xref: /src/external/bsd/nsd/dist/xfrd.c

/*
 * xfrd.c - XFR (transfer) Daemon source file. Coordinates SOA updates.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
 *
 * See LICENSE for the license.
 *
 */

#include "config.h"
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include "xfrd.h"
#include "xfrd-tcp.h"
#include "xfrd-disk.h"
#include "xfrd-notify.h"
#include "options.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "netio.h"
#include "region-allocator.h"
#include "nsd.h"
#include "packet.h"
#include "rdata.h"
#include "difffile.h"
#include "ipc.h"
#include "remote.h"
#include "rrl.h"
#ifdef USE_DNSTAP
#include "dnstap/dnstap_collector.h"
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
#include <systemd/sd-daemon.h>
#endif

#define XFRD_UDP_TIMEOUT 10 /* seconds, before a udp request times out */
#define XFRD_NO_IXFR_CACHE 172800 /* 48h before retrying ixfr's after notimpl */
#define XFRD_MAX_ROUNDS 1 /* max number of rounds along the masters */
#define XFRD_TSIG_MAX_UNSIGNED 103 /* max number of packets without tsig in a tcp stream. */
			/* rfc recommends 100, +3 for offbyone errors/interoperability. */
#define XFRD_CHILD_REAP_TIMEOUT 60 /* seconds to wakeup and reap lost children */
		/* these are reload processes that SIGCHILDed but the signal
		 * was lost, and need waitpid to remove their process entry. */

/* the daemon state */
xfrd_state_type* xfrd = 0;

/* main xfrd loop */
static void xfrd_main(void);
/* shut down xfrd, close sockets. */
static void xfrd_shutdown(void);
/* delete pending task xfr files in tmp */
static void xfrd_clean_pending_tasks(struct nsd* nsd, udb_base* u);
/* create zone rbtree at start */
static void xfrd_init_zones(void);
/* initial handshake with SOAINFO from main and send expire to main */
static void xfrd_receive_soa(int socket, int shortsoa);

/* handle incoming notification message. soa can be NULL. true if transfer needed. */
static int xfrd_handle_incoming_notify(xfrd_zone_type* zone,
	xfrd_soa_type* soa);

/* call with buffer just after the soa dname. returns 0 on error. */
static int xfrd_parse_soa_info(buffer_type* packet, xfrd_soa_type* soa);
/* set the zone state to a new state (takes care of expiry messages) */
static void xfrd_set_zone_state(xfrd_zone_type* zone,
	enum xfrd_zone_state new_zone_state);
/* set timer for retry amount (depends on zone_state) */
static void xfrd_set_timer_retry(xfrd_zone_type* zone);
/* set timer for refresh timeout (depends on zone_state) */
static void xfrd_set_timer_refresh(xfrd_zone_type* zone);

/* set reload timeout */
static void xfrd_set_reload_timeout(void);
/* handle reload timeout */
static void xfrd_handle_reload(int fd, short event, void* arg);
/* handle child timeout */
static void xfrd_handle_child_timer(int fd, short event, void* arg);

/* send ixfr request, returns fd of connection to read on */
static int xfrd_send_ixfr_request_udp(xfrd_zone_type* zone);
/* obtain udp socket slot */
static void xfrd_udp_obtain(xfrd_zone_type* zone);

/* read data via udp */
static void xfrd_udp_read(xfrd_zone_type* zone);

/* find master by notify number */
static int find_same_master_notify(xfrd_zone_type* zone, int acl_num_nfy);

/* set the write timer to activate */
static void xfrd_write_timer_set(void);

static void xfrd_free_zone_xfr(xfrd_zone_type* zone, xfrd_xfr_type* xfr);

static void
xfrd_signal_callback(int sig, short event, void* ATTR_UNUSED(arg))
{
	if(!(event & EV_SIGNAL))
		return;
	sig_handler(sig);
}

static struct event* xfrd_sig_evs[10];
static int xfrd_sig_num = 0;

static void
xfrd_sigsetup(int sig)
{
	struct event *ev = xalloc_zero(sizeof(*ev));
	assert(xfrd_sig_num <= (int)(sizeof(xfrd_sig_evs)/sizeof(ev)));
	xfrd_sig_evs[xfrd_sig_num++] = ev;
	signal_set(ev, sig, xfrd_signal_callback, NULL);
	if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, ev) != 0) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd sig handler: event_base_set failed");
	}
	if(signal_add(ev, NULL) != 0) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd sig handler: signal_add failed");
	}
}

void
xfrd_init(int socket, struct nsd* nsd, int shortsoa, int reload_active,
	pid_t nsd_pid)
{
	region_type* region;

	assert(xfrd == 0);
	/* to setup signalhandling */
	nsd->server_kind = NSD_SERVER_MAIN;

	region = region_create_custom(xalloc, free, DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE,
		DEFAULT_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE, DEFAULT_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
	xfrd = (xfrd_state_type*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(xfrd_state_type));
	memset(xfrd, 0, sizeof(xfrd_state_type));
	xfrd->region = region;
	xfrd->xfrd_start_time = time(0);
	xfrd->event_base = nsd_child_event_base();
	if(!xfrd->event_base) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: cannot create event base");
		exit(1);
	}
	xfrd->nsd = nsd;
	xfrd->packet = buffer_create(xfrd->region, QIOBUFSZ);
	xfrd->udp_waiting_first = NULL;
	xfrd->udp_waiting_last = NULL;
	xfrd->udp_use_num = 0;
	xfrd->got_time = 0;
	xfrd->xfrfilenumber = 0;
#ifdef USE_ZONE_STATS
	xfrd->zonestat_safe = nsd->zonestatdesired;
#endif
	xfrd->activated_first = NULL;
	xfrd->ipc_pass = buffer_create(xfrd->region, QIOBUFSZ);
	xfrd->last_task = region_alloc(xfrd->region, sizeof(*xfrd->last_task));
	udb_ptr_init(xfrd->last_task, xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
	assert(shortsoa || udb_base_get_userdata(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask])->data == 0);

	xfrd->reload_handler.ev_fd = -1;
	xfrd->reload_added = 0;
	xfrd->reload_timeout.tv_sec = 0;
	xfrd->reload_cmd_last_sent = xfrd->xfrd_start_time;
	xfrd->reload_cmd_first_sent = 0;
	xfrd->reload_failed = 0;
	xfrd->can_send_reload = !reload_active;
	xfrd->reload_pid = nsd_pid;
	xfrd->child_timer_added = 0;

	xfrd->ipc_send_blocked = 0;
	memset(&xfrd->ipc_handler, 0, sizeof(xfrd->ipc_handler));
	event_set(&xfrd->ipc_handler, socket, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ,
		xfrd_handle_ipc, xfrd);
	if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &xfrd->ipc_handler) != 0)
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd ipc handler: event_base_set failed");
	if(event_add(&xfrd->ipc_handler, NULL) != 0)
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd ipc handler: event_add failed");
	xfrd->ipc_handler_flags = EV_PERSIST|EV_READ;
	xfrd->ipc_conn = xfrd_tcp_create(xfrd->region, QIOBUFSZ);
	/* not reading using ipc_conn yet */
	xfrd->ipc_conn->is_reading = 0;
	xfrd->ipc_conn->fd = socket;
	xfrd->need_to_send_reload = 0;
	xfrd->need_to_send_shutdown = 0;
	xfrd->need_to_send_stats = 0;

	xfrd->write_zonefile_needed = 0;
	if(nsd->options->zonefiles_write)
		xfrd_write_timer_set();

	xfrd->notify_waiting_first = NULL;
	xfrd->notify_waiting_last = NULL;
	xfrd->notify_udp_num = 0;

#ifdef HAVE_SSL
	daemon_remote_attach(xfrd->nsd->rc, xfrd);
#endif

	xfrd->tcp_set = xfrd_tcp_set_create(xfrd->region, nsd->options->tls_cert_bundle, nsd->options->xfrd_tcp_max, nsd->options->xfrd_tcp_pipeline);
	xfrd->tcp_set->tcp_timeout = nsd->tcp_timeout;
#if !defined(HAVE_ARC4RANDOM) && !defined(HAVE_GETRANDOM)
	srandom((unsigned long) getpid() * (unsigned long) time(NULL));
#endif

	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd pre-startup"));
	xfrd_init_zones();
	xfrd_receive_soa(socket, shortsoa);
	if(nsd->options->xfrdfile != NULL && nsd->options->xfrdfile[0]!=0)
		xfrd_read_state(xfrd);

	/* did we get killed before startup was successful? */
	if(nsd->signal_hint_shutdown) {
		kill(nsd_pid, SIGTERM);
		xfrd_shutdown();
		return;
	}

	/* init libevent signals now, so that in the previous init scripts
	 * the normal sighandler is called, and can set nsd->signal_hint..
	 * these are also looked at in sig_process before we run the main loop*/
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGHUP);
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGTERM);
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGQUIT);
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGCHLD);
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGALRM);
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGILL);
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGUSR1);
	xfrd_sigsetup(SIGINT);

	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd startup"));
#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
	sd_notify(0, "READY=1");
#endif
	xfrd_main();
}

static void
xfrd_process_activated(void)
{
	xfrd_zone_type* zone;
	while((zone = xfrd->activated_first)) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd zone %s activation",
			zone->apex_str));
		/* pop zone from activated list */
		xfrd->activated_first = zone->activated_next;
		if(zone->activated_next)
			zone->activated_next->activated_prev = NULL;
		zone->is_activated = 0;
		/* run it : no events, specifically not the TIMEOUT event,
		 * so that running zone transfers are not interrupted */
		xfrd_handle_zone(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd, 0, zone);
	}
}

static void
xfrd_sig_process(void)
{
	int status;
	pid_t child_pid;

	if(xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_quit || xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_shutdown) {
		xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_quit = 0;
		xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_shutdown = 0;
		xfrd->need_to_send_shutdown = 1;
		if(!(xfrd->ipc_handler_flags&EV_WRITE)) {
			ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_WRITE);
		}
	} else if(xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_reload_hup) {
		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "SIGHUP received, reloading...");
		xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_reload_hup = 0;
		if(xfrd->nsd->options->zonefiles_check) {
			task_new_check_zonefiles(xfrd->nsd->task[
				xfrd->nsd->mytask], xfrd->last_task, NULL);
		}
		xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
	} else if(xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_statsusr) {
		xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_statsusr = 0;
		xfrd->need_to_send_stats = 1;
		if(!(xfrd->ipc_handler_flags&EV_WRITE)) {
			ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_WRITE);
		}
	}

