 29-Jan-1998  mellon Pull up 1.8-1.12 (mycroft)
 1.17.2.1 29-Apr-1999  perry pullup 1.17->1.18 (tv)
 1.25.18.1 18-May-2008  yamt sync with head.
 1.31.4.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.31.2.2 04-Nov-2008  christos don't forget to use neg.
 1.31.2.1 04-Nov-2008  christos file strptime.c was added on branch christos-time_t on 2008-11-04 21:08:34 +0000
 1.35.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.35.6.1 17-Apr-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.36.2.1 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.62.6.1 24-Aug-2024  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #1881):

lib/libc/time/strptime.c: revision 1.64 (patch)
lib/libc/time/strptime.c: revision 1.65 (patch)
lib/libc/time/strptime.c: revision 1.66 (patch)
tests/lib/libc/time/t_strptime.c: revision 1.16 (patch)

strptime(3): Exercise some edge cases in the automatic tests.

Unfortunately, we can't quite use strptime as a black box to detect
the cases that triggered undefined behaviour, because strptime just
fails in that case anyway since the number that would go in .tm_year
is far out of the representable range.
PR lib/58041

strptime(3): Avoid arithmetic overflow.
PR lib/58041

strptime(3): Reduce unnecessary indentation.
Post-fix tidying.
No functional change intended.
PR lib/58041

strptime(3): Declare digit d as time_t.

This doesn't make a semantic difference -- d can only take on the ten
values {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, and the arithmetic with it later all
comes out the same whether the type is unsigned or time_t, even if
time_t were int32_t instead of int64_t.

But it pacifies overzealous compilers used by downstream users of
this code. And while it's silly to use a much wider type (64-bit
signed) than is needed here to store a single digit, it doesn't
really hurt either (32-bit unsigned is much larger than needed too).

PR lib/58041
 1.63.6.2 16-Apr-2024  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #648):

lib/libc/time/strptime.c: revision 1.66

strptime(3): Declare digit d as time_t.

This doesn't make a semantic difference -- d can only take on the ten
values {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, and the arithmetic with it later all
comes out the same whether the type is unsigned or time_t, even if
time_t were int32_t instead of int64_t.

But it pacifies overzealous compilers used by downstream users of
this code. And while it's silly to use a much wider type (64-bit
signed) than is needed here to store a single digit, it doesn't
really hurt either (32-bit unsigned is much larger than needed too).

PR lib/58041
 1.63.6.1 25-Mar-2024  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #638):

lib/libc/time/strptime.c: revision 1.64
lib/libc/time/strptime.c: revision 1.65
tests/lib/libc/time/t_strptime.c: revision 1.16

strptime(3): Exercise some edge cases in the automatic tests.

Unfortunately, we can't quite use strptime as a black box to detect
the cases that triggered undefined behaviour, because strptime just
fails in that case anyway since the number that would go in .tm_year
is far out of the representable range.
PR lib/58041

strptime(3): Avoid arithmetic overflow.
PR lib/58041

strptime(3): Reduce unnecessary indentation.
Post-fix tidying.
No functional change intended.
PR lib/58041
 1.21 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.20 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.19 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.19.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.18 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.17 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.16 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.15 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.14 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.13 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.12 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.11 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.10 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.9 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.8 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.7 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.6 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.5 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.4 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.3 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.3.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.2 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.2.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.1 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.2.2.4 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.2.2.3 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.2.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.2.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.3.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.3.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.19.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.23 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.22 29-Oct-2017  abhinav Fix the escape used for em dash

ok wiz@
 1.21 25-Oct-2017  abhinav Remove comma after last Nm entry
Remove whitespace at the end of a line
 1.20 03-Jul-2017  wiz Remove workaround for ancient HTML generation code.
 1.19 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.18 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.17 17-Dec-2010  wiz branches: 1.17.24;
Sort SEE ALSO, add a serial comma.
 1.16 16-Dec-2010  christos Provide a re-entrant and thread-safe set of timezone API's that
don't require locking and can operate on user-specified timezones
as opposed to having to alter the environment to change a timezone.
This work was presented to the tzcode folks and it was generally
accepted, but there seems to be a lot of inertia.
 1.15 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.14 11-Apr-2009  joerg Add missing quotes.
 1.13 16-Apr-2003  wiz branches: 1.13.42;
Use
.In header.h
instead of
.Fd #include \*[Lt]header.h\*[Gt]
Much easier to read and write, and supported by groff for ages.
Okayed by ross.
 1.12 01-Oct-2002  wiz New sentence, new line. From Robert Elz.
 1.11 07-Feb-2002  ross Generate <>& symbolically.
 1.10 07-Apr-2001  kleink No need for <sys/types.h>.
 1.9 07-Apr-2001  kleink Add a LIBRARY section.
 1.8 02-Apr-2001  wiz mdoc'ify. With a tip of the hat to kleink.
 1.7 22-Jan-1998  jtc branches: 1.7.12;
sync with tzcode1998a
 1.6 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.5 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.4 28-Nov-1995  jtc merge in changes from 1.1 release branch
 1.3 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.3.2; 1.3.4;
Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.5 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.4 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.3 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.2 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc New time and date code from ADO
 1.3.4.1 26-Oct-1995  jtc Fix xrefs: time(2) -> time(3), newtzset(3) -> tzset(3)
 1.3.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.3.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file time2posix.3 was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:21:28 +0000
 1.7.12.4 18-Oct-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.12.3 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.12.2 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.7.12.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.13.42.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.17.24.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.18 04-May-2018  christos Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.17 24-Oct-2017  christos branches: 1.17.2;
Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.16 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.15 04-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.15.2;
tzcode2016i
 1.14 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.13 16-Sep-2016  christos welcome to tzcond-2016f
 1.12 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.12.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.11 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.10 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.9 31-Jan-2015  christos merge tzcode2015a:

tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
shortening too-long abbreviations.
 1.8 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.7 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.6 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.5 17-Jul-2013  christos branches: 1.5.4;
welcome to 2013d
 1.4 02-Mar-2013  christos branches: 1.4.4;
update to tzcode2013a
 1.3 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.3.2;
merge 2012e
 1.2 04-Sep-2011  christos branches: 1.2.2;
bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.1 12-Dec-2000  kleink branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.4 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.3 29-Oct-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003d.
 1.1.1.2 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.1 12-Dec-2000  kleink branches: 1.1.1.1.2;
Import tzcode2000g.
 1.1.1.1.2.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.2.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.2.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.3.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.3.2.1 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.4.4.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.5.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.12.2.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.12.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.12.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.15.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.17.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.14 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.13 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.13.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.12 23-Dec-2023  christos Import tzcode 2023d:

localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
transition into a DST regime. Previously, it incorrectly assumed
DST was in effect before the transition too. (Thanks to Alois
Treindl for debugging help.)

localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.

The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
compiler is C11 or later.

tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.

tzselect no longer creates temporary files.

tzselect no longer mishandles the following:

Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
TZDIR, and VERSION.

TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
expressions of the form /X{2,}/.

ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.

Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
//TRANSLIT extension.

zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
predicted for just before and just after Ramadan. (Thanks to Ken
Murchison for debugging help.)

zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
 1.11 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.10 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.9 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.8 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.7 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.6 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.5 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.4 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.3 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.2 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.1 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.1.2; 1.1.4;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.1.4.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.1.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.4 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.1.2.3 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.1.2.2 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.1 04-May-2018  pgoyette file tz-art.html was added on branch pgoyette-compat on 2018-05-21 04:35:55 +0000
 1.13.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.10 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.9 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.8 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.7 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.6 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.5 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.4 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.4.2; 1.4.4;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.3 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.2 07-Oct-2016  christos branches: 1.2.2;
merge tzcode2016g
 1.1 16-Sep-2016  christos welcome to tzcond-2016f
 1.2.2.2 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.2.2.1 07-Oct-2016  pgoyette file tz-how-to.html was added on branch pgoyette-localcount on 2016-11-04 14:48:53 +0000
 1.4.4.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.4.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.4.2.2 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.4.2.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.33 04-May-2018  christos Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.32 24-Oct-2017  christos branches: 1.32.2;
Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.31 25-Apr-2017  christos merge tzcode2017b.
 1.30 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.29 04-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.29.2;
tzcode2016i
 1.28 20-Oct-2016  christos welcome to 2016h
 1.27 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.26 16-Sep-2016  christos welcome to tzcond-2016f
 1.25 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.25.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.24 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.23 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.22 28-Apr-2015  christos welcome to tzcode 2015d (zic performance improvements and cleanups)
 1.21 31-Jan-2015  christos merge tzcode2015a:

tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
shortening too-long abbreviations.
 1.20 18-Nov-2014  christos welcome to 2014j
 1.19 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.18 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.17 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.16 14-Jun-2014  christos branches: 1.16.2;
welcome to 2014e
 1.15 28-May-2014  christos welcome to 2014d; zic big bang fixes:
some programs did not handle large negative time_t values well (gnome)
 1.14 13-May-2014  christos Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.13 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.13.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.12 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.11 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.10 16-Mar-2013  christos branches: 1.10.4;
apply 2013b
 1.9 02-Mar-2013  christos update to tzcode2013a
 1.8 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.8.2;
merge 2012e
 1.7 04-Sep-2011  christos branches: 1.7.2;
bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.6 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.5 27-May-2004  kleink Merge tzcode2004a.
 1.4 20-Dec-2003  kleink branches: 1.4.2;
Merge tzcode2003e.
 1.3 05-Dec-2003  keihan Revert last change, as this is a 3rd-party file, noted by kleink@.
 1.2 04-Dec-2003  keihan netbsd.org -> NetBSD.org
NetBSD.ORG -> NetBSD.org