	/* collect children that exited. */
	xfrd->nsd->signal_hint_child = 0;
	while((child_pid = waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG)) != -1 && child_pid != 0) {
		if(status != 0) {
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "process %d exited with status %d",
				(int)child_pid, status);
		}
	}
	if(!xfrd->child_timer_added) {
		struct timeval tv;
		tv.tv_sec = XFRD_CHILD_REAP_TIMEOUT;
		tv.tv_usec = 0;
		memset(&xfrd->child_timer, 0, sizeof(xfrd->child_timer));
		event_set(&xfrd->child_timer, -1, EV_TIMEOUT,
			xfrd_handle_child_timer, xfrd);
		if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &xfrd->child_timer) != 0)
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd child timer: event_base_set failed");
		if(event_add(&xfrd->child_timer, &tv) != 0)
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd child timer: event_add failed");
		xfrd->child_timer_added = 1;
	}
}

static void
xfrd_main(void)
{
	/* we may have signals from the startup period, process them */
	xfrd_sig_process();
	xfrd->shutdown = 0;
	while(!xfrd->shutdown)
	{
		/* process activated zones before blocking in select again */
		xfrd_process_activated();
		/* dispatch may block for a longer period, so current is gone */
		xfrd->got_time = 0;
		if(event_base_loop(xfrd->event_base, EVLOOP_ONCE) == -1) {
			if (errno != EINTR) {
				log_msg(LOG_ERR,
					"xfrd dispatch failed: %s",
					strerror(errno));
			}
		}
		xfrd_sig_process();
	}
	xfrd_shutdown();
}

static void
xfrd_shutdown()
{
	xfrd_zone_type* zone;

	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd shutdown"));
#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
	sd_notify(0, "STOPPING=1");
#endif
	event_del(&xfrd->ipc_handler);
	close(xfrd->ipc_handler.ev_fd); /* notifies parent we stop */
	zone_list_close(nsd.options);
	if(xfrd->nsd->options->xfrdfile != NULL && xfrd->nsd->options->xfrdfile[0]!=0)
		xfrd_write_state(xfrd);
	if(xfrd->reload_added) {
		event_del(&xfrd->reload_handler);
		xfrd->reload_added = 0;
	}
	if(xfrd->child_timer_added) {
		event_del(&xfrd->child_timer);
		xfrd->child_timer_added = 0;
	}
	if(xfrd->nsd->options->zonefiles_write) {
		event_del(&xfrd->write_timer);
	}
#ifdef HAVE_SSL
	daemon_remote_close(xfrd->nsd->rc); /* close sockets of rc */
#endif
	/* close sockets */
	RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_type*, xfrd->zones)
	{
		if(zone->event_added) {
			event_del(&zone->zone_handler);
			if(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd != -1) {
				close(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd);
				zone->zone_handler.ev_fd = -1;
			}
			zone->event_added = 0;
		}
	}
	close_notify_fds(xfrd->notify_zones);

	/* wait for server parent (if necessary) */
	if(xfrd->reload_pid != -1) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd wait for servermain %d",
			(int)xfrd->reload_pid));
		while(1) {
			if(waitpid(xfrd->reload_pid, NULL, 0) == -1) {
				if(errno == EINTR) continue;
				if(errno == ECHILD) break;
				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: waitpid(%d): %s",
					(int)xfrd->reload_pid, strerror(errno));
			}
			break;
		}
	}

	/* if we are killed past this point this is not a problem,
	 * some files left in /tmp are cleaned by the OS, but it is neater
	 * to clean them out */

	/* unlink xfr files for running transfers */
	RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_type*, xfrd->zones)
	{
		xfrd_xfr_type *xfr;
		for(xfr = zone->latest_xfr; xfr != NULL; xfr = xfr->prev) {
			if (xfr->acquired == 0)
				continue;
			xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(xfrd->nsd, xfr->xfrfilenumber);
		}
	}
	/* unlink xfr files in not-yet-done task file */
	xfrd_clean_pending_tasks(xfrd->nsd, xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
	xfrd_del_tempdir(xfrd->nsd);
#ifdef HAVE_SSL
	daemon_remote_delete(xfrd->nsd->rc); /* ssl-delete secret keys */
	if (xfrd->nsd->tls_ctx)
		SSL_CTX_free(xfrd->nsd->tls_ctx);
#  ifdef HAVE_TLS_1_3
	if (xfrd->tcp_set->ssl_ctx)
		SSL_CTX_free(xfrd->tcp_set->ssl_ctx);
#  endif
#endif
#ifdef USE_DNSTAP
	dt_collector_close(nsd.dt_collector, &nsd);
#endif

	/* process-exit cleans up memory used by xfrd process */
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd shutdown complete"));
#ifdef MEMCLEAN /* OS collects memory pages */
	if(xfrd->zones) {
		xfrd_zone_type* z;
		RBTREE_FOR(z, xfrd_zone_type*, xfrd->zones) {
			while(z->latest_xfr != NULL) {
				xfrd_free_zone_xfr(z, z->latest_xfr);
			}
		}
	}
	if(xfrd->notify_zones) {
		struct notify_zone* n;
		RBTREE_FOR(n, struct notify_zone*, xfrd->notify_zones) {
			tsig_delete_record(&n->notify_tsig, NULL);
		}
	}
	if(xfrd_sig_num > 0) {
		int i;
		for(i=0; i<xfrd_sig_num; i++) {
			signal_del(xfrd_sig_evs[i]);
			free(xfrd_sig_evs[i]);
		}
	}
#ifdef RATELIMIT
	rrl_mmap_deinit();
#endif
#ifdef USE_DNSTAP
	dt_collector_destroy(nsd.dt_collector, &nsd);
#endif
	udb_base_free(nsd.task[0]);
	udb_base_free(nsd.task[1]);
	event_base_free(xfrd->event_base);
	region_destroy(xfrd->region);
	nsd_options_destroy(nsd.options);
	region_destroy(nsd.region);
	log_finalize();
#endif

	exit(0);
}

static void
xfrd_clean_pending_tasks(struct nsd* nsd, udb_base* u)
{
	udb_ptr t;
	udb_ptr_new(&t, u, udb_base_get_userdata(u));
	/* no dealloc of entries, we delete the entire file when done */
	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(&t)) {
		if(TASKLIST(&t)->task_type == task_apply_xfr) {
			xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(nsd, TASKLIST(&t)->yesno);
		}
		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&t, u, &TASKLIST(&t)->next);
	}
	udb_ptr_unlink(&t, u);
}

void
xfrd_init_slave_zone(xfrd_state_type* xfrd, struct zone_options* zone_opt)
{
	int num, num_xot;
	xfrd_zone_type *xzone;
	xzone = (xfrd_zone_type*)region_alloc(xfrd->region,
		sizeof(xfrd_zone_type));
	memset(xzone, 0, sizeof(xfrd_zone_type));
	xzone->apex = zone_opt->node.key;
	xzone->apex_str = zone_opt->name;
	xzone->state = xfrd_zone_refreshing;
	xzone->zone_options = zone_opt;
	/* first retry will use first master */
	xzone->master = xzone->zone_options->pattern->request_xfr;
	xzone->master_num = 0;
	xzone->next_master = 0;
	xzone->fresh_xfr_timeout = XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_START;

	xzone->soa_nsd_acquired = 0;
	xzone->soa_disk_acquired = 0;
	xzone->latest_xfr = NULL;
	xzone->soa_notified_acquired = 0;
	/* [0]=1, [1]=0; "." domain name */
	xzone->soa_nsd.prim_ns[0] = 1;
	xzone->soa_nsd.email[0] = 1;
	xzone->soa_disk.prim_ns[0]=1;
	xzone->soa_disk.email[0]=1;
	xzone->soa_notified.prim_ns[0]=1;
	xzone->soa_notified.email[0]=1;

	xzone->zone_handler.ev_fd = -1;
	xzone->zone_handler_flags = 0;
	xzone->event_added = 0;

	xzone->tcp_conn = -1;
	xzone->tcp_waiting = 0;
	xzone->udp_waiting = 0;
	xzone->is_activated = 0;

	xzone->multi_master_first_master = -1;
	xzone->multi_master_update_check = -1;

	/* set refreshing anyway, if we have data it may be old */
	xfrd_set_refresh_now(xzone);

	/*Check all or none of acls use XoT*/
	num = 0;
	num_xot = 0;
	for (; xzone->master != NULL; xzone->master = xzone->master->next, num++) {
		if (xzone->master->tls_auth_options != NULL) num_xot++;
	}
	if (num_xot != 0 && num != num_xot)
		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "Some but not all request-xfrs for %s have XFR-over-TLS configured",
			xzone->apex_str);

	xzone->node.key = xzone->apex;
	rbtree_insert(xfrd->zones, (rbnode_type*)xzone);
}

static void
xfrd_init_zones()
{
	struct zone_options *zone_opt;
	assert(xfrd->zones == 0);

	xfrd->zones = rbtree_create(xfrd->region,
		(int (*)(const void *, const void *)) dname_compare);
	xfrd->notify_zones = rbtree_create(xfrd->region,
		(int (*)(const void *, const void *)) dname_compare);

	RBTREE_FOR(zone_opt, struct zone_options*, xfrd->nsd->options->zone_options)
	{
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: adding %s zone",
			zone_opt->name));

		init_notify_send(xfrd->notify_zones, xfrd->region, zone_opt);
		if(!zone_is_slave(zone_opt)) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s, "
				"master zone has no outgoing xfr requests",
				zone_opt->name));
			continue;
		}
		xfrd_init_slave_zone(xfrd, zone_opt);
	}
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: started server %d "
		"secondary zones", (int)xfrd->zones->count));
}

static void
xfrd_process_soa_info_task(struct task_list_d* task)
{
	xfrd_soa_type soa;
	xfrd_soa_type* soa_ptr = &soa;
	xfrd_zone_type* zone;
	xfrd_xfr_type* xfr;
	xfrd_xfr_type* prev_xfr;
	enum soainfo_hint hint;
	time_t before, acquired = 0;
	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: process SOAINFO %s",
		dname_to_string(task->zname, 0)));
	zone = (xfrd_zone_type*)rbtree_search(xfrd->zones, task->zname);
	hint = (enum soainfo_hint)task->yesno;
	if(task->size <= sizeof(struct task_list_d)+dname_total_size(
		task->zname)+sizeof(uint32_t)*6 + sizeof(uint8_t)*2) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "SOAINFO for %s %s zone",
			dname_to_string(task->zname,0),
			hint == soainfo_bad ? "kept" : "lost"));
		soa_ptr = NULL;
		/* discard all updates */
		before = xfrd_time();
	} else {
		uint8_t* p = (uint8_t*)task->zname + dname_total_size(
			task->zname);
		/* read the soa info */
		memset(&soa, 0, sizeof(soa));
		/* left out type, klass, count for speed */
		soa.type = htons(TYPE_SOA);
		soa.klass = htons(CLASS_IN);
		memmove(&soa.ttl, p, sizeof(uint32_t));
		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
		soa.rdata_count = htons(7);
		memmove(soa.prim_ns, p, sizeof(uint8_t));
		p += sizeof(uint8_t);
		memmove(soa.prim_ns+1, p, soa.prim_ns[0]);
		p += soa.prim_ns[0];
		memmove(soa.email, p, sizeof(uint8_t));
		p += sizeof(uint8_t);
		memmove(soa.email+1, p, soa.email[0]);
		p += soa.email[0];
		memmove(&soa.serial, p, sizeof(uint32_t));
		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
		memmove(&soa.refresh, p, sizeof(uint32_t));
		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
		memmove(&soa.retry, p, sizeof(uint32_t));
		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
		memmove(&soa.expire, p, sizeof(uint32_t));
		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
		memmove(&soa.minimum, p, sizeof(uint32_t));
		/* p += sizeof(uint32_t); if we wanted to read further */
		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "SOAINFO for %s %u",
			dname_to_string(task->zname,0),
			(unsigned)ntohl(soa.serial)));
		/* discard all updates received before initial reload unless
		   reload was successful */
		before = xfrd->reload_cmd_first_sent;
	}

	if(!zone) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s master zone updated",
			dname_to_string(task->zname,0)));
		notify_handle_master_zone_soainfo(xfrd->notify_zones,
			task->zname, soa_ptr);
		return;
	}