Now src/lib is done.
 1.1 12-Dec-2000  kleink branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.6 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.5 27-May-2004  kleink Import tzcode2004a.
 1.1.1.4 19-Dec-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003e.
 1.1.1.3 29-Oct-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003d.
 1.1.1.2 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.1 12-Dec-2000  kleink branches: 1.1.1.1.2;
Import tzcode2000g.
 1.1.1.1.2.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.4.2.1 15-Jun-2004  he Pull up revision 1.5 (requested by kleink in ticket #407):
Update to tzcode2004a.
 1.7.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.7.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.8.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.8.2.1 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.10.4.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.13.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.16.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.25.2.4 26-Apr-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.25.2.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.25.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.25.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.29.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.32.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.19 02-Apr-2025  christos Release 2025b - 2025-03-22 13:40:46 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -l TIMEZONE -d . -l /some/other/file/system' no longer
attempts to create an incorrect symlink, and no longer has a
read buffer underflow. (Problem reported by Evgeniy Gorbanev.)
 1.18 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.17 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.16 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.16.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.15 23-Dec-2023  christos Import tzcode 2023d:

localtime.c no longer mishandles TZif files that contain a single
transition into a DST regime. Previously, it incorrectly assumed
DST was in effect before the transition too. (Thanks to Alois
Treindl for debugging help.)

localtime.c's timeoff no longer collides with OpenBSD 7.4.

The C code now uses _Generic only if __STDC_VERSION__ says the
compiler is C11 or later.

tzselect now optionally reads zonenow.tab, to simplify when
configuring only for timestamps dated from now on.

tzselect no longer creates temporary files.

tzselect no longer mishandles the following:

Spaces and most other special characters in BUGEMAIL, PACKAGE,
TZDIR, and VERSION.

TZ strings when using mawk 1.4.3, which mishandles regular
expressions of the form /X{2,}/.

ISO 6709 coordinates when using an awk that lacks the GNU
extension of newlines in -v option-arguments.

Non UTF-8 locales when using an iconv command that lacks the GNU
//TRANSLIT extension.

zic no longer mishandles data for Palestine after the year 2075.
Previously, it incorrectly omitted post-2075 transitions that are
predicted for just before and just after Ramadan. (Thanks to Ken
Murchison for debugging help.)

zic now works again on Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.17 (2006).
 1.14 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.13 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.12 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.11 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.10 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.9 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.8 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.7 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.6 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.5 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.4 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.3 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.2 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.1 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.1.2; 1.1.4;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.1.4.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.1.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.5 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.1.2.4 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.1.2.3 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.1.2.2 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.1 04-May-2018  pgoyette file tz-link.html was added on branch pgoyette-compat on 2018-05-21 04:35:55 +0000
 1.16.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.6 11-Jul-2015  christos - don't copy the man pages anymore. they have been converted to mdoc
format.
- don't delete extra files, but mention the 'import' process
 1.5 27-May-2004  kleink Update for tzcode2004a.
 1.4 19-Dec-2003  kleink branches: 1.4.2;
Note: the previous revision was an update for tzcode2003_e_.
 1.3 19-Dec-2003  kleink Update for tzcode2003d.
 1.2 12-Dec-2000  kleink Reflect current situation: we're using the tzcode-maintained strftime now.
 1.1 05-Oct-1998  kleink Converts an extracted tzcode distribution into the format suitable for
importing it into the NetBSD source tree.
 1.4.2.1 30-May-2004  tron Pull up revision 1.5 (requested by kleink in ticket #406):
Update for tzcode2004a.
 1.37 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.36 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.35 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.35.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.34 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.33 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.32 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.31 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.30 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.29 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.28 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.27 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.26 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.25 24-Oct-2017  christos branches: 1.25.2; 1.25.4;
Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.24 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.23 09-Oct-2015  christos branches: 1.23.2;
Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.22 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.21 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.20 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.20.4;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.19 02-Mar-2013  christos update to tzcode2013a
 1.18 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.18.2;
merge 2012e
 1.17 25-Feb-2012  shattered Xref zdump(8). OK by wiz@
 1.16 04-Sep-2011  christos branches: 1.16.2;
bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.15 08-Jan-2010  joerg Fix mdoc(7)/man(7) mix up.
 1.14 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.13 09-Mar-2009  joerg Fix preamble to match order set out by mdoc(7). Discussed with wiz.
 1.12 16-Apr-2003  wiz branches: 1.12.42;
Use
.In header.h
instead of
.Fd #include \*[Lt]header.h\*[Gt]
Much easier to read and write, and supported by groff for ages.
Okayed by ross.
 1.11 01-Oct-2002  wiz New sentence, new line. From Robert Elz.
 1.10 08-Feb-2002  ross Generate <>& symbolically. I'm avoiding .../dist/... directories for now.
 1.9 16-Sep-2001  wiz mdoc'ify
 1.8 10-Sep-1998  kleink branches: 1.8.12;
Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.7 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.6 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.5 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.4 28-Nov-1995  jtc merge in changes from 1.1 release branch
 1.3 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.3.2; 1.3.4;
Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.6 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.5 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.4 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.3 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.2 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc New time and date code from ADO
 1.3.4.1 26-Oct-1995  jtc Fix xrefs: time(2) -> time(3), newtzset(3) -> tzset(3)
 1.3.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.3.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file tzfile.5 was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:21:30 +0000
 1.8.12.4 18-Oct-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.12.3 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.12.2 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.8.12.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.12.42.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.16.2.3 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.16.2.2 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.16.2.1 17-Apr-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.18.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.18.2.1 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.20.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.23.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.25.4.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.25.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.25.2.2 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.25.2.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.35.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.17 11-Jul-2015  christos remove local copy of tzfile.h
 1.16 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.15 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.14 13-May-2014  christos branches: 1.14.2;
Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.13 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.13.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.12 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.11 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.10 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.10.2; 1.10.4;
merge 2012e
 1.9 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.9.6;
Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.8 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.7 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.6 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.5 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.4 20-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96c
 1.3 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.3.2;
Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Changed to use NetBSD's defaults
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.6 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.5 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.4 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.3 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.2 20-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96c
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc New time and date code from ADO
 1.3.2.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD Id's.
 1.3.2.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc file tzfile.h was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-09 23:41:25 +0000
 1.9.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.9.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.10.4.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.10.2.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.13.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.14.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.15 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.14 16-Sep-2023  christos branches: 1.14.2;
Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.13 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.12 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.11 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.10 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.9 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.8 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.7 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.7.2; 1.7.4;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.6 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.5 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.5.4;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.4 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.4.6; 1.4.12;
Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.3 10-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.2 09-Jan-1998  perry branches: 1.2.6;
RCS Id Police.
 1.1 10-Sep-1996  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.3 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.2 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.1 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.2.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.4.12.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.4.6.1 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.5.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.7.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.7.2.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.14.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.24 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.23 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.23.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.22 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.21 15-Oct-2022  christos update to 2022e; no real changes
 1.20 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.19 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.18 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.17 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.17.2; 1.17.4;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.16 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.15 15-Mar-2016  christos Sync with 2016b
 1.14 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.13 31-Jan-2015  christos merge tzcode2015a:

tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
shortening too-long abbreviations.
 1.12 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.11 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.10 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.10.4;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.9 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.8 02-Mar-2013  christos update to tzcode2013a
 1.7 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.7.2;
merge 2012e
 1.6 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv branches: 1.6.6;
Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.5 10-Nov-1999  kleink Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.4 10-Sep-1998  kleink branches: 1.4.6;
Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.3 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.2 09-Jan-1998  perry RCS Id Police.
 1.1 10-Sep-1996  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.6 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.5 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.4 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.3 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.2 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.1 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.4.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.6.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.6.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.7.2.2 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.7.2.1 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.10.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.17.4.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.17.2.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.23.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.46 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.45 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.44 04-Dec-2022  uwe lib: Mark up error names in man pages with .Er
 1.43 23-Aug-2022  christos Fix argument name
 1.42 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.41 20-Apr-2019  wiz Remove 'No' macros with no effect.
Add width to table.
Fix en-dashes.
 1.40 18-Apr-2019  pgoyette Note restrictions on return values from tzgetname() and tzgmtoff()
 1.39 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.38 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.38.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.37 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.37.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.36 03-Jul-2017  wiz Remove workaround for ancient HTML generation code.
 1.35 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.34 29-Oct-2015  wiz branches: 1.34.2;
Whitespace.
 1.33 29-Oct-2015  christos Document tzgetgmtoff(3)
 1.32 05-Apr-2015  pgoyette Remove dangling cross-ref to localtime(3). There's another cross-ref in
the next sentence that actually makes sense.
 1.31 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.30 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.29 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.28 13-May-2014  christos branches: 1.28.2;
Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.27 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.27.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.26 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.25 17-Dec-2010  wiz branches: 1.25.6; 1.25.12;
Use more markup.
 1.24 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.23 10-Mar-2009  joerg Remove redundant .IP. Remove use of .Xo/Xc to workaround ancient macro
argument limit.
 1.22 16-Apr-2003  wiz branches: 1.22.42;
Use
.In header.h
instead of
.Fd #include \*[Lt]header.h\*[Gt]
Much easier to read and write, and supported by groff for ages.
Okayed by ross.
 1.21 01-Oct-2002  wiz New sentence, new line. From Robert Elz.
 1.20 10-Feb-2002  ross fix isolated collateral damage from <>& churn
 1.19 08-Feb-2002  ross Generate <>& symbolically. I'm avoiding .../dist/... directories for now.
 1.18 07-Feb-2002  ross Generate <>& symbolically.
 1.17 02-Jan-2002  wiz Fix .Bd argument. Pointed out by mrg.
 1.16 16-Sep-2001  wiz Sort SEE ALSO.
 1.15 02-Apr-2001  wiz mdoc'ify. With a tip of the hat to kleink.
 1.14 31-Mar-2001  kleink Add a daylight(3) link as well. XXX Can't link to timezone(3) yet.
 1.13 31-Mar-2001  kleink Finally deprecate the old timezone() interface in favor of an XSH5
timezone/daytime pair; as proposed by J.T. in September, 1996.
Fixes PR standards/11807 by Nick Hudson.
 1.12 29-Mar-2001  kleink While I'm here, add a LIBRARY section.
XXX Someone should lift this to our mdoc.
 1.11 29-Mar-2001  kleink Declaration syntax nit.
 1.10 05-Jun-2000  kleink branches: 1.10.4;
Move orphaned information to tzset(3).
 1.9 18-Jun-1997  jtc branches: 1.9.10;
Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.8 30-Jan-1996  jtc Changed manpages to reflect fact that localtime file is in /etc
 1.7 08-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96a
 1.6 28-Nov-1995  jtc merge in changes from 1.1 release branch
 1.5 22-Aug-1995  jtc branches: 1.5.2;
/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo -> /usr/share/zoneinfo; PR #1398
 1.4 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.4.2;
Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.3 10-Mar-1995  jtc Get rid of NEW (as in NEWCTIME and NEWTZSET).
 1.2 09-Mar-1995  jtc Add NetBSD ID's
 1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.4 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.3 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.2 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.1 09-Mar-1995  jtc tzset.3, renamed from newtzset.3, from TZCODE95B.
 1.4.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Removed "new" from references to newctime(3).
Removed -lz from SYNOPSIS.
 1.4.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file tzset.3 was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:21:32 +0000
 1.5.2.1 26-Oct-1995  jtc Fix xrefs: time(2) -> time(3), newtzset(3) -> tzset(3)
 1.9.10.1 23-Jun-2000  minoura Sync w/ netbsd-1-5-base.
 1.10.4.5 18-Oct-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.4.4 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.4.3 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.4.2 28-Jan-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.4.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.22.42.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.25.12.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.25.6.1 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.27.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.28.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.34.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.37.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.37.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.38.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.38.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.28 02-Apr-2025  christos Release 2025b - 2025-03-22 13:40:46 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -l TIMEZONE -d . -l /some/other/file/system' no longer
attempts to create an incorrect symlink, and no longer has a
read buffer underflow. (Problem reported by Evgeniy Gorbanev.)
 1.27 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.26 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.25 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.25.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.24 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.23 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.22 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.21 15-Oct-2022  christos update to 2022e; no real changes
 1.20 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.19 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.18 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.17 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.16 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.15 17-Oct-2020  christos update to 2020c
 1.14 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.13 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.12 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.11 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.10 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.9 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.8 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.7 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.7.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.6 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.6.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.5 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.4 25-Apr-2017  christos merge tzcode2017b.
 1.3 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.2 04-Nov-2016  christos branches: 1.2.2;
tzcode2016i
 1.1 20-Oct-2016  christos branches: 1.1.2;
welcome to 2016h
 1.1.2.5 26-Apr-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.4 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.3 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.1.2.2 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.1.2.1 20-Oct-2016  pgoyette file version was added on branch pgoyette-localcount on 2016-11-04 14:48:53 +0000
 1.2.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.6.2.4 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.6.2.3 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.6.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.6.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.7.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.7.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.25.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.3 20-Oct-2016  christos welcome to 2016h
 1.2 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.2.8;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.1 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.1.2; 1.1.4;
merge 2012e
 1.1.4.3 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.1.4.2 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.1.4.1 09-Aug-2012  yamt file version.h was added on branch yamt-pagecache on 2012-10-30 18:59:05 +0000
 1.1.2.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.2.8.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.26 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.25 06-Dec-2023  kre branches: 1.25.2;

A couple more (relatively minor) markup fixes.
 1.24 06-Dec-2023  christos PR/57757: Izumi Tsutsui: Fix markup errors
 1.23 26-Jul-2023  rin Fix formatting corruption for manpages from tzcode.

Comment out .TH macros, that cause mandoc(1) to run into man(7) mode.
 1.22 11-Dec-2022  christos branches: 1.22.2;
Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.21 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.20 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.19 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.18 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.17 03-Jul-2017  wiz branches: 1.17.4; 1.17.6;
Remove workaround for ancient HTML generation code.
 1.16 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.15 07-Oct-2016  christos branches: 1.15.2;
merge tzcode2016g
 1.14 23-Oct-2014  christos branches: 1.14.2;
merge 2014i
 1.13 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.12 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.11 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.11.4;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.10 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.9 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.9.2; 1.9.4;
merge 2012e
 1.8 08-Jan-2010  joerg branches: 1.8.6;
Fix mdoc(7)/man(7) mix up.
 1.7 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.6 09-Mar-2009  joerg Fix preamble to match order set out by mdoc(7). Discussed with wiz.
 1.5 29-Oct-2003  kleink branches: 1.5.42;
Merge tzcode2003d.
 1.4 16-Sep-2001  wiz mdoc'ify
 1.3 10-Sep-1996  jtc branches: 1.3.18;
sync with tzcode96l
 1.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Added NetBSD Id.
Removed "new" from newctime(3) references.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.4 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.3 29-Oct-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003d.
 1.1.1.2 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.2.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Added NetBSD Id.
Removed "new" from newctime(3) references.
 1.2.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file zdump.8 was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:10:01 +0000
 1.3.18.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.5.42.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.8.6.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.8.6.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.9.4.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.9.2.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.11.4.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.14.2.2 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.14.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.15.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.17.6.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.17.4.2 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.17.4.1 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.22.2.1 31-Dec-2023  martin Pull up the following, requested by kre in ticket #528:

lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.49
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.25

PR/57757: Izumi Tsutsui: Fix markup errors
 1.25.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.65 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.64 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.63 13-May-2024  msaitoh branches: 1.63.2;
s/of of/of/ in comment.
 1.62 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.61 15-Jan-2023  christos Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.
 1.60 13-Dec-2022  christos branches: 1.60.2;
Handle the case the code originally intended to handle; systems where:
SIZE_MAX < PTRDIFF_MAX
 1.59 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.58 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.57 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.56 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.55 22-Oct-2021  ryoon Fix build failure

* Fix merge mistake.
* Cast to int for strict comparison like before.
 1.54 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.53 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.52 27-Jan-2019  pgoyette Merge the [pgoyette-compat] branch
 1.51 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.50 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.49 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.49.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.48 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.48.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.47 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.46 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.45 20-Oct-2016  christos branches: 1.45.2;
welcome to 2016h
 1.44 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.43 15-Mar-2016  christos branches: 1.43.2;
Sync with 2016b
 1.42 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.41 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.40 23-Oct-2014  christos remove stray endif
 1.39 23-Oct-2014  christos merge 2014i
 1.38 08-Oct-2014  martin Make yeartot() declaration match prototype.
 1.37 07-Oct-2014  christos remove version stuff
 1.36 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.35 16-Aug-2014  christos Reduce diffs with upstream by automatically defining INITIALIZE as it was
intended.
 1.34 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.33 13-May-2014  christos branches: 1.33.2;
Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.32 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.32.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.31 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.30 17-Jul-2013  christos remove "register" in new code
fix backwards check for overflow
 1.29 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.28 02-Mar-2013  christos branches: 1.28.4;
update to tzcode2013a
 1.27 31-Jan-2013  christos include private.h to get access to TM_GMTOFF
 1.26 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.25 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.25.2;
merge 2012e
 1.24 16-Sep-2011  joerg branches: 1.24.2;
Use __dead
 1.23 04-Sep-2011  christos forgot to change one usage call.
 1.22 04-Sep-2011  christos bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.21 24-Aug-2011  christos remove unneeded casts
 1.20 16-Aug-2011  christos do the overflow check in a way that gcc-4.5 likes.
 1.19 15-Jan-2011  martin Backout previous, it breaks the build big time and causes e.g. date(1)
and top(1) to dump core.
 1.18 14-Jan-2011  christos don't depend on integer oveflow wrapping to detect it. From Paul Eggert in
the tz mailing list.
 1.17 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.16 04-Dec-2006  kleink Restore i18n wrapping removed in previous.
 1.15 03-Nov-2006  christos nuke perror.
 1.14 29-Oct-2003  kleink Merge tzcode2003d.
 1.13 26-May-2002  wiz __STDC__ is always defined on NetBSD.
 1.12 16-Apr-2002  groo botched strncpy -> strlcpy
from xs@kittenz.org
 1.11 29-Jan-2002  kleink Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.10 08-Feb-1999  kleink branches: 1.10.10; 1.10.12;
Merge tzcode1999b.
 1.9 26-Jul-1998  mycroft const poisoning.
 1.8 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.7 17-Oct-1997  lukem warnsify
 1.6 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.5 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.4 23-Jan-1997  mrg - convert unsafe strcpy(), strcat() and sprintf() to the `n' versions.
- some KNF.
 1.3 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Added NetBSD Id.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.8 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.7 29-Oct-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003d.
 1.1.1.6 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.5 08-Feb-1999  kleink Imported tzcode1999b.
 1.1.1.4 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.3 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.2 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.2.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Added NetBSD Id.
 1.2.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file zdump.c was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:12:44 +0000
 1.10.12.4 21-Jun-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.12.3 25-Apr-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.12.2 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.12.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.10.10.1 17-Apr-2002  he Pull up revision 1.12 (requested by groo):
Replace strncpy() with strlcpy().
 1.24.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.24.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.25.2.4 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.25.2.3 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.25.2.2 25-Feb-2013  tls resync with head
 1.25.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.28.4.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.32.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.33.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.43.2.2 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.43.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.45.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.48.2.3 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.48.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.48.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.49.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.60.2.1 24-Jul-2023  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #242):

lib/libc/time/localtime.c: revision 1.137
lib/libc/time/zdump.c: revision 1.61
lib/libc/time/NEWS: revision 1.41
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.88
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.89
lib/libc/time/private.h: revision 1.65

Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.

put attributes first for c23 compliance.
 1.63.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.52 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.51 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.50 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.50.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.49 07-Dec-2023  kre Fix yet another wording (editing) botch noticed by uwe@
 1.48 07-Dec-2023  uwe zic(8): missed a .Ql
 1.47 07-Dec-2023  kre Fix a wording botch noticed by uwe@ (and one more smaller one), and
a few more markup issues. While here, consistemntly use minus when
minus is meant, rather that just using a hyphen.
 1.46 07-Dec-2023  uwe zic(8): more markup fixes

Still need to go over the tables.
 1.45 06-Dec-2023  kre More markup fixes. This man page remains exceedingly ugly (particularly
relating to vertical space - which often is missing where it would be
better if it weren't, or is present and wasteful/ugly).
 1.44 06-Dec-2023  christos PR/57757: Izumi Tsutsui: Fix markup errors
 1.43 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.42 26-Jul-2023  rin Fix formatting corruption for manpages from tzcode.

Comment out .TH macros, that cause mandoc(1) to run into man(7) mode.
 1.41 11-Dec-2022  christos branches: 1.41.2;
Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.40 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.39 24-Aug-2022  christos add missing text.
 1.38 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.37 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.36 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.35 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.34 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.33 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.32 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.31 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.30 19-Oct-2018  christos Update to 2018f:

Changes to code

zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for
timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the
reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing
TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only
their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the
legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and
EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps.

Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy
transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should
no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly.
This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif
files by a few bytes.

zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g.,
"Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition
occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April.
This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not
entirely match the documentation.

localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif
files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This
future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the
format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and
without transitions or time types.

A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed.
It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that
does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions.

localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that
specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now
override the default time type for timestamps after the last
transition (or for all time stamps if there are no transitions),
just as DST strings specifying DST have always done.

leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments,
and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June
and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.)

Changes to documentation

New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that
is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name
should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~".
The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a
possibility noted by Tom Lane).

tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and
after the last transition, if any.

Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting
that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a
geographic region currently sharing the same standard time.

The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format.

tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities.
(Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.)
 1.29 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.29.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.28 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.28.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.27 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.26 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.25 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.24 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.23 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.22 28-May-2014  christos branches: 1.22.2;
welcome to 2014d; zic big bang fixes:
some programs did not handle large negative time_t values well (gnome)
 1.21 20-Sep-2013  christos branches: 1.21.2;
Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.20 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.20.2;
merge 2012e
 1.19 04-Sep-2011  christos branches: 1.19.2;
bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.18 30-May-2010  wiz New sentence, new line.
 1.17 08-Jan-2010  joerg Fix up mix of man(7)/mdoc(7).
 1.16 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.15 09-Mar-2009  joerg Fix preamble to match order set out by mdoc(7). Discussed with wiz.
 1.14 20-Dec-2003  kleink branches: 1.14.42;
Merge tzcode2003e.
 1.13 29-Oct-2003  kleink Merge tzcode2003d.
 1.12 30-Jun-2003  wiz Use a better width argument.
 1.11 08-Feb-2002  ross Generate <>& symbolically. I'm avoiding .../dist/... directories for now.
 1.10 16-Sep-2001  wiz mdoc'ify
 1.9 16-Nov-1999  kleink branches: 1.9.6;
Merge tzcode1999i.
 1.8 04-Oct-1998  kleink branches: 1.8.6;
Merge tzcode1998h.
 1.7 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.6 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.5 08-Mar-1997  mouse alternate -> alternative, per PR 2643
 1.4 08-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96a
 1.3 22-Aug-1995  jtc /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo -> /usr/share/zoneinfo; PR #1398
 1.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Added NetBSD Id.
Removed "new" from newctime(3) references.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.9 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.8 19-Dec-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003e.
 1.1.1.7 29-Oct-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003d.
 1.1.1.6 16-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999i.
 1.1.1.5 04-Oct-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998H.
 1.1.1.4 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.3 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.2 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.2.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Added NetBSD Id.
Removed "new" from newctime(3) references.
 1.2.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file zic.8 was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:09:55 +0000
 1.8.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.9.6.3 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.9.6.2 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.9.6.1 08-Oct-2001  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.14.42.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.19.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.19.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.20.2.1 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.21.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.22.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.28.2.3 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.28.2.2 20-Oct-2018  pgoyette Sync with head
 1.28.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.29.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.29.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.41.2.1 31-Dec-2023  martin Pull up the following, requested by kre in ticket #528:

lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.49
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.25

PR/57757: Izumi Tsutsui: Fix markup errors
 1.50.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD
 1.95 02-Apr-2025  christos Release 2025b - 2025-03-22 13:40:46 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -l TIMEZONE -d . -l /some/other/file/system' no longer
attempts to create an incorrect symlink, and no longer has a
read buffer underflow. (Problem reported by Evgeniy Gorbanev.)
 1.94 23-Jan-2025  christos update to 2025a

Changes to code

strftime %s now generates the correct numeric string even when the
represented number does not fit into time_t. This is better than
generating the numeric equivalent of (time_t) -1, as strftime did
in TZDB releases 96a (when %s was introduced) through 2020a and in
releases 2022b through 2024b. It is also better than failing and
returning 0, as strftime did in releases 2020b through 2022a.

strftime now outputs an invalid conversion specifier as-is,
instead of eliding the leading '%', which confused debugging.

An invalid TZ now generates the time zone abbreviation "-00", not
"UTC", to help the user see that an error has occurred. (Thanks
to Arthur David Olson for suggesting a "wrong result".)

mktime and timeoff no longer incorrectly fail merely because a
struct tm component near INT_MIN or INT_MAX overflows when a
lower-order component carries into it.

TZNAME_MAXIMUM, the maximum number of bytes in a proleptic TZ
string's time zone abbreviation, now defaults to 254 not 255.
This helps reduce the size of internal state from 25480 to 21384
on common platforms. This change should not be a problem, as
nobody uses such long "abbreviations" and the longstanding tzcode
maximum was 16 until release 2023a. For those who prefer no
arbitrary limits, you can now specify TZNAME_MAXIMUM values up to
PTRDIFF_MAX, a limit forced by C anyway; formerly tzcode silently
misbehaved unless TZNAME_MAXIMUM was less than INT_MAX.

tzset and related functions no longer leak a file descriptor if
another thread forks or execs at about the same time and if the
platform has O_CLOFORK and O_CLOEXEC respectively. Also, the
functions no longer let a TZif file become a controlling terminal.