	/* soainfo_gone and soainfo_bad are straightforward, delete all updates
	   that were transfered, i.e. acquired != 0. soainfo_ok is more
	   complicated as it is possible that there are subsequent corrupt or
	   inconsistent updates */
	for(xfr = zone->latest_xfr; xfr; xfr = prev_xfr) {
		prev_xfr = xfr->prev;
		/* skip incomplete updates */
		if(!xfr->acquired) {
			continue;
		}
		if(hint == soainfo_ok) {
			/* skip non-queued updates */
			if(!xfr->sent)
				continue;
			assert(xfr->acquired <= before);
			/* skip non-applied updates */
			if(!soa_ptr ||
			    soa_ptr->serial != htonl(xfr->msg_new_serial))
				continue;
			/* updates are applied in-order, acquired time of
			   most-recent update is used as baseline */
			if(!acquired) {
				acquired = xfr->acquired;
			}
			if(xfrd->reload_failed) {
				DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC, 1,
					(LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s mark update "
					           "to serial %u verified",
					           zone->apex_str,
					           xfr->msg_new_serial));
				diff_update_commit(
					zone->apex_str, DIFF_VERIFIED,
					xfrd->nsd, xfr->xfrfilenumber);
				return;
			}
		}
		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC, 1,
			(LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s delete update to serial %u",
			           zone->apex_str,
			           xfr->msg_new_serial));
		xfrd_delete_zone_xfr(zone, xfr);
	}

	/* update zone state */
	switch(hint) {
	case soainfo_bad:
		/* "rollback" on-disk soa information */
		zone->soa_disk_acquired = zone->soa_nsd_acquired;
		zone->soa_disk = zone->soa_nsd;

		if(xfrd_time() - zone->soa_disk_acquired
			>= (time_t)ntohl(zone->soa_disk.expire))
		{
			/* zone expired */
			xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_expired);
		}
		/* do not refresh right away, like with corrupt or inconsistent
		   updates, because the zone is likely not fixed on the primary
		   yet. an immediate refresh can therefore potentially trigger
		   an update loop */
		xfrd_set_timer_retry(zone);

		if(zone->soa_notified_acquired != 0 &&
			(zone->soa_notified.serial == 0 ||
			 compare_serial(ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial),
			                ntohl(zone->soa_notified.serial)) >= 0))
		{	/* read was in response to this notification */
			zone->soa_notified_acquired = 0;
		}
		if(zone->soa_notified_acquired && zone->state == xfrd_zone_ok)
		{
			/* refresh because of notification */
			xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_refreshing);
			xfrd_set_refresh_now(zone);
		}
		break;
	case soainfo_ok:
		if(xfrd->reload_failed)
			break;
		/* fall through */
	case soainfo_gone:
		xfrd_handle_incoming_soa(zone, soa_ptr, acquired);
		break;
	}
}

static void
xfrd_receive_soa(int socket, int shortsoa)
{
	sig_atomic_t cmd;
	struct udb_base* xtask = xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask];
	udb_ptr last_task, t;
	xfrd_zone_type* zone;

	if(!shortsoa) {
		/* put all expired zones into mytask */
		udb_ptr_init(&last_task, xtask);
		RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_type*, xfrd->zones) {
			if(zone->state == xfrd_zone_expired) {
				task_new_expire(xtask, &last_task, zone->apex, 1);
			}
		}
		udb_ptr_unlink(&last_task, xtask);

		/* send RELOAD to main to give it this tasklist */
		task_process_sync(xtask);
		cmd = NSD_RELOAD;
		if(!write_socket(socket, &cmd,  sizeof(cmd))) {
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "problems sending reload xfrdtomain: %s",
				strerror(errno));
		}
	}

	/* receive RELOAD_DONE to get SOAINFO tasklist */
	if(block_read(&nsd, socket, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), -1) != sizeof(cmd) ||
		cmd != NSD_RELOAD_DONE) {
		if(nsd.signal_hint_shutdown)
			return;
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "did not get start signal from main");
		exit(1);
	}
	if(block_read(NULL, socket, &xfrd->reload_pid, sizeof(pid_t), -1)
		!= sizeof(pid_t)) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd cannot get reload_pid");
	}

	/* process tasklist (SOAINFO data) */
	udb_ptr_unlink(xfrd->last_task, xtask);
	/* if shortsoa: then use my own taskdb that nsdparent filled */
	if(!shortsoa)
		xfrd->nsd->mytask = 1 - xfrd->nsd->mytask;
	xtask = xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask];
	task_remap(xtask);
	udb_ptr_new(&t, xtask, udb_base_get_userdata(xtask));
	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(&t)) {
		xfrd_process_soa_info_task(TASKLIST(&t));
	 	udb_ptr_set_rptr(&t, xtask, &TASKLIST(&t)->next);
	}
	udb_ptr_unlink(&t, xtask);
	task_clear(xtask);
	udb_ptr_init(xfrd->last_task, xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);

	if(!shortsoa) {
		/* receive RELOAD_DONE that signals the other tasklist is
		 * empty, and thus xfrd can operate (can call reload and swap
		 * to the other, empty, tasklist) */
		if(block_read(NULL, socket, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), -1) !=
			sizeof(cmd) ||
			cmd != NSD_RELOAD_DONE) {
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "did not get start signal 2 from "
				"main");
			exit(1);
		}
	} else {
		/* for shortsoa version, do expire later */
		/* if expire notifications, put in my task and
		 * schedule a reload to make sure they are processed */
		RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_type*, xfrd->zones) {
			if(zone->state == xfrd_zone_expired) {
				xfrd_send_expire_notification(zone);
			}
		}
	}
}

void
xfrd_reopen_logfile(void)
{
	if (xfrd->nsd->file_rotation_ok)
		log_reopen(xfrd->nsd->log_filename, 0);
}

void
xfrd_deactivate_zone(xfrd_zone_type* z)
{
	if(z->is_activated) {
		/* delete from activated list */
		if(z->activated_prev)
			z->activated_prev->activated_next = z->activated_next;
		else	xfrd->activated_first = z->activated_next;
		if(z->activated_next)
			z->activated_next->activated_prev = z->activated_prev;
		z->is_activated = 0;
	}
}

void
xfrd_del_slave_zone(xfrd_state_type* xfrd, const dname_type* dname)
{
	xfrd_zone_type* z = (xfrd_zone_type*)rbtree_delete(xfrd->zones, dname);
	if(!z) return;

	/* io */
	if(z->tcp_waiting) {
		/* delete from tcp waiting list */
		if(z->tcp_waiting_prev)
			z->tcp_waiting_prev->tcp_waiting_next =
				z->tcp_waiting_next;
		else xfrd->tcp_set->tcp_waiting_first = z->tcp_waiting_next;
		if(z->tcp_waiting_next)
			z->tcp_waiting_next->tcp_waiting_prev =
				z->tcp_waiting_prev;
		else xfrd->tcp_set->tcp_waiting_last = z->tcp_waiting_prev;
		z->tcp_waiting = 0;
	}
	if(z->udp_waiting) {
		/* delete from udp waiting list */
		if(z->udp_waiting_prev)
			z->udp_waiting_prev->udp_waiting_next =
				z->udp_waiting_next;
		else	xfrd->udp_waiting_first = z->udp_waiting_next;
		if(z->udp_waiting_next)
			z->udp_waiting_next->udp_waiting_prev =
				z->udp_waiting_prev;
		else	xfrd->udp_waiting_last = z->udp_waiting_prev;
		z->udp_waiting = 0;
	}
	xfrd_deactivate_zone(z);
	if(z->tcp_conn != -1) {
		xfrd_tcp_release(xfrd->tcp_set, z);
	} else if(z->zone_handler.ev_fd != -1 && z->event_added) {
		xfrd_udp_release(z);
	} else if(z->event_added)
		event_del(&z->zone_handler);

	while(z->latest_xfr) xfrd_delete_zone_xfr(z, z->latest_xfr);

	/* z->dname is recycled when the zone_options is removed */
	region_recycle(xfrd->region, z, sizeof(*z));
}

void
xfrd_free_namedb(struct nsd* nsd)
{
	namedb_close_udb(nsd->db);
	namedb_close(nsd->db);
	nsd->db = 0;
}

static void
xfrd_set_timer_refresh(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	time_t set_refresh;
	time_t set_expire;
	time_t set;
	if(zone->soa_disk_acquired == 0 || zone->state != xfrd_zone_ok) {
		xfrd_set_timer_retry(zone);
		return;
	}
	/* refresh or expire timeout, whichever is earlier */
	set_refresh = bound_soa_disk_refresh(zone);
	set_expire  = bound_soa_disk_expire(zone);
	set = zone->soa_disk_acquired + ( set_refresh < set_expire
	                                ? set_refresh : set_expire );

	/* set point in time to period for xfrd_set_timer() */
	xfrd_set_timer(zone, within_refresh_bounds(zone,
		  set > xfrd_time()
		? set - xfrd_time() : XFRD_LOWERBOUND_REFRESH));
}

static void
xfrd_set_timer_retry(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	time_t set_retry;
	time_t set_expire;
	int mult;
	/* perform exponential backoff in all the cases */
	if(zone->fresh_xfr_timeout == 0)
		zone->fresh_xfr_timeout = XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_START;
	else {
		/* exponential backoff - some master data in zones is paid-for
		   but non-working, and will not get fixed. */
		zone->fresh_xfr_timeout *= 2;
		if(zone->fresh_xfr_timeout > XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_MAX)
			zone->fresh_xfr_timeout = XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_MAX;
	}
	/* exponential backoff multiplier, starts at 1, backs off */
	mult = zone->fresh_xfr_timeout / XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_START;
	if(mult == 0) mult = 1;