'zdump -' now reads TZif data from /dev/stdin.
(From a question by Arthur David Olson.)
 1.93 04-Oct-2024  rillig libc, libcompat: fix lint warning about "effectively discards 'const'"

lib/libc/time/zic.c(2810): warning: call to 'strchr' effectively
discards 'const' from argument [346]

lib/libcompat/4.3/ruserpass.c(145): warning: call to 'strchr'
effectively discards 'const' from argument [346]

No binary change.
 1.92 11-Sep-2024  christos Merge tzcode-2024b

Release 2024b - 2024-09-04 12:27:47 -0700

Changes to code

localtime.c now always uses a TZif file's time type 0 to handle
timestamps before the file's first transition. Formerly,
localtime.c sometimes inferred a different time type, in order to
handle problematic data generated by zic 2018e or earlier. As it
is now safe to assume more recent versions of zic, there is no
longer a pressing need to fail to conform RFC 8536 section 3.2,
which requires using time type 0 in this situation. This change
does not affect behavior when reading TZif files generated by zic
2018f and later.

POSIX.1-2024 removes asctime_r and ctime_r and does not let
libraries define them, so remove them except when needed to
conform to earlier POSIX. These functions are dangerous as they
can overrun user buffers. If you still need them, add
-DSUPPORT_POSIX2008 to CFLAGS.

The SUPPORT_C89 option now defaults to 1 instead of 0, fixing a
POSIX-conformance bug introduced in 2023a.

tzselect now supports POSIX.1-2024 proleptic TZ strings. Also, it
assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, as practical porting targets now
all support that, and it uses some features from POSIX.1-2024 if
available.

Changes to build procedure

'make check' no longer requires curl and Internet access.

The build procedure now assumes POSIX.2-1992 or later, to simplify
maintenance. To build on Solaris 10, the only extant system still
defaulting to pre-POSIX, prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to PATH.

Changes to documentation

The documentation now reflects POSIX.1-2024.

Changes to commentary

Commentary about historical transitions in Portugal and her former
colonies has been expanded with links to many relevant legislation.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
 1.91 17-Feb-2024  christos branches: 1.91.2;
Sync with tzcode2024a:
Release 2024a - 2024-02-01 09:28:56 -0800

Changes to code

The FROM and TO columns of Rule lines can no longer be "minimum"
or an abbreviation of "minimum", because TZif files do not support
DST rules that extend into the indefinite past - although these
rules were supported when TZif files had only 32-bit data, this
stopped working when 64-bit TZif files were introduced in 1995.
This should not be a problem for realistic data, since DST was
first used in the 20th century. As a transition aid, FROM columns
like "minimum" are now diagnosed and then treated as if they were
the year 1900; this should suffice for TZif files on old systems
with only 32-bit time_t, and it is more compatible with bugs in
2023c-and-earlier localtime.c. (Problem reported by Yoshito
Umaoka.)

localtime and related functions no longer mishandle some
timestamps that occur about 400 years after a switch to a time
zone with a DST schedule. In 2023d data this problem was visible
for some timestamps in November 2422, November 2822, etc. in
America/Ciudad_Juarez. (Problem reported by Gilmore Davidson.)

strftime %s now uses tm_gmtoff if available. (Problem and draft
patch reported by Dag-Erling Smørgrav.)

Changes to build procedure

The leap-seconds.list file is now copied from the IERS instead of
from its downstream counterpart at NIST, as the IERS version is
now in the public domain too and tends to be more up-to-date.
(Thanks to Martin Burnicki for liaisoning with the IERS.)

Changes to documentation

The strftime man page documents which struct tm members affect
which conversion specs, and that tzset is called. (Problems
reported by Robert Elz and Steve Summit.)
 1.90 16-Sep-2023  christos Update tzcode from 2022g to 2023c:

Release 2023c - 2023-03-28 12:42:14 -0700

Release 2023b - 2023-03-23 19:50:38 -0700

Release 2023a - 2023-03-22 12:39:33 -0700

Changes to code

You can now tell tzselect local time, to simplify later choices.
Select the 'time' option in its first prompt.

You can now compile with -DTZNAME_MAXIMUM=N to limit time zone
abbreviations to N bytes (default 255). The reference runtime
library now rejects POSIX-style TZ strings that contain longer
abbreviations, treating them as UTC. Previously the limit was
platform dependent and abbreviations were silently truncated to
16 bytes even when the limit was greater than 16.

The code by default is now designed for C99 or later. To build in
a C89 environment, compile with -DPORT_TO_C89. To support C89
callers of the tzcode library, compile with -DSUPPORT_C89. The
two new macros are transitional aids planned to be removed in a
future version, when C99 or later will be required.

The code now builds again on pre-C99 platforms, if you compile
with -DPORT_TO_C89. This fixes a bug introduced in 2022f.

On C23-compatible platforms tzcode no longer uses syntax like
'static [[noreturn]] void usage(void);'. Instead, it uses
'[[noreturn]] static void usage(void);' as strict C23 requires.
(Problem reported by Houge Langley.)

The code's functions now constrain their arguments with the C
'restrict' keyword consistently with their documentation.
This may allow future optimizations.

zdump again builds standalone with ckdadd and without setenv,
fixing a bug introduced in 2022g. (Problem reported by panic.)

leapseconds.awk can now process a leap seconds file that never
expires; this might be useful if leap seconds are discontinued.

Changes to commentary

tz-link.html has a new section "Coordinating with governments and
distributors". (Thanks to Neil Fuller for some of the text.)

To improve tzselect diagnostics, zone1970.tab's comments column is
now limited to countries that have multiple timezones.

Note that leap seconds are planned to be discontinued by 2035.
 1.89 17-Jan-2023  christos put attributes first for c23 compliance.
 1.88 15-Jan-2023  christos Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.
 1.87 13-Dec-2022  christos branches: 1.87.2;
Handle the case the code originally intended to handle; systems where:
SIZE_MAX < PTRDIFF_MAX
 1.86 11-Dec-2022  christos Merge in 2022g:

Although tzcode still works with C89, bugs found in recent routine
maintenance indicate that bitrot has set in and that in practice
C89 is no longer used to build tzcode. As it is a maintenance
burden, support for C89 is planned to be removed soon. Instead,
please use compilers compatible with C99, C11, C17, or C23.

timegm, which tzcode implemented in 1989, will finally be
standardized 34 years later as part of C23, so timegm is now
supported even if STD_INSPIRED is not defined.

Fix bug in zdump's tzalloc emulation on hosts that lack tm_zone.
(Problem reported by Đoàn Trần Công Danh.)

Fix bug in zic on hosts where malloc(0) yields NULL on success.
(Problem reported by Tim McBrayer for AIX 6.1.)

Fix zic configuration to avoid linkage failures on some platforms.
(Problems reported by Gilmore Davidson and Igor Ivanov.)

Work around MS-Windows nmake incompatibility with POSIX.
(Problem reported by Manuela Friedrich.)

Port mktime and strftime to debugging platforms where accessing
uninitialized data has undefined behavior (strftime problem
reported by Robert Elz).

Check more carefully for unlikely integer overflows, preferring
C23 <stdckdint.h> to overflow checking by hand, as the latter has
had obscure bugs.
 1.85 02-Nov-2022  christos Cleaner to use if/then/else rather than a ton of casts in the ternary operator.
 1.84 29-Oct-2022  christos Update to tzcode2022f

Changes to code

zic now supports links to links regardless of input line order.
For example, if Australia/Sydney is a Zone, the lines
Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
now work correctly, even though the shell commands
ln Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT
ln Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
would fail because the first command attempts to use a link
Australia/Canberra that does not exist until after the second
command is executed. Previously, zic had unspecified behavior if
a Link line's target was another link, and zic often misbehaved if
a Link line's target was a later Link line.

Fix line number in zic's diagnostic for a link to a link.

Fix a bug that caused localtime to mishandle timestamps starting
in the year 2438 when reading data generated by 'zic -b fat' when
distant-future DST transitions occur at times given in standard
time or in UT, not the usual case of local time. This occurs when
the corresponding .zi Rule lines specify DST transitions with TO
columns of 'max' and AT columns that end in 's' or 'u'. The
number 2438 comes from the 32-bit limit in the year 2038, plus the
400-year Gregorian cycle. (Problem reported by Bradley White.)

On glibc 2.34 and later, which optionally supports 64-bit time_t
on platforms like x86 where time_t was traditionally 32 bits,
default time_t to 64 instead of 32 bits. This lets functions like
localtime support timestamps after the year 2038, and fixes
year-2038 problems in zic when accessing files dated after 2038.
To continue to limit time_t to 32 bits on these platforms, use
"make CFLAGS='-D_TIME_BITS=32'".

In C code, do not enable large-file support on platforms like AIX
and macOS that no longer need it now that tzcode does not use
off_t or related functions like 'stat'. Large-file support is
still enabled by default on GNU/Linux, as it is needed for 64-bit
time_t support.

In C code, prefer C23 keywords to pre-C23 macros for alignof,
bool, false, and true. Also, use the following C23 features if
available: __has_include, unreachable.

zic no longer works around Qt bug 53071, as the relevant Qt
releases have been out of support since 2019. This change affects
only fat TZif files, as thin files never had the workaround.

zdump no longer modifies the environ vector when compiled on
platforms lacking tm_zone or when compiled with -DUSE_LTZ=0.
This avoid undefined behavior on POSIX platforms.
 1.83 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to tzcode-2022c

Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
(Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)

Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
(Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)

Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
directory /a/b already exists.

Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
malware alarms on some email servers.
 1.82 16-Aug-2022  christos Welcome to 2022b:

zic has a new option '-R @N' to output explicit transitions < N.
(Need suggested by Almaz Mingaleev.)

'zic -r @N' no longer outputs bad data when N < first transition.
(Problem introduced in 2021d and reported by Peter Krefting.)

zic now checks its input for NUL bytes and unterminated lines, and
now supports input line lengths up to 2048 (not 512) bytes.

gmtime and related code now use the abbreviation "UTC" not "GMT".
POSIX is being revised to require this.

When tzset and related functions set vestigial static variables
like tzname, they now prefer specified timestamps to unspecified ones.
(Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
 1.81 22-Mar-2022  christos welcome to tzcode-2022a

Changes to code

Fix bug when mktime gets confused by truncated TZif files with
unspecified local time. (Problem reported by Almaz Mingaleev.)

Fix bug when 32-bit time_t code reads malformed 64-bit TZif data.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

When reading a version 2 or later TZif file, the TZif reader now
validates the version 1 header and data block only enough to skip
over them, as recommended by RFC 8536 section 4. Also, the TZif
reader no longer mistakenly attempts to parse a version 1 TZIf
file header as a TZ string.

zdump -v now outputs "(localtime failed)" and "(gmtime failed)"
when local time and UT cannot be determined for a timestamp.
 1.80 01-Jan-2022  christos zero out the tzh structure to fix reproducibile builds.
 1.79 22-Oct-2021  christos Change to code and documentation from 2021a -> 2021e

Release 2021e - 2021-10-21 18:41:00 -0700

Changes to code

none


Release 2021d - 2021-10-15 13:48:18 -0700

Changes to code

'zic -r' now uses "-00" time zone abbreviations for intervals
with UT offsets that are unspecified due to -r truncation.
This implements a change in draft Internet RFC 8536bis.


Release 2021c - 2021-10-01 14:21:49 -0700

Changes to code

Fix a bug in 'zic -b fat' that caused old timestamps to be
mishandled in 32-bit-only readers (problem reported by Daniel
Fischer).

Changes to documentation

Distribute the SECURITY file (problem reported by Andreas Radke).


Release 2021b - 2021-09-24 16:23:00 -0700

Changes to maintenance procedure

The new file SECURITY covers how to report security-related bugs.

Several backward-compatibility links have been moved to the
'backward' file. These links, which range from Africa/Addis_Ababa
to Pacific/Saipan, are only for compatibility with now-obsolete
guidelines suggesting an entry for every ISO 3166 code.
The intercontinental convenience links Asia/Istanbul and
Europe/Nicosia have also been moved to 'backward'.

Changes to code

zic now creates each output file or link atomically,
possibly by creating a temporary file and then renaming it.
This avoids races where a TZ setting would temporarily stop
working while zic was installing a replacement file or link.

zic -L no longer omits the POSIX TZ string in its output.
Starting with 2020a, zic -L truncated its output according to the
"Expires" directive or "#expires" comment in the leapseconds file.
The resulting TZif files omitted daylight saving transitions after
the leap second table expired, which led to far less-accurate
predictions of times after the expiry. Although future timestamps
cannot be converted accurately in the presence of leap seconds, it
is more accurate to convert near-future timestamps with a few
seconds error than with an hour error, so zic -L no longer
truncates output in this way.

Instead, when zic -L is given the "Expires" directive, it now
outputs the expiration by appending a no-change entry to the leap
second table. Although this should work well with most TZif
readers, it does not conform to Internet RFC 8536 and some pickier
clients (including tzdb 2017c through 2021a) reject it, so
"Expires" directives are currently disabled by default. To enable
them, set the EXPIRES_LINE Makefile variable. If a TZif file uses
this new feature it is marked with a new TZif version number 4,
a format intended to be documented in a successor to RFC 8536.

zic -L LEAPFILE -r @LO no longer generates an invalid TZif file
that omits leap second information for the range LO..B when LO
falls between two leap seconds A and B. Instead, it generates a
TZif version 4 file that represents the previously-missing
information.

The TZif reader now allows the leap second table to begin with a
correction other than -1 or +1, and to contain adjacent
transitions with equal corrections. This supports TZif version 4.

The TZif reader now lets leap seconds occur less than 28 days
apart. This supports possible future TZif extensions.

Fix bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a all-year DST string like "EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/25" that does
not conform to POSIX but does conform to Internet RFC 8536.

Fix another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to crash when TZ was
set to a POSIX-conforming but unusual TZ string like
"EST5EDT4,0/0,J365/0", where almost all the year is DST.

Fix yet another bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to mishandle slim
TZif files containing leap seconds after the last explicit
transition in the table, or when handling far-future timestamps
in slim TZif files lacking leap seconds.

Fix localtime misbehavior involving positive leap seconds.
This change affects only behavior for "right" system time,
which contains leap seconds, and only if the UT offset is
not a multiple of 60 seconds when a positive leap second occurs.
(No such timezone exists in tzdb, luckily.) Without the fix,
the timestamp was ambiguous during a positive leap second.
With the fix, any seconds occurring after a positive leap second
and within the same localtime minute are counted through 60, not
through 59; their UT offset (tm_gmtoff) is the same as before.
Here is how the fix affects timestamps in a timezone with UT
offset +01:23:45 (5025 seconds) and with a positive leap second at
1972-06-30 23:59:60 UTC (78796800):

time_t without the fix with the fix
78796800 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:45 (leap second)
78796801 1972-07-01 01:23:45 1972-07-01 01:23:46
...
78796815 1972-07-01 01:23:59 1972-07-01 01:23:60
78796816 1972-07-01 01:24:00 1972-07-01 01:24:00

Fix an unlikely bug that caused 'localtime' etc. to misbehave if
civil time changes a few seconds before time_t wraps around, when
leap seconds are enabled.

Fix bug in zic -r; in some cases, the dummy time type after the
last time transition disagreed with the TZ string, contrary to
Internet RFC 8563 section 3.3.

Fix a bug with 'zic -r @X' when X is a negative leap second that
has a nonnegative correction. Without the fix, the output file
was truncated so that X appeared to be a positive leap second.
Fix a similar, even-less-likely bug when truncating at a positive
leap second that has a nonpositive correction.

zic -r now reports an error if given rolling leap seconds, as this
usage has never generally worked and is evidently unused.

zic now generates a POSIX-conforming TZ string for TZif files
where all-year DST is predicted for the indefinite future.
For example, for all-year Eastern Daylight Time, zic now generates
"XXX3EDT4,0/0,J365/23" where it previously generated
"EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25" or "". (Thanks to Michael Deckers for
noting the possibility of POSIX conformance.)

zic.c no longer requires sys/wait.h (thanks to spazmodius for
noting it wasn't needed).

When reading slim TZif files, zdump no longer mishandles leap
seconds on the rare platforms where time_t counts leap seconds,
fixing a bug introduced in 2014g.

zdump -v now outputs timestamps at boundaries of what localtime
and gmtime can represent, instead of the less-useful timestamps
one day after the minimum and one day before the maximum.
(Thanks to Arthur David Olson for prototype code, and to Manuela
Friedrich for debugging help.)

zdump's -c and -t options are now consistently inclusive for the
lower time bound and exclusive for the upper. Formerly they were
inconsistent. (Confusion noted by Martin Burnicki.)

Changes to build procedure

You can now compile with -DHAVE_MALLOC_ERRNO=0 to port to
non-POSIX hosts where malloc doesn't set errno.
(Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 better matches a draft successor to RFC 8536
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-murchison-rfc8536bis/01/>.
 1.78 01-Mar-2021  christos Merge tzcode-2021a
- No comments in the changelog about the code changes.
 1.77 09-Oct-2020  christos Merge tzcode2020b (except we keep tzsetwall(3) for now for compatibility,
and we were "slim" already)

Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been
removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule
lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic.
These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'.

zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing
localtime and posixrules files, respectively.

The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been
removed.
 1.76 25-May-2020  christos Bring in 2020a
 1.75 03-Jul-2019  christos Sync with 2019b:

zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to
test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files.
'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output;
for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London
file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim
files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif
format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536.
Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in
older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data
or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules.
Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs
or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format
unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this
out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases
as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway.

zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially.
Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future
timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a
POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no
longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib
when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard).

zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example,
Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996.
 1.74 04-Apr-2019  christos merge 2019a

Changes to code

zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data.
For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to
timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch.
This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications
not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation;
see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request
from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and
from Tim Parenti.)

Changes to documentation

Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif.

tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta
<https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/>.
 1.73 01-Jan-2019  christos Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800

Briefly:
São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01.

Changes to future timestamps

Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back
from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim
Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.)


Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800

Briefly:
Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21.
New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move.
Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only.
Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan.
Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090.

Changes to future timestamps

Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and
spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012.
(Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe
negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in
rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes
ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend
this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is
scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years
(e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic
calendars.

The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended.
It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t.
It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian
calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in
2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously
predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated.

Changes to past and future timestamps

Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to
+05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka
Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay.

Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04.
It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter.
(Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska
rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps
from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10.

Change to past timestamps

Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00,
not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on
10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition
back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day.
Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT).
(Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also,
its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25).

This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due
to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk,
Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro,
Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.
(Thanks to Phake Nick.)

Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and
observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects
Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei.

Changes to past tm_isdst flags

For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from
2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
 1.72 27-Oct-2018  christos Welcome tzcode-2018g

Changes to code

When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a
format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced
in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround
for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds.

The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to
"Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S".
This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0
and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes to documentation

tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues.
 1.71 04-May-2018  christos branches: 1.71.2;
Merge 2018e

Changes to code

zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like
00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the
Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is
questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets
had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata
to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out
the limitations of historical data in this area.)

The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can
compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that
reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela
Friedrich).

Changes to documentation and commentary

theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for
civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed"
that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial.
(From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes
time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.)

Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight
saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time
need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from
standard time.

Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded
with links to many relevant legal documents.
(Thanks to Tim Parenti.)

Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value
less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with
older editors such as XEmacs.
 1.70 25-Jan-2018  christos branches: 1.70.2;
Merge tzcode2018c [ changelog with changes to tzdata sections removed ]

Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support
for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.)


Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again.
This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution.
(Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.)


Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800

Changes to build procedure

The default installation locations have been changed to mostly
match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to
4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR,
TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR,
USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor
locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from
Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.)

The default installation procedure no longer creates the
backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes
confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200).
Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link
anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely.

tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment.
(Suggested by Tom Lane.)

The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when
passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.)

Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms
that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported
by Jon Skeet.)

Changes to code

zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the
file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for
this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile
macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime.

Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more
carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC.

zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option.
(Problem reported by Martin Sebor.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that
times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times
counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1.
(Problem reported by Michael Deckers.)

The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars
per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used.

The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to
tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with
other file names and to simplify web server configuration.
 1.69 24-Oct-2017  christos Welcome to 2017c:

zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds
within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch.
As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was
obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap
seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed
in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for
noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.)

zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y
option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines.

zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for
weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic
no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example,
it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday".
Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-"
prefix, e.g., "last-Fri".

Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for
"Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context.
Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as
abbreviations for words like "Leap".

zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or
ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes
warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly.

The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external
variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now
governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight".
This change is needed because the three variables are not in the
same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the
other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0:
if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros.

localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files
other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h.

zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.)

Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4
(Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.)

zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English
locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.)

Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a
bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees
Dekker for reporting the problems.)

Changes to documentation and commentary

The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the
contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document
tzdb theory more accessibly.

The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules.

tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients.
(Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL.

The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is
more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.)
 1.68 11-Mar-2017  christos merge 2017a
 1.67 05-Nov-2016  kre branches: 1.67.2;

Actually, this problem won't be reported upstream, their code is
just ...

ptrdiff_t nitems_max = PTRDIFF_MAX - WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071;
ptrdiff_t amax = nitems_max < SIZE_MAX ? nitems_max : SIZE_MAX;

which is just fine if you think about it a little, Unfortunately,
in our zealous effort to never leave a ggc warning unused, and to
treat all of the warnings as fatal errors, that code falls foul of the
"you must not compare an unsigned value with a signed value" warning.

nitems_max is a (signed) largish positive integer (obviously, by
inspection). If it is less than SIZE_MAX then amax is just nitems_max.
In the unlikely case that size_t has less bits than ptrdiff_t so
SIZE_MAX is smaller, amax is limited to SIZE_MAX (which in that case
is known to fit in the ptrdiff_t and to remain positive).

To pacify gcc (and the way the build system uses it), casts are
required. Unfortunately the cast that was installed here was to
convert SIZE_MAX to a ptrdiff_t. Unfortunately when ptrdiff_t has
the same number of bits (or less) as size_t (ie: the common case)
but is signed, (ptrdiff_t)SIZE_MAX is just a fancy way of writing -1.

Rearrange the casting in a way that keeps the original intent
of the code for us (it is actyaly now incorrect if size_t has less
bits than a ptrdiff_t) and keeps gcc happy, all at the same time.

What a mess.
 1.66 05-Nov-2016  kre Revert a couple of lines of code from tzcode2016i to their state in 2016h

SIZE_MAX is the max value of a size_t (and is unsigned) so when converted
to a ptrdiff_t (int) becomes -1. That's not what the code was attempting
to achieve.

This will be reported upstream to the tzcode maintainers, and we'll see
what variation appears in tzcode2016j ...

Until then, the older code always worked for us, so it will do for now.

This should fix the broken i386 build.
 1.65 04-Nov-2016  christos tzcode2016i
 1.64 07-Oct-2016  kre Patch 0001 from upstream to tzcode2016g to restore full functionality
of zic -l
 1.63 07-Oct-2016  christos merge tzcode2016g
 1.62 20-Sep-2016  christos use a define, and cast.
 1.61 20-Sep-2016  christos put back part of the code that determines the smallest of INT_MAX and
SIZE_MAX to avoid llvm truncation warning.
 1.60 19-Sep-2016  christos PR/51484: gson@: Fix off by one (wrong merge)
 1.59 16-Sep-2016  christos welcome to tzcond-2016f
 1.58 31-May-2016  dholland branches: 1.58.2;
PR 51003 David Binderman: bzero struct before passing it around.

This is actually unnecessary as the call in question uses only fields
that have been set explicitly, but good practice regardless and it's
not like it's on a performance-critical path.
 1.57 15-Mar-2016  christos Sync with 2016b
 1.56 09-Oct-2015  christos Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700

Changes affecting code

localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
(Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)

The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
(Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)

On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
(Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)

Changes affecting documentation

The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
(Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
 1.55 13-Aug-2015  christos merge 2015f
 1.54 21-Jun-2015  christos merge tzcode2015e:

Changes affecting code

When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.)

tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)

zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
(Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
 1.53 28-Apr-2015  christos welcome to tzcode 2015d (zic performance improvements and cleanups)
 1.52 07-Oct-2014  christos remove version stuff
 1.51 07-Oct-2014  christos Sync with tzcode2014h
 1.50 17-Aug-2014  christos remove extra initialization
 1.49 16-Aug-2014  christos Reduce diffs with upstream by automatically defining INITIALIZE as it was
intended.
 1.48 16-Aug-2014  christos gcc on the sparc needs help with variables it thinks are unitialized, but are not.
 1.47 15-Aug-2014  christos merge tzcode2014f via patch
 1.46 28-May-2014  christos branches: 1.46.2;
welcome to 2014d; zic big bang fixes:
some programs did not handle large negative time_t values well (gnome)
 1.45 13-May-2014  christos Welcome to 2014c
Changes affecting code

zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating
guesswork when handling low-valued time stamps. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson.)

Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)

Changes affecting commentary and documentation

Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii
Nochovnyi.)
 1.44 26-Dec-2013  christos branches: 1.44.2;
update from tzcode 2013e to tzcode2013i
i:
The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
h:
Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.

zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
g:
'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
(Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.

'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
f:
The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone'
by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where
'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
 1.43 20-Sep-2013  christos Welcome to tzcode 2013e:

Changes affecting API

The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this
affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the
time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)

The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.

The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
select a zone based on latitude and longitude.

The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur
David Olson for the suggestion.)

Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
(Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
implementation.)

The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulos.)

The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.

Changes affecting the zdump utility

zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
"UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen
for clarifying UT vs UTC.)

Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs

Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".

Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps. The data for
these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.

Changes affecting code internals

zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.

zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.

tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
rather than have it hard-coded.

Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.

Changes affecting the build procedure

The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
<ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.

When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about
2 MB of file system space.

The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds
that omit 'backward'.

Changes affecting documentation and commentary

Changes to the 'tzfile' man page

It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
future versions by appending data.

It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.

Changes to the 'zic' man page

It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.

It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.

Its examples are updated to match the latest data.

The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
(Thanks to Michael Deckers.)

Changes to the 'Theory' file

There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).

The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
suggestion by Guy Harris).

It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.

It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).

Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.

It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.

It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
typos in an experimental version of this change.)

(Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)

Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.)

Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
(Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)

Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
 1.42 06-Aug-2013  christos CID 1060853: Negative array index read (REVERSE_NEGATIVE)
 1.41 17-Jul-2013  christos welcome to 2013d
 1.40 06-Mar-2013  christos branches: 1.40.4;
Overly aggressive long->zic_t conversion.
I should add zic_t to the dictionary instead.
 1.39 06-Mar-2013  christos change %ld to %jd
 1.38 06-Mar-2013  christos - change zic_t to intmax_t and friends suggested by apb
- change long to zic_t suggested by Paul Eggert
- remove unused constants
 1.37 04-Mar-2013  joerg usage is dead.
 1.36 02-Mar-2013  christos use correct types.
 1.35 02-Mar-2013  christos update to tzcode2013a
 1.34 25-Oct-2012  martin Revert previous - casting to long is a bad idea, as the value will overflow.
Pointed out by apb.
 1.33 25-Oct-2012  martin Add a few casts to avoid (IMHO bogus) gcc warnings breaking the vax build.
 1.32 24-Oct-2012  christos remove error(1) output.
 1.31 24-Oct-2012  christos apply 2012g via patch
 1.30 09-Aug-2012  christos branches: 1.30.2;
merge 2012e
 1.29 04-Sep-2011  christos branches: 1.29.2;
bring in the 2011i changes.
 1.28 15-Jan-2011  martin Backout previous, it breaks the build big time and causes e.g. date(1)
and top(1) to dump core.
 1.27 14-Jan-2011  christos don't depend on integer oveflow wrapping to detect it. From Paul Eggert in
the tz mailing list.
 1.26 02-Jan-2010  tsutsui Include "nbtool_config.h" for src/tools/zic/ and
remove bogus -DNOID to disable __RCSID().