	/* set timer for next retry or expire timeout if earlier. */
	if(zone->soa_disk_acquired == 0) {
		/* if no information, use reasonable timeout
		 * within configured and defined bounds
		 */
		xfrd_set_timer(zone,
			within_retry_bounds(zone, zone->fresh_xfr_timeout
				+ random_generate(zone->fresh_xfr_timeout)));
		return;
	}
	/* exponential backoff within configured and defined bounds */
	set_retry = within_retry_bounds(zone,
			ntohl(zone->soa_disk.retry) * mult);
	if(zone->state == xfrd_zone_expired) {
		xfrd_set_timer(zone, set_retry);
		return;
	}
	/* retry or expire timeout, whichever is earlier */
	set_expire = zone->soa_disk_acquired + bound_soa_disk_expire(zone);
	if(xfrd_time() + set_retry < set_expire) {
		xfrd_set_timer(zone, set_retry);
		return;
	}
	/* Not expired, but next retry will be > than expire timeout.
	 * Retry when the expire timeout runs out.
	 * set_expire is below retry upper bounds (if statement above),
	 * but not necessarily above lower bounds,
	 * so use within_retry_bounds() again.
	 */
	xfrd_set_timer(zone, within_retry_bounds(zone,
		  set_expire > xfrd_time()
		? set_expire - xfrd_time() : XFRD_LOWERBOUND_RETRY));
}

void
xfrd_handle_zone(int ATTR_UNUSED(fd), short event, void* arg)
{
	xfrd_zone_type* zone = (xfrd_zone_type*)arg;

	if(zone->tcp_conn != -1) {
		if(event == 0) /* activated, but already in TCP, nothing to do*/
			return;
		/* busy in tcp transaction: an internal error */
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s event tcp", zone->apex_str));
		xfrd_tcp_release(xfrd->tcp_set, zone);
		/* continue to retry; as if a timeout happened */
		event = EV_TIMEOUT;
	}

	if((event & EV_READ)) {
		/* busy in udp transaction */
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s event udp read", zone->apex_str));
		xfrd_udp_read(zone);
		return;
	}

	/* timeout */
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s timeout", zone->apex_str));
	if(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd != -1 && zone->event_added &&
		(event & EV_TIMEOUT)) {
		assert(zone->tcp_conn == -1);
		xfrd_udp_release(zone);
	}

	if(zone->tcp_waiting) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s skips retry, TCP connections full",
			zone->apex_str));
		xfrd_unset_timer(zone);
		return;
	}
	if(zone->udp_waiting) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s skips retry, UDP connections full",
			zone->apex_str));
		xfrd_unset_timer(zone);
		return;
	}

	if(zone->soa_disk_acquired)
	{
		if (zone->state != xfrd_zone_expired &&
			xfrd_time() >= zone->soa_disk_acquired
					+ bound_soa_disk_expire(zone)) {
			/* zone expired */
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s has expired", zone->apex_str);
			xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_expired);
		}
		else if(zone->state == xfrd_zone_ok &&
			xfrd_time() >= zone->soa_disk_acquired
			               + bound_soa_disk_refresh(zone)) {
			/* zone goes to refreshing state. */
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s is refreshing", zone->apex_str));
			xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_refreshing);
		}
	}

	/* only make a new request if no request is running (UDPorTCP) */
	if(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd == -1 && zone->tcp_conn == -1) {
		/* make a new request */
		xfrd_make_request(zone);
	}
}

void
xfrd_make_request(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	if(zone->next_master != -1) {
		/* we are told to use this next master */
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
			"xfrd zone %s use master %i",
			zone->apex_str, zone->next_master));
		zone->master_num = zone->next_master;
		zone->master = acl_find_num(zone->zone_options->pattern->
			request_xfr, zone->master_num);
		/* if there is no next master, fallback to use the first one */
		if(!zone->master) {
			zone->master = zone->zone_options->pattern->request_xfr;
			zone->master_num = 0;
		}
		/* fallback to cycle master */
		zone->next_master = -1;
		zone->round_num = 0; /* fresh set of retries after notify */
	} else {
		/* cycle master */

		if(zone->round_num != -1 && zone->master && zone->master->next)
		{
			/* try the next master */
			zone->master = zone->master->next;
			zone->master_num++;
		} else {
			/* start a new round */
			zone->master = zone->zone_options->pattern->request_xfr;
			zone->master_num = 0;
			zone->round_num++;
		}
		if(zone->round_num >= XFRD_MAX_ROUNDS) {
			/* tried all servers that many times, wait */
			zone->round_num = -1;
			xfrd_set_timer_retry(zone);
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
				"xfrd zone %s makereq wait_retry, rd %d mr %d nx %d",
				zone->apex_str, zone->round_num, zone->master_num, zone->next_master));
                       zone->multi_master_first_master = -1;
                       return;
               }
	}

	/* multi-master-check */
	if(zone->zone_options->pattern->multi_master_check) {
		if(zone->multi_master_first_master == zone->master_num &&
			zone->round_num > 0 &&
			zone->state != xfrd_zone_expired) {
			/* tried all servers and update zone */
			if(zone->multi_master_update_check >= 0) {
				VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: multi master "
					"check: zone %s completed transfers",
					zone->apex_str));
			}
			zone->round_num = -1; /* next try start anew */
			zone->multi_master_first_master = -1;
			xfrd_set_timer_refresh(zone);
			return;
		}
		if(zone->multi_master_first_master < 0) {
			zone->multi_master_first_master = zone->master_num;
			zone->multi_master_update_check = -1;
		}
	}

	/* cache ixfr_disabled only for XFRD_NO_IXFR_CACHE time */
	if (zone->master->ixfr_disabled &&
	   (zone->master->ixfr_disabled + XFRD_NO_IXFR_CACHE) <= time(NULL)) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "clear negative caching ixfr "
						"disabled for master %s num "
						"%d ",
			zone->master->ip_address_spec, zone->master_num));
		zone->master->ixfr_disabled = 0;
	}

	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd zone %s make request round %d mr %d nx %d",
		zone->apex_str, zone->round_num, zone->master_num, zone->next_master));
	/* perform xfr request */
	if (!zone->master->use_axfr_only && zone->soa_disk_acquired > 0 &&
		!zone->master->ixfr_disabled) {

		if (zone->master->allow_udp) {
			xfrd_set_timer(zone, XFRD_UDP_TIMEOUT);
			xfrd_udp_obtain(zone);
		}
		else { /* doing 3 rounds of IXFR/TCP might not be useful */
			xfrd_set_timer(zone, xfrd->tcp_set->tcp_timeout);
			xfrd_tcp_obtain(xfrd->tcp_set, zone);
		}
	}
	else if (zone->master->use_axfr_only || zone->soa_disk_acquired <= 0) {
		xfrd_set_timer(zone, xfrd->tcp_set->tcp_timeout);
		xfrd_tcp_obtain(xfrd->tcp_set, zone);
	}
	else if (zone->master->ixfr_disabled) {
		if (zone->zone_options->pattern->allow_axfr_fallback) {
			xfrd_set_timer(zone, xfrd->tcp_set->tcp_timeout);
			xfrd_tcp_obtain(xfrd->tcp_set, zone);
		} else {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd zone %s axfr "
				"fallback not allowed, skipping master %s.",
				zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
		}
	}
}

static void
xfrd_udp_obtain(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	assert(zone->udp_waiting == 0);
	if(zone->tcp_conn != -1) {
		/* no tcp and udp at the same time */
		xfrd_tcp_release(xfrd->tcp_set, zone);
	}
	if(xfrd->udp_use_num < XFRD_MAX_UDP) {
		int fd;
		xfrd->udp_use_num++;
		fd = xfrd_send_ixfr_request_udp(zone);
		if(fd == -1)
			xfrd->udp_use_num--;
		else {
			if(zone->event_added)
				event_del(&zone->zone_handler);
			memset(&zone->zone_handler, 0,
				sizeof(zone->zone_handler));
			event_set(&zone->zone_handler, fd,
				EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_TIMEOUT,
				xfrd_handle_zone, zone);
			if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &zone->zone_handler) != 0)
				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd udp: event_base_set failed");
			if(event_add(&zone->zone_handler, &zone->timeout) != 0)
				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd udp: event_add failed");
			zone->zone_handler_flags=EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_TIMEOUT;
			zone->event_added = 1;
		}
		return;
	}
	/* queue the zone as last */
	zone->udp_waiting = 1;
	zone->udp_waiting_next = NULL;
	zone->udp_waiting_prev = xfrd->udp_waiting_last;
	if(!xfrd->udp_waiting_first)
		xfrd->udp_waiting_first = zone;
	if(xfrd->udp_waiting_last)
		xfrd->udp_waiting_last->udp_waiting_next = zone;
	xfrd->udp_waiting_last = zone;
	xfrd_unset_timer(zone);
}

time_t
xfrd_time()
{
	if(!xfrd->got_time) {
		xfrd->current_time = time(0);
		xfrd->got_time = 1;
	}
	return xfrd->current_time;
}

void
xfrd_copy_soa(xfrd_soa_type* soa, rr_type* rr)
{
	const uint8_t* rr_ns_wire = dname_name(domain_dname(rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[0])));
	uint8_t rr_ns_len = domain_dname(rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[0]))->name_size;
	const uint8_t* rr_em_wire = dname_name(domain_dname(rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[1])));
	uint8_t rr_em_len = domain_dname(rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[1]))->name_size;

	if(rr->type != TYPE_SOA || rr->rdata_count != 7) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: copy_soa called with bad rr, type %d rrs %u.",
			rr->type, rr->rdata_count);
		return;
	}
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: copy_soa rr, type %d rrs %u, ttl %u.",
			(int)rr->type, (unsigned)rr->rdata_count, (unsigned)rr->ttl));
	soa->type = htons(rr->type);
	soa->klass = htons(rr->klass);
	soa->ttl = htonl(rr->ttl);
	soa->rdata_count = htons(rr->rdata_count);

	/* copy dnames */
	soa->prim_ns[0] = rr_ns_len;
	memcpy(soa->prim_ns+1, rr_ns_wire, rr_ns_len);
	soa->email[0] = rr_em_len;
	memcpy(soa->email+1, rr_em_wire, rr_em_len);

	/* already in network format */
	memcpy(&soa->serial, rdata_atom_data(rr->rdatas[2]), sizeof(uint32_t));
	memcpy(&soa->refresh, rdata_atom_data(rr->rdatas[3]), sizeof(uint32_t));
	memcpy(&soa->retry, rdata_atom_data(rr->rdatas[4]), sizeof(uint32_t));
	memcpy(&soa->expire, rdata_atom_data(rr->rdatas[5]), sizeof(uint32_t));
	memcpy(&soa->minimum, rdata_atom_data(rr->rdatas[6]), sizeof(uint32_t));
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
		"xfrd: copy_soa rr, serial %u refresh %u retry %u expire %u",
		(unsigned)ntohl(soa->serial), (unsigned)ntohl(soa->refresh),
		(unsigned)ntohl(soa->retry), (unsigned)ntohl(soa->expire)));
}

static void
xfrd_set_zone_state(xfrd_zone_type* zone, enum xfrd_zone_state s)
{
	if(s != zone->state) {
		enum xfrd_zone_state old = zone->state;
		zone->state = s;
		if((s == xfrd_zone_expired || old == xfrd_zone_expired)
			&& s!=old) {
			xfrd_send_expire_notification(zone);
		}
	}
}

void
xfrd_set_refresh_now(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd zone %s is activated, state %d",
		zone->apex_str, zone->state));
	if(!zone->is_activated) {
		/* push onto list */
		zone->activated_prev = 0;
		zone->activated_next = xfrd->activated_first;
		if(xfrd->activated_first)
			xfrd->activated_first->activated_prev = zone;
		xfrd->activated_first = zone;
		zone->is_activated = 1;
	}
}

void
xfrd_unset_timer(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	assert(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd == -1);
	if(zone->event_added)
		event_del(&zone->zone_handler);
	zone->zone_handler_flags = 0;
	zone->event_added = 0;
}

void
xfrd_set_timer(xfrd_zone_type* zone, time_t t)
{
	int fd = zone->zone_handler.ev_fd;
	int fl = ((fd == -1)?EV_TIMEOUT:zone->zone_handler_flags);
	if(t > XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_MAX)
		t = XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_MAX;
	/* randomize the time, within 90%-100% of original */
	/* not later so zones cannot expire too late */
	/* only for times far in the future */
	if(t > 10) {
		time_t base = t*9/10;
		t = base + random_generate(t-base);
	}

	/* keep existing flags and fd, but re-add with timeout */
	if(zone->event_added)
		event_del(&zone->zone_handler);
	else	fd = -1;
	zone->timeout.tv_sec = t;
	zone->timeout.tv_usec = 0;
	memset(&zone->zone_handler, 0, sizeof(zone->zone_handler));
	event_set(&zone->zone_handler, fd, fl, xfrd_handle_zone, zone);
	if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &zone->zone_handler) != 0)
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd timer: event_base_set failed");
	if(event_add(&zone->zone_handler, &zone->timeout) != 0)
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd timer: event_add failed");
	zone->zone_handler_flags = fl;
	zone->event_added = 1;
}

void
xfrd_handle_incoming_soa(xfrd_zone_type* zone,
	xfrd_soa_type* soa, time_t acquired)
{
	time_t seconds_since_acquired;
	if(soa == NULL) {
		/* nsd no longer has a zone in memory */
		zone->soa_nsd_acquired = 0;
		zone->soa_disk_acquired = 0;
		xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_refreshing);
		xfrd_set_refresh_now(zone);
		return;
	}
	if(zone->soa_nsd_acquired && soa->serial == zone->soa_nsd.serial)
		return;

	if(zone->soa_disk_acquired) {
		int cmp = compare_serial(soa->serial, zone->soa_disk.serial);

		/* soa is from an update if serial equals soa_disk.serial or
		   serial is less than soa_disk.serial and the acquired time is
		   before the reload was first requested */
		if(!((cmp == 0) || (cmp < 0 && acquired != 0))) {
			goto zonefile;
		}

		/* acquired time of an update may not match time registered in
		   in soa_disk_acquired as a refresh indicating the current
		   serial may have occurred before the reload finished */
		if(cmp == 0) {
			acquired = zone->soa_disk_acquired;
		}

		/* soa in disk has been loaded in memory */
		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "zone %s serial %u is updated to %u",
			zone->apex_str, (unsigned)ntohl(zone->soa_nsd.serial),
			(unsigned)ntohl(soa->serial));
		zone->soa_nsd = *soa;
		zone->soa_nsd_acquired = acquired;
		xfrd->write_zonefile_needed = 1;
		seconds_since_acquired =
			  xfrd_time() > zone->soa_disk_acquired
			? xfrd_time() - zone->soa_disk_acquired : 0;

		if(seconds_since_acquired < bound_soa_disk_refresh(zone))
		{
			xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_ok);
		}

		/* update refresh timers based on disk soa, unless there are
		   pending updates. i.e. serial != soa_disk.serial */
		if (cmp == 0) {
			/* reset exponential backoff, we got a normal timer now */
			zone->fresh_xfr_timeout = 0;
			if(seconds_since_acquired < bound_soa_disk_refresh(zone))
			{
				/* zone ok, wait for refresh time */
				zone->round_num = -1;
				xfrd_set_timer_refresh(zone);
			} else if(seconds_since_acquired < bound_soa_disk_expire(zone))
			{
				/* zone refreshing */
				xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_refreshing);
				xfrd_set_refresh_now(zone);
			}
			if(seconds_since_acquired >= bound_soa_disk_expire(zone))
			{
				/* zone expired */
				xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_expired);
				xfrd_set_refresh_now(zone);
			}

			if(zone->soa_notified_acquired != 0 &&
				(zone->soa_notified.serial == 0 ||
				 compare_serial(ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial),
				                ntohl(zone->soa_notified.serial)) >= 0))
			{	/* read was in response to this notification */
				zone->soa_notified_acquired = 0;
			}
			if(zone->soa_notified_acquired && zone->state == xfrd_zone_ok)
			{
				/* refresh because of notification */
				xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_refreshing);
				xfrd_set_refresh_now(zone);
			}
		}
		xfrd_send_notify(xfrd->notify_zones, zone->apex, &zone->soa_nsd);
		return;
	}

zonefile:
	acquired = xfrd_time();
	/* user must have manually provided zone data */
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
		"xfrd: zone %s serial %u from zonefile. refreshing",
		zone->apex_str, (unsigned)ntohl(soa->serial)));
	zone->soa_nsd = *soa;
	zone->soa_disk = *soa;
	zone->soa_nsd_acquired = acquired;
	zone->soa_disk_acquired = acquired;
	if(zone->soa_notified_acquired != 0 &&
		(zone->soa_notified.serial == 0 ||
	   	compare_serial(ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial),
			ntohl(zone->soa_notified.serial)) >= 0))
	{	/* user provided in response to this notification */
		zone->soa_notified_acquired = 0;
	}
	xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_refreshing);
	xfrd_set_refresh_now(zone);
	xfrd_send_notify(xfrd->notify_zones, zone->apex, &zone->soa_nsd);
}

void
xfrd_send_expire_notification(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	task_new_expire(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask], xfrd->last_task,
		zone->apex, zone->state == xfrd_zone_expired);
	xfrd_set_reload_timeout();
}

int
xfrd_udp_read_packet(buffer_type* packet, int fd, struct sockaddr* src,
	socklen_t* srclen)
{
	ssize_t received;

	/* read the data */
	buffer_clear(packet);
	received = recvfrom(fd, buffer_begin(packet), buffer_remaining(packet),
		0, src, srclen);
	if(received == -1) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: recvfrom failed: %s",
			strerror(errno));
		return 0;
	}
	buffer_set_limit(packet, received);
	return 1;
}

void
xfrd_udp_release(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	assert(zone->udp_waiting == 0);
	if(zone->event_added)
		event_del(&zone->zone_handler);
	if(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd != -1) {
		close(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd);
	}
	zone->zone_handler.ev_fd = -1;
	zone->zone_handler_flags = 0;
	zone->event_added = 0;
	/* see if there are waiting zones */
	if(xfrd->udp_use_num == XFRD_MAX_UDP)
	{
		while(xfrd->udp_waiting_first) {
			/* snip off waiting list */
			xfrd_zone_type* wz = xfrd->udp_waiting_first;
			assert(wz->udp_waiting);
			wz->udp_waiting = 0;
			xfrd->udp_waiting_first = wz->udp_waiting_next;
			if(wz->udp_waiting_next)
				wz->udp_waiting_next->udp_waiting_prev = NULL;
			if(xfrd->udp_waiting_last == wz)
				xfrd->udp_waiting_last = NULL;
			/* see if this zone needs udp connection */
			if(wz->tcp_conn == -1) {
				int fd = xfrd_send_ixfr_request_udp(wz);
				if(fd != -1) {
					if(wz->event_added)
						event_del(&wz->zone_handler);
					memset(&wz->zone_handler, 0,
						sizeof(wz->zone_handler));
					event_set(&wz->zone_handler, fd,
						EV_READ|EV_TIMEOUT|EV_PERSIST,
						xfrd_handle_zone, wz);
					if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base,
						&wz->zone_handler) != 0)
						log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot set event_base for ixfr");
					if(event_add(&wz->zone_handler, &wz->timeout) != 0)
						log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot add event for ixfr");
					wz->zone_handler_flags = EV_READ|EV_TIMEOUT|EV_PERSIST;
					wz->event_added = 1;
					return;
				} else {
					/* make this zone do something with
					 * this failure to act */
					xfrd_set_refresh_now(wz);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	/* no waiting zones */
	if(xfrd->udp_use_num > 0)
		xfrd->udp_use_num--;
}

/** disable ixfr for master */
void
xfrd_disable_ixfr(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	if(!(zone->master->ixfr_disabled &&
		(zone->master->ixfr_disabled + XFRD_NO_IXFR_CACHE) <= time(NULL))) {
		/* start new round, with IXFR disabled */
		zone->round_num = 0;
		zone->next_master = zone->master_num;
	}
	zone->master->ixfr_disabled = time(NULL);
}

static void
xfrd_udp_read(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s read udp data", zone->apex_str));
	if(!xfrd_udp_read_packet(xfrd->packet, zone->zone_handler.ev_fd,
		NULL, NULL)) {
		zone->master->bad_xfr_count++;
		if (zone->master->bad_xfr_count > 2) {
			xfrd_disable_ixfr(zone);
			zone->master->bad_xfr_count = 0;
		}
		/* drop packet */
		xfrd_udp_release(zone);
		/* query next server */
		xfrd_make_request(zone);
		return;
	}
	switch(xfrd_handle_received_xfr_packet(zone, xfrd->packet)) {
		case xfrd_packet_tcp:
			xfrd_set_timer(zone, xfrd->tcp_set->tcp_timeout);
			xfrd_udp_release(zone);
			xfrd_tcp_obtain(xfrd->tcp_set, zone);
			break;
		case xfrd_packet_transfer:
			if(zone->zone_options->pattern->multi_master_check) {
				xfrd_udp_release(zone);
				xfrd_make_request(zone);
				break;
			}
			/* fallthrough */
		case xfrd_packet_newlease:
			/* nothing more to do */
			assert(zone->round_num == -1);
			xfrd_udp_release(zone);
			break;
		case xfrd_packet_notimpl:
			xfrd_disable_ixfr(zone);
			/* drop packet */
			xfrd_udp_release(zone);
			/* query next server */
			xfrd_make_request(zone);
			break;
		case xfrd_packet_more:
		case xfrd_packet_drop:
			/* drop packet */
			xfrd_udp_release(zone);
			/* query next server */
			xfrd_make_request(zone);
			break;
		case xfrd_packet_bad:
		default:
			zone->master->bad_xfr_count++;
			if (zone->master->bad_xfr_count > 2) {
				xfrd_disable_ixfr(zone);
				zone->master->bad_xfr_count = 0;
			}
			/* drop packet */
			xfrd_udp_release(zone);
			/* query next server */
			xfrd_make_request(zone);
			break;
	}
}

int
xfrd_send_udp(struct acl_options* acl, buffer_type* packet,
	struct acl_options* ifc)
{
#ifdef INET6
	struct sockaddr_storage to;
#else
	struct sockaddr_in to;
#endif /* INET6 */
	int fd, family;

	/* this will set the remote port to acl->port or TCP_PORT */
	socklen_t to_len = xfrd_acl_sockaddr_to(acl, &to);

	/* get the address family of the remote host */
	if(acl->is_ipv6) {
#ifdef INET6
		family = PF_INET6;
#else
		return -1;
#endif /* INET6 */
	} else {
		family = PF_INET;
	}

	fd = socket(family, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
	if(fd == -1) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: cannot create udp socket to %s: %s",
			acl->ip_address_spec, strerror(errno));
		return -1;
	}

	/* bind it */
	if (!xfrd_bind_local_interface(fd, ifc, acl, 0)) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: cannot bind outgoing interface '%s' to "
				 "udp socket: No matching ip addresses found",
			ifc->ip_address_spec);
		close(fd);
		return -1;
	}

	/* send it (udp) */
	if(sendto(fd,
		buffer_current(packet),
		buffer_remaining(packet), 0,
		(struct sockaddr*)&to, to_len) == -1)
	{
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: sendto %s failed %s",
			acl->ip_address_spec, strerror(errno));
		close(fd);
		return -1;
	}
	return fd;
}

int
xfrd_bind_local_interface(int sockd, struct acl_options* ifc,
	struct acl_options* acl, int tcp)
{
#ifdef SO_LINGER
	struct linger linger = {1, 0};
#endif
	socklen_t frm_len;
#ifdef INET6
	struct sockaddr_storage frm;
#else
	struct sockaddr_in frm;
#endif /* INET6 */
	int ret = 1;

	if (!ifc) /* no outgoing interface set */
		return 1;

	while (ifc) {
		if (ifc->is_ipv6 != acl->is_ipv6) {
			/* check if we have a matching address family */
			ifc = ifc->next;
			continue;
		}

		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: bind() %s to %s socket",
			ifc->ip_address_spec, tcp? "tcp":"udp"));
		ret = 0;
		frm_len = xfrd_acl_sockaddr_frm(ifc, &frm);

		if (tcp) {
#ifdef SO_REUSEADDR
			if (setsockopt(sockd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &frm,
				frm_len) < 0) {
				VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_WARNING, "xfrd: setsockopt "
			     "SO_REUSEADDR failed: %s", strerror(errno)));
			}
#else
			VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_WARNING, "xfrd: setsockopt SO_REUSEADDR "
			     "failed: SO_REUSEADDR not defined"));
#endif /* SO_REUSEADDR */

			if (ifc->port != 0) {
#ifdef SO_LINGER
				if (setsockopt(sockd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_LINGER,
					&linger, sizeof(linger)) < 0) {
					VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_WARNING, "xfrd: setsockopt "
				     "SO_LINGER failed: %s", strerror(errno)));
				}
#else
				VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_WARNING, "xfrd: setsockopt SO_LINGER "
					"failed: SO_LINGER not defined"));
#endif /* SO_LINGER */
			}
		}

		/* found one */
		if(bind(sockd, (struct sockaddr*)&frm, frm_len) >= 0) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: bind() %s to %s "
						       "socket was successful",
			ifc->ip_address_spec, tcp? "tcp":"udp"));
			return 1;
		}

		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: bind() %s to %s socket"
					       "failed: %s",
			ifc->ip_address_spec, tcp? "tcp":"udp",
			strerror(errno)));

		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "xfrd: could not bind source address:port to "
		     "socket: %s", strerror(errno));
		/* try another */
		ifc = ifc->next;
	}
	return ret;
}

void
xfrd_tsig_sign_request(buffer_type* packet, tsig_record_type* tsig,
	struct acl_options* acl)
{
	tsig_algorithm_type* algo;
	assert(acl->key_options && acl->key_options->tsig_key);
	algo = tsig_get_algorithm_by_name(acl->key_options->algorithm);
	if(!algo) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tsig unknown algorithm %s",
			acl->key_options->algorithm);
		return;
	}
	assert(algo);
	tsig_init_record(tsig, algo, acl->key_options->tsig_key);
	tsig_init_query(tsig, ID(packet));
	tsig_prepare(tsig);
	tsig_update(tsig, packet, buffer_position(packet));
	tsig_sign(tsig);
	tsig_append_rr(tsig, packet);
	ARCOUNT_SET(packet, ARCOUNT(packet) + 1);
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "appending tsig to packet"));
	/* prepare for validating tsigs */
	tsig_prepare(tsig);
}

static int
xfrd_send_ixfr_request_udp(xfrd_zone_type* zone)
{
	int fd;

	/* make sure we have a master to query the ixfr request to */
	assert(zone->master);

	if(zone->tcp_conn != -1) {
		/* tcp is using the zone_handler.fd */
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: %s tried to send udp whilst tcp engaged",
			zone->apex_str);
		return -1;
	}
	xfrd_setup_packet(xfrd->packet, TYPE_IXFR, CLASS_IN, zone->apex,
		qid_generate());
	zone->query_id = ID(xfrd->packet);
	xfrd_prepare_zone_xfr(zone, TYPE_IXFR);
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "sent query with ID %d", zone->query_id));
        NSCOUNT_SET(xfrd->packet, 1);
	xfrd_write_soa_buffer(xfrd->packet, zone->apex, &zone->soa_disk);
	/* if we have tsig keys, sign the ixfr query */
	if(zone->master->key_options && zone->master->key_options->tsig_key) {
		xfrd_tsig_sign_request(
			xfrd->packet, &zone->latest_xfr->tsig, zone->master);
	}
	buffer_flip(xfrd->packet);
	xfrd_set_timer(zone, XFRD_UDP_TIMEOUT);

	if((fd = xfrd_send_udp(zone->master, xfrd->packet,
		zone->zone_options->pattern->outgoing_interface)) == -1)
		return -1;

	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
		"xfrd sent udp request for ixfr=%u for zone %s to %s",
		(unsigned)ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial),
		zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
	return fd;
}

static int xfrd_parse_soa_info(buffer_type* packet, xfrd_soa_type* soa)
{
	if(!buffer_available(packet, 10))
		return 0;
	soa->type = htons(buffer_read_u16(packet));
	soa->klass = htons(buffer_read_u16(packet));
	soa->ttl = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
	if(ntohs(soa->type) != TYPE_SOA || ntohs(soa->klass) != CLASS_IN)
	{
		return 0;
	}

	if(!buffer_available(packet, buffer_read_u16(packet)) /* rdata length */ ||
		!(soa->prim_ns[0] = dname_make_wire_from_packet(soa->prim_ns+1, packet, 1)) ||
		!(soa->email[0] = dname_make_wire_from_packet(soa->email+1, packet, 1)))
	{
		return 0;
	}
	soa->rdata_count = 7; /* rdata in SOA */
	soa->serial = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
	soa->refresh = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
	soa->retry = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
	soa->expire = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
	soa->minimum = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));

	return 1;
}


/*
 * Check the RRs in an IXFR/AXFR reply.
 * returns 0 on error, 1 on correct parseable packet.
 * done = 1 if the last SOA in an IXFR/AXFR has been seen.
 * soa then contains that soa info.
 * (soa contents is modified by the routine)
 */
static int
xfrd_xfr_check_rrs(xfrd_zone_type* zone, buffer_type* packet, size_t count,
	int *done, xfrd_soa_type* soa, region_type* temp)
{
	/* first RR has already been checked */
	uint32_t tmp_serial = 0;
	uint16_t type, rrlen;
	size_t i, soapos, mempos;
	const dname_type* dname;
	domain_table_type* owners;
	rdata_atom_type* rdatas;

	for(i=0; i<count; ++i,++zone->latest_xfr->msg_rr_count)
	{
		if (*done) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr has "
				"trailing garbage", zone->apex_str));
			return 0;
		}
		region_free_all(temp);
		owners = domain_table_create(temp);
		/* check the dname for errors */
		dname = dname_make_from_packet(temp, packet, 1, 1);
		if(!dname) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr unable "
				"to parse owner name", zone->apex_str));
			return 0;
		}
		if(!buffer_available(packet, 10)) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr hdr "
				"too small", zone->apex_str));
			return 0;
		}
		soapos = buffer_position(packet);
		type = buffer_read_u16(packet);
		(void)buffer_read_u16(packet); /* class */
		(void)buffer_read_u32(packet); /* ttl */
		rrlen = buffer_read_u16(packet);
		if(!buffer_available(packet, rrlen)) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr pkt "
				"too small", zone->apex_str));
			return 0;
		}
		mempos = buffer_position(packet);
		if(rdata_wireformat_to_rdata_atoms(temp, owners, type, rrlen,
			packet, &rdatas) == -1) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr unable "
				"to parse rdata", zone->apex_str));
			return 0;
		}
		if(type == TYPE_SOA) {
			/* check the SOAs */
			buffer_set_position(packet, soapos);
			if(!xfrd_parse_soa_info(packet, soa)) {
				DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr "
					"unable to parse soainfo", zone->apex_str));
				return 0;
			}
			if(zone->latest_xfr->msg_rr_count == 1 &&
				ntohl(soa->serial) != zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial) {
				/* 2nd RR is SOA with lower serial, this is an IXFR */
				zone->latest_xfr->msg_is_ixfr = 1;
				if(!zone->soa_disk_acquired) {
					DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr "
						"got ixfr but need axfr", zone->apex_str));
					return 0; /* got IXFR but need AXFR */
				}
				if(ntohl(soa->serial) != ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial)) {
					DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr "
						"bad start serial", zone->apex_str));
					return 0; /* bad start serial in IXFR */
				}
				zone->latest_xfr->msg_old_serial = ntohl(soa->serial);
				tmp_serial = ntohl(soa->serial);
			}
			else if(ntohl(soa->serial) == zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial) {
				/* saw another SOA of new serial. */
				if(zone->latest_xfr->msg_is_ixfr == 1) {
					zone->latest_xfr->msg_is_ixfr = 2; /* seen middle SOA in ixfr */
				} else {
					/* 2nd SOA for AXFR or 3rd newSOA for IXFR */
					*done = 1;
				}
			}
			else if (zone->latest_xfr->msg_is_ixfr) {
				/* some additional checks */
				if(ntohl(soa->serial) > zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial) {
					DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr "
						"bad middle serial", zone->apex_str));
					return 0; /* bad middle serial in IXFR */
				}
				if(ntohl(soa->serial) < tmp_serial) {
					DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s xfr "
						"serial decreasing not allowed", zone->apex_str));
					return 0; /* middle serial decreases in IXFR */
				}
				/* serial ok, update tmp serial */
				tmp_serial = ntohl(soa->serial);
			}
		}
		buffer_set_position(packet, mempos);
		buffer_skip(packet, rrlen);
	}
	/* packet seems to have a valid DNS RR structure */
	return 1;
}

static int
xfrd_xfr_process_tsig(xfrd_zone_type* zone, buffer_type* packet)
{
	int have_tsig = 0;
	assert(zone && zone->master && zone->master->key_options
		&& zone->master->key_options->tsig_key && packet);
	if(!tsig_find_rr(&zone->latest_xfr->tsig, packet)) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: malformed tsig RR",
			zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec);
		return 0;
	}
	if(zone->latest_xfr->tsig.status == TSIG_OK) {
		have_tsig = 1;
		if (zone->latest_xfr->tsig.error_code != TSIG_ERROR_NOERROR) {
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: tsig error "
				"(%s)", zone->apex_str,
				zone->master->ip_address_spec,
				tsig_error(zone->latest_xfr->tsig.error_code));
		}
	}
	if(have_tsig) {
		/* strip the TSIG resource record off... */
		buffer_set_limit(packet, zone->latest_xfr->tsig.position);
		ARCOUNT_SET(packet, ARCOUNT(packet) - 1);
	}

	/* keep running the TSIG hash */
	tsig_update(&zone->latest_xfr->tsig, packet, buffer_limit(packet));
	if(have_tsig) {
		if (!tsig_verify(&zone->latest_xfr->tsig)) {
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: bad tsig signature",
				zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec);
			return 0;
		}
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: good tsig signature",
			zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
		/* prepare for next tsigs */
		tsig_prepare(&zone->latest_xfr->tsig);
	}
	else if(zone->latest_xfr->tsig.updates_since_last_prepare > XFRD_TSIG_MAX_UNSIGNED) {
		/* we allow a number of non-tsig signed packets */
		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: too many consecutive "
			"packets without TSIG", zone->apex_str,
			zone->master->ip_address_spec);
		return 0;
	}

	if(!have_tsig && zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr == 0) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: no tsig in first packet of reply",
			zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec);
		return 0;
	}
	return 1;
}

/* parse the received packet. returns xfrd packet result code. */
static enum xfrd_packet_result
xfrd_parse_received_xfr_packet(xfrd_zone_type* zone, buffer_type* packet,
	xfrd_soa_type* soa)
{
	size_t rr_count;
	size_t qdcount = QDCOUNT(packet);
	size_t ancount = ANCOUNT(packet), ancount_todo;
	size_t nscount = NSCOUNT(packet);
	int done = 0;
	region_type* tempregion = NULL;
	assert(zone->master);

	/* has to be axfr / ixfr reply */
	if(!buffer_available(packet, QHEADERSZ)) {
		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "packet too small");
		return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}

	/* only check ID in first response message. Could also check that
	 * AA bit and QR bit are set, but not needed.
	 */
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO,
		"got query with ID %d and %d needed", ID(packet), zone->query_id));
	if(ID(packet) != zone->query_id) {
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s received bad query id from %s, "
				 "dropped",
			zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec);
		return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}
	/* check RCODE in all response messages */
	if(RCODE(packet) != RCODE_OK) {
		/* for IXFR failures, do not log unless higher verbosity */
		if(!(verbosity < 3 && (RCODE(packet) == RCODE_IMPL ||
			RCODE(packet) == RCODE_FORMAT) &&
			!zone->master->ixfr_disabled &&
			!zone->master->use_axfr_only)) {
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s received error code %s from "
				 	"%s",
				zone->apex_str, rcode2str(RCODE(packet)),
				zone->master->ip_address_spec);
		}
		if (RCODE(packet) == RCODE_IMPL ||
			RCODE(packet) == RCODE_FORMAT) {
			return xfrd_packet_notimpl;
		}
		if (RCODE(packet) != RCODE_NOTAUTH) {
			/* RFC 2845: If NOTAUTH, client should do TSIG checking */
			return xfrd_packet_drop;
		}
	}
	/* check TSIG */
	if(zone->master->key_options) {
		if(!xfrd_xfr_process_tsig(zone, packet)) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "dropping xfr reply due "
				"to bad TSIG"));
			return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}
	}
	if (RCODE(packet) == RCODE_NOTAUTH) {
		return xfrd_packet_drop;
	}

	buffer_skip(packet, QHEADERSZ);
	if(qdcount > 64 || ancount > 65530 || nscount > 65530) {
		/* 0 or 1 question section rr, and 64k limits other counts */
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "dropping xfr reply, impossibly "
			"high record count"));
		return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}

	/* skip question section */
	for(rr_count = 0; rr_count < qdcount; ++rr_count) {
		if (!packet_skip_rr(packet, 1)) {
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: bad RR in "
					 		 "question section",
				zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec);
			return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}
	}
	if(zone->latest_xfr->msg_rr_count == 0 && ancount == 0) {
		if(zone->tcp_conn == -1 && TC(packet)) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: TC flagged"));
			return xfrd_packet_tcp;
		}
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: too short xfr packet: no "
					       			   "answer"));
		/* if IXFR is unknown, fallback to AXFR (if allowed) */
		if (nscount == 1) {
			if(!packet_skip_dname(packet) || !xfrd_parse_soa_info(packet, soa)) {
				DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: "
					"no SOA begins authority section",
					zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
				return xfrd_packet_bad;
			}
			return xfrd_packet_notimpl;
		}
		return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}
	ancount_todo = ancount;

	tempregion = region_create(xalloc, free);
	if(zone->latest_xfr->msg_rr_count == 0) {
		const dname_type* soaname = dname_make_from_packet(tempregion,
			packet, 1, 1);
		if(!soaname) { /* parse failure */
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: "
				"parse error in SOA record",
				zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
			region_destroy(tempregion);
			return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}
		if(dname_compare(soaname, zone->apex) != 0) { /* wrong name */
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: "
				"wrong SOA record",
				zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
			region_destroy(tempregion);
			return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}

		/* parse the first RR, see if it is a SOA */
		if(!xfrd_parse_soa_info(packet, soa))
		{
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s, from %s: "
						      "bad SOA rdata",
				zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
			region_destroy(tempregion);
			return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}
		if(zone->soa_disk_acquired != 0 &&
			zone->state != xfrd_zone_expired /* if expired - accept anything */ &&
			compare_serial(ntohl(soa->serial), ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial)) < 0) {
                        DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
                                "xfrd: zone %s ignoring old serial (%u/%u) from %s",
                                zone->apex_str, ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial), ntohl(soa->serial), zone->master->ip_address_spec));
                        VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO,
                                "xfrd: zone %s ignoring old serial (%u/%u) from %s",
                                zone->apex_str, ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial), ntohl(soa->serial), zone->master->ip_address_spec));
			region_destroy(tempregion);
			return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}
		if(zone->soa_disk_acquired != 0 && zone->soa_disk.serial == soa->serial) {
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s got "
						       "update indicating "
						       "current serial",
				zone->apex_str));
			/* (even if notified) the lease on the current soa is renewed */
			zone->soa_disk_acquired = xfrd_time();
			if(zone->soa_nsd.serial == soa->serial)
				zone->soa_nsd_acquired = xfrd_time();
			xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_ok);
 			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s is ok",
				zone->apex_str));
			if(zone->zone_options->pattern->multi_master_check) {
				region_destroy(tempregion);
				return xfrd_packet_drop;
			}
			if(zone->soa_notified_acquired == 0) {
				/* not notified or anything, so stop asking around */
				zone->round_num = -1; /* next try start a new round */
				xfrd_set_timer_refresh(zone);
				region_destroy(tempregion);
				return xfrd_packet_newlease;
			}
			/* try next master */
			region_destroy(tempregion);
			return xfrd_packet_drop;
		}
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "IXFR reply has ok serial (have \
%u, reply %u).", (unsigned)zone->soa_disk_acquired ? ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial) : 0, (unsigned)ntohl(soa->serial)));
		/* serial is newer than soa_disk */
		if(ancount == 1) {
			/* single record means it is like a notify */
			(void)xfrd_handle_incoming_notify(zone, soa);
		}
		else if(zone->soa_notified_acquired && zone->soa_notified.serial &&
			compare_serial(ntohl(zone->soa_notified.serial), ntohl(soa->serial)) < 0) {
			/* this AXFR/IXFR notifies me that an even newer serial exists */
			zone->soa_notified.serial = soa->serial;
		}
		zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial = ntohl(soa->serial);
		zone->latest_xfr->msg_rr_count = 1;
		zone->latest_xfr->msg_is_ixfr = 0;
		if(zone->soa_disk_acquired)
			zone->latest_xfr->msg_old_serial = ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial);
		else zone->latest_xfr->msg_old_serial = 0;
		ancount_todo = ancount - 1;
	}

	if(zone->tcp_conn == -1 && TC(packet)) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
			"xfrd: zone %s received TC from %s. retry tcp.",
			zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec));
		region_destroy(tempregion);
		return xfrd_packet_tcp;
	}

	if(zone->tcp_conn == -1 && ancount < 2) {
		/* too short to be a real ixfr/axfr data transfer: need at */
		/* least two RRs in the answer section. */
		/* The serial is newer, so try tcp to this master. */
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: udp reply is short. Try "
					       			   "tcp anyway."));
		region_destroy(tempregion);
		return xfrd_packet_tcp;
	}

	if(!xfrd_xfr_check_rrs(zone, packet, ancount_todo, &done, soa,
		tempregion))
	{
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s sent bad xfr "
					       			   "reply.", zone->apex_str));
		region_destroy(tempregion);
		return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}
	region_destroy(tempregion);
	if(zone->tcp_conn == -1 && done == 0) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: udp reply incomplete"));
		return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}
	if(done == 0)
		return xfrd_packet_more;
	if(zone->master->key_options) {
		if(zone->latest_xfr->tsig.updates_since_last_prepare != 0) {
			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "xfrd: last packet of reply has no "
					 		  "TSIG");
			return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}
	}
	return xfrd_packet_transfer;
}

const char*
xfrd_pretty_time(time_t v)
{
	struct tm* tm = localtime(&v);
	static char buf[64];
	if(!strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", tm))
		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "strftime-err-%u", (unsigned)v);
	return buf;
}

static void
xfrd_free_zone_xfr(xfrd_zone_type *zone, xfrd_xfr_type *xfr)
{
	if(xfr == zone->latest_xfr) {
		assert(xfr->next == NULL);
		if((zone->latest_xfr = xfr->prev) != NULL)
			zone->latest_xfr->next = NULL;
	} else {
		if(xfr->next != NULL)
			xfr->next->prev = xfr->prev;
		if(xfr->prev != NULL)
			xfr->prev->next = xfr->next;
	}
	tsig_delete_record(&xfr->tsig, xfrd->region);
	region_recycle(xfrd->region, xfr, sizeof(*xfr));
}

void
xfrd_delete_zone_xfr(xfrd_zone_type *zone, xfrd_xfr_type *xfr)
{
	if(xfr->acquired != 0 || xfr->msg_seq_nr != 0) {
		xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(xfrd->nsd, xfr->xfrfilenumber);
	}
	xfrd_free_zone_xfr(zone, xfr);
}

xfrd_xfr_type *
xfrd_prepare_zone_xfr(xfrd_zone_type *zone, uint16_t query_type)
{
	xfrd_xfr_type *xfr;

	/* old transfer needs to be removed still? */
	if(zone->latest_xfr != NULL && !zone->latest_xfr->acquired) {
		xfrd_delete_zone_xfr(zone, zone->latest_xfr);
	}

	xfr = region_alloc_zero(xfrd->region, sizeof(*xfr));
	if((xfr->prev = zone->latest_xfr) != NULL) {
		xfr->prev->next = xfr;
	}
	tsig_create_record_custom(&xfr->tsig, NULL, 0, 0, 4);
	zone->latest_xfr = xfr;
	xfr->query_type = query_type;

	return xfr;
}

enum xfrd_packet_result
xfrd_handle_received_xfr_packet(xfrd_zone_type* zone, buffer_type* packet)
{
	xfrd_soa_type soa;
	enum xfrd_packet_result res;
        uint64_t xfrfile_size;

	/* parse and check the packet - see if it ends the xfr */
	switch((res=xfrd_parse_received_xfr_packet(zone, packet, &soa)))
	{
		case xfrd_packet_more:
		case xfrd_packet_transfer:
			/* continue with commit */
			break;
		case xfrd_packet_newlease:
			return xfrd_packet_newlease;
		case xfrd_packet_tcp:
			return xfrd_packet_tcp;
		case xfrd_packet_notimpl:
		case xfrd_packet_bad:
		case xfrd_packet_drop:
		default:
		{
			/* rollback */
			if(zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr > 0) {
				/* do not process xfr - if only one part simply ignore it. */
				/* delete file with previous parts of commit */
				xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(xfrd->nsd, zone->latest_xfr->xfrfilenumber);
				VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s "
					"reverted transfer %u from %s",
					zone->apex_str, zone->latest_xfr->msg_rr_count?
					(int)zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial:0,
					zone->master->ip_address_spec));
				zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr = 0;
			} else if (res == xfrd_packet_bad) {
				VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s "
					"bad transfer %u from %s",
					zone->apex_str, zone->latest_xfr->msg_rr_count?
					(int)zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial:0,
					zone->master->ip_address_spec));
			}
			if (res == xfrd_packet_notimpl
				&& zone->latest_xfr
				&& zone->latest_xfr->query_type == TYPE_IXFR)
				return res;
			else
				return xfrd_packet_bad;
		}
	}

	/* dump reply on disk to diff file */
	/* if first part, get new filenumber.  Numbers can wrap around, 64bit
	 * is enough so we do not collide with older-transfers-in-progress */
	if(zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr == 0)
		zone->latest_xfr->xfrfilenumber = xfrd->xfrfilenumber++;
	diff_write_packet(dname_to_string(zone->apex,0),
		zone->zone_options->pattern->pname,
		zone->latest_xfr->msg_old_serial,
		zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial,
		zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr,
		buffer_begin(packet), buffer_limit(packet), xfrd->nsd,
		zone->latest_xfr->xfrfilenumber);
	VERBOSITY(3, (LOG_INFO,
		"xfrd: zone %s written received XFR packet from %s with serial %u to "
		"disk", zone->apex_str, zone->master->ip_address_spec,
		(int)zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial));
	zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr++;

	xfrfile_size = xfrd_get_xfrfile_size(
		xfrd->nsd, zone->latest_xfr->xfrfilenumber);
	if( zone->zone_options->pattern->size_limit_xfr != 0 &&
	    xfrfile_size > zone->zone_options->pattern->size_limit_xfr ) {
            /*	    xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(xfrd->nsd, zone->xfrfilenumber);
                    xfrd_set_reload_timeout(); */
            log_msg(LOG_INFO, "xfrd : transferred zone data was too large %llu", (long long unsigned)xfrfile_size);
	    return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}
	if(res == xfrd_packet_more) {
		/* wait for more */
		return xfrd_packet_more;
	}

	/* done. we are completely sure of this */
	buffer_clear(packet);
	buffer_printf(packet, "received update to serial %u at %s from %s",
		(unsigned)zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial, xfrd_pretty_time(xfrd_time()),
		zone->master->ip_address_spec);
	if(zone->master->key_options) {
		buffer_printf(packet, " TSIG verified with key %s",
			zone->master->key_options->name);
	}
	buffer_flip(packet);
	diff_write_commit(zone->apex_str, zone->latest_xfr->msg_old_serial,
		zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial, zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr, 1,
		(char*)buffer_begin(packet), xfrd->nsd, zone->latest_xfr->xfrfilenumber);
	VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s committed \"%s\"",
		zone->apex_str, (char*)buffer_begin(packet)));
	/* now put apply_xfr task on the tasklist if no reload in progress */
	if(xfrd->can_send_reload &&
		task_new_apply_xfr(
			xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
			xfrd->last_task,
			zone->apex,
			zone->latest_xfr->msg_old_serial,
			zone->latest_xfr->msg_new_serial,
			zone->latest_xfr->xfrfilenumber))
	{
		zone->latest_xfr->sent = xfrd->nsd->mytask + 1;
	}
	/* reset msg seq nr, so if that is nonnull we know xfr file exists */
	zone->latest_xfr->msg_seq_nr = 0;
	/* update the disk serial no. */
	zone->soa_disk_acquired = zone->latest_xfr->acquired = xfrd_time();
	zone->soa_disk = soa;
	if(zone->soa_notified_acquired && (
		zone->soa_notified.serial == 0 ||
		compare_serial(htonl(zone->soa_disk.serial),
		htonl(zone->soa_notified.serial)) >= 0))
	{
		zone->soa_notified_acquired = 0;
	}
	if(!zone->soa_notified_acquired) {
		/* do not set expired zone to ok:
		 * it would cause nsd to start answering
		 * bad data, since the zone is not loaded yet.
		 * if nsd does not reload < retry time, more
		 * queries (for even newer versions) are made.
		 * For expired zone after reload it is set ok (SOAINFO ipc). */
		if(zone->state != xfrd_zone_expired)
			xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_ok);
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
			"xfrd: zone %s is waiting for reload",
			zone->apex_str));
		if(zone->zone_options->pattern->multi_master_check) {
			zone->multi_master_update_check = zone->master_num;
			xfrd_set_reload_timeout();
			return xfrd_packet_transfer;
		}
		zone->round_num = -1; /* next try start anew */
		xfrd_set_timer_refresh(zone);
		xfrd_set_reload_timeout();
		return xfrd_packet_transfer;
	} else {
		/* try to get an even newer serial */
		/* pretend it was bad to continue queries */
		xfrd_set_reload_timeout();
		return xfrd_packet_bad;
	}
}

static void
xfrd_set_reload_timeout()
{
	if(xfrd->nsd->options->xfrd_reload_timeout == -1)
		return; /* automatic reload disabled. */
	if(xfrd->reload_timeout.tv_sec == 0 ||
		xfrd_time() >= (time_t)xfrd->reload_timeout.tv_sec ) {
		/* no reload wait period (or it passed), do it right away */
		xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
		/* start reload wait period */
		xfrd->reload_timeout.tv_sec = xfrd_time() +
			xfrd->nsd->options->xfrd_reload_timeout;
		xfrd->reload_timeout.tv_usec = 0;
		return;
	}
	/* cannot reload now, set that after the timeout a reload has to happen */
	if(xfrd->reload_added == 0) {
		struct timeval tv;
		tv.tv_sec = xfrd->reload_timeout.tv_sec - xfrd_time();
		tv.tv_usec = 0;
		if(tv.tv_sec > xfrd->nsd->options->xfrd_reload_timeout)
			tv.tv_sec = xfrd->nsd->options->xfrd_reload_timeout;
		memset(&xfrd->reload_handler, 0, sizeof(xfrd->reload_handler));
		event_set(&xfrd->reload_handler, -1, EV_TIMEOUT,
			xfrd_handle_reload, xfrd);
		if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &xfrd->reload_handler) != 0)
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot set reload event base");
		if(event_add(&xfrd->reload_handler, &tv) != 0)
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot add reload event");
		xfrd->reload_added = 1;
	}
}

static void
xfrd_handle_reload(int ATTR_UNUSED(fd), short event, void* ATTR_UNUSED(arg))
{
	/* reload timeout */
	assert(event & EV_TIMEOUT);
	(void)event;
	/* timeout wait period after this request is sent */
	xfrd->reload_added = 0;
	xfrd->reload_timeout.tv_sec = xfrd_time() +
		xfrd->nsd->options->xfrd_reload_timeout;
	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
}

void
xfrd_handle_notify_and_start_xfr(xfrd_zone_type* zone, xfrd_soa_type* soa)
{
	if(xfrd_handle_incoming_notify(zone, soa)) {
		if(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd == -1 && zone->tcp_conn == -1 &&
			!zone->tcp_waiting && !zone->udp_waiting) {
			xfrd_set_refresh_now(zone);
		}
		/* zones with no content start expbackoff again; this is also
		 * for nsd-control started transfer commands, and also when
		 * the master apparently sends notifies (is back up) */
		if(zone->soa_disk_acquired == 0)
			zone->fresh_xfr_timeout = XFRD_TRANSFER_TIMEOUT_START;
	}
}

void
xfrd_handle_passed_packet(buffer_type* packet,
	int acl_num, int acl_num_xfr)
{
	uint8_t qnamebuf[MAXDOMAINLEN];
	uint16_t qtype, qclass;
	const dname_type* dname;
	region_type* tempregion = region_create(xalloc, free);
	xfrd_zone_type* zone;

	buffer_skip(packet, QHEADERSZ);
	if(!packet_read_query_section(packet, qnamebuf, &qtype, &qclass)) {
		region_destroy(tempregion);
		return; /* drop bad packet */
	}

	dname = dname_make(tempregion, qnamebuf, 1);
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: got passed packet for %s, acl "
		   "%d", dname_to_string(dname,0), acl_num));

	/* find the zone */
	zone = (xfrd_zone_type*)rbtree_search(xfrd->zones, dname);
	if(!zone) {
		/* this could be because the zone has been deleted meanwhile */
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD, 1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: incoming packet for "
			"unknown zone %s", dname_to_string(dname,0)));
		region_destroy(tempregion);
		return; /* drop packet for unknown zone */
	}
	region_destroy(tempregion);

	/* handle */
	if(OPCODE(packet) == OPCODE_NOTIFY) {
		xfrd_soa_type soa;
		int have_soa = 0;
		int next;
		/* get serial from a SOA */
		if(ANCOUNT(packet) == 1 && packet_skip_dname(packet) &&
			xfrd_parse_soa_info(packet, &soa)) {
				have_soa = 1;
		}
		xfrd_handle_notify_and_start_xfr(zone, have_soa?&soa:NULL);
		/* First, see if our notifier has a match in provide-xfr */
		if (acl_find_num(zone->zone_options->pattern->request_xfr,
				acl_num_xfr))
			next = acl_num_xfr;
		else /* If not, find master that matches notifiers ACL entry */
			next = find_same_master_notify(zone, acl_num);
		if(next != -1) {
			zone->next_master = next;
			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
				"xfrd: notify set next master to query %d",
				next));
		}
	}
	else {
		/* ignore other types of messages */
	}
}

static int
xfrd_handle_incoming_notify(xfrd_zone_type* zone, xfrd_soa_type* soa)
{
	if(soa && zone->soa_disk_acquired && zone->state != xfrd_zone_expired &&
	   compare_serial(ntohl(soa->serial),ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial)) <= 0)
	{
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
			"xfrd: ignored notify %s %u old serial, zone valid "
			"(soa disk serial %u)", zone->apex_str,
			(unsigned)ntohl(soa->serial),
			(unsigned)ntohl(zone->soa_disk.serial)));
		return 0; /* ignore notify with old serial, we have a valid zone */
	}
	if(soa == 0) {
		zone->soa_notified.serial = 0;
	}
	else if (zone->soa_notified_acquired == 0 ||
		 zone->soa_notified.serial == 0 ||
		 compare_serial(ntohl(soa->serial),
			ntohl(zone->soa_notified.serial)) > 0)
	{
		zone->soa_notified = *soa;
	}
	zone->soa_notified_acquired = xfrd_time();
	if(zone->state == xfrd_zone_ok) {
		xfrd_set_zone_state(zone, xfrd_zone_refreshing);
	}
	/* transfer