XXX: should we also remove #ifndef lint from scheck.c and zic.c?
 1.25 31-Dec-2009  mlelstv Import tzcode2009k.
- now understands 64bit time_t and 64bit data in timezone files.
- localtime(), gmtime(), asctime() and ctime() may now fail with
a NULL result if time_t cannot be represented by struct tm.
 1.24 23-Apr-2009  lukem Fix -Wcast-qual issue
 1.23 27-May-2004  kleink branches: 1.23.36;
Merge tzcode2004a.
 1.22 20-Dec-2003  kleink branches: 1.22.2;
One merge-o missed in previous.
 1.21 20-Dec-2003  kleink Merge tzcode2003e.
 1.20 29-Oct-2003  kleink Merge tzcode2003d.
 1.19 29-Jan-2002  kleink Merge tzcode2002b.
 1.18 12-Dec-2000  kleink branches: 1.18.2;
Merge tzcode2000g.
 1.17 02-Aug-2000  hubertf make usage fit into 80 columns
 1.16 10-Nov-1999  kleink branches: 1.16.4;
Merge tzcode1999h.
 1.15 08-Feb-1999  kleink branches: 1.15.6;
Merge tzcode1999b.
 1.14 04-Oct-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998h.
 1.13 11-Sep-1998  kleink Replace `unix' in two feature tests (slid through my test machine's compiler
update window).
 1.12 10-Sep-1998  kleink Merge tzcode1998f.
 1.11 22-Jan-1998  jtc sync with tzcode1998a
 1.10 17-Oct-1997  lukem WARNSify
 1.9 13-Jul-1997  christos Fix RCSID's
 1.8 21-Jun-1997  cjs Remove bogus `#ifdef unix'.
 1.7 18-Jun-1997  jtc Sync with tzcode1997e
 1.6 23-Jan-1997  mrg - convert unsafe strcpy(), strcat() and sprintf() to the `n' versions.
- some KNF.
 1.5 10-Sep-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96l
 1.4 20-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96c
 1.3 08-Jan-1996  jtc sync with tzcode96a
 1.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.2.2;
Added NetBSD Id.
 1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc branches: 1.1.1;
Initial revision
 1.1.1.16 25-Oct-2009  mlelstv import tzcode2009k
 1.1.1.15 27-May-2004  kleink Import tzcode2004a.
 1.1.1.14 19-Dec-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003e.
 1.1.1.13 29-Oct-2003  kleink Import tzcode2003d.
 1.1.1.12 29-Jan-2002  kleink Import tzcode2002b.
 1.1.1.11 12-Dec-2000  kleink Import tzcode2000g.
 1.1.1.10 10-Nov-1999  kleink Import tzcode1999h.
 1.1.1.9 08-Feb-1999  kleink Imported tzcode1999b.
 1.1.1.8 04-Oct-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998H.
 1.1.1.7 10-Sep-1998  kleink Import tzcode1998f.
 1.1.1.6 22-Jan-1998  jtc import tzcode1998a
 1.1.1.5 18-Jun-1997  jtc import tzcode1997e
 1.1.1.4 10-Sep-1996  jtc import tzcode96l
 1.1.1.3 20-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96c
 1.1.1.2 08-Jan-1996  jtc import tzcode96a
 1.1.1.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc Strictly speaking, these files probably don't belong in the libc sources.
On the other hand, it makes it easier to track the master tzcode sources
if we try to keep the distribution together as much as possible.

The zic and zdump commands will access the files the need with make's
.PATH facility.
 1.2.2.2 10-Mar-1995  jtc Added NetBSD Id.
 1.2.2.1 10-Mar-1995  jtc file zic.c was added on branch ivory_soap on 1995-03-10 18:12:45 +0000
 1.15.6.1 27-Dec-1999  wrstuden Pull up to last week's -current.
 1.16.4.1 04-Aug-2000  hubertf Pull up rev. 1.17 to netbsd-1-5 branch, OK'd by thorpej:

> make usage fit into 80 columns
 1.18.2.2 22-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.18.2.1 08-Mar-2002  nathanw Catch up to -current.
 1.22.2.1 15-Jun-2004  he Pull up revision 1.23 (requested by kleink in ticket #407):
Update to tzcode2004a.
 1.23.36.1 13-May-2009  jym Sync with HEAD.

Third (and last) commit. See http://mail-index.netbsd.org/source-changes/2009/05/13/msg221222.html
 1.29.2.2 22-May-2014  yamt sync with head.

for a reference, the tree before this commit was tagged
as yamt-pagecache-tag8.

this commit was splitted into small chunks to avoid
a limitation of cvs. ("Protocol error: too many arguments")
 1.29.2.1 30-Oct-2012  yamt sync with head
 1.30.2.3 20-Aug-2014  tls Rebase to HEAD as of a few days ago.
 1.30.2.2 23-Jun-2013  tls resync from head
 1.30.2.1 20-Nov-2012  tls Resync to 2012-11-19 00:00:00 UTC
 1.40.4.1 23-Jul-2013  riastradh sync with HEAD
 1.44.2.1 10-Aug-2014  tls Rebase.
 1.46.2.2 13-Dec-2016  snj Pull up following revision(s) (requested by kre in ticket #1323):
lib/libc/time/private.h: patch
lib/libc/time/zic.c: patch
Make zic properly parse newer tzdata files.
 1.46.2.1 25-Jan-2015  martin branches: 1.46.2.1.2; 1.46.2.1.4;
Pull up the following revisions via patch, requested by apb in ticket #453:

doc/3RDPARTY up to 1.1195
usr.sbin/zdump/Makefile up to 1.9
usr.sbin/zic/Makefile up to 1.15
lib/libc/time/Makefile up to 1.25
lib/libc/time/Makefile.inc up to 1.21
lib/libc/time/NEWS up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/README up to 1.9
lib/libc/time/Theory up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/asctime.c up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/checktab.awk up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/ctime.3 up to 1.51
lib/libc/time/getdate.c up to 1.3
lib/libc/time/localtime.c up to 1.92
lib/libc/time/private.h up to 1.38
lib/libc/time/strftime.c up to 1.33
lib/libc/time/time2posix.3 up to 1.19
lib/libc/time/tz-art.htm up to 1.8
lib/libc/time/tz-link.htm up to 1.20
lib/libc/time/tzfile.5 up to 1.22
lib/libc/time/tzfile.h up to 1.16
lib/libc/time/tzselect.8 up to 1.6
lib/libc/time/tzselect.ksh up to 1.12
lib/libc/time/tzset.3 up to 1.31
lib/libc/time/zdump.8 up to 1.14
lib/libc/time/zdump.c up to 1.40
lib/libc/time/zic.8 up to 1.24
lib/libc/time/zic.c up to 1.52

Update tzcode from 2014e to 2014j.
 1.46.2.1.4.1 18-Jan-2017  skrll Sync with netbsd-5
 1.46.2.1.2.1 13-Dec-2016  snj Pull up following revision(s) (requested by kre in ticket #1323):
lib/libc/time/private.h: patch
lib/libc/time/zic.c: patch
Make zic properly parse newer tzdata files.
 1.58.2.3 20-Mar-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.58.2.2 07-Jan-2017  pgoyette Sync with HEAD. (Note that most of these changes are simply $NetBSD$
tag issues.)
 1.58.2.1 04-Nov-2016  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.67.2.1 21-Apr-2017  bouyer Sync with HEAD
 1.70.2.3 18-Jan-2019  pgoyette Synch with HEAD
 1.70.2.2 26-Nov-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD, resolve a couple of conflicts
 1.70.2.1 21-May-2018  pgoyette Sync with HEAD
 1.71.2.2 13-Apr-2020  martin Mostly merge changes from HEAD upto 20200411
 1.71.2.1 10-Jun-2019  christos Sync with HEAD
 1.87.2.1 24-Jul-2023  martin Pull up following revision(s) (requested by riastradh in ticket #242):

lib/libc/time/localtime.c: revision 1.137
lib/libc/time/zdump.c: revision 1.61
lib/libc/time/NEWS: revision 1.41
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.88
lib/libc/time/zic.c: revision 1.89
lib/libc/time/private.h: revision 1.65

Apply 9cfe9507fcc22cd4a0c4da486ea1c7f0de6b075f for C23 attribute compliance.
Requested by Jan-Benedict Glaw.

put attributes first for c23 compliance.
 1.91.2.1 02-Aug-2025  perseant Sync with HEAD

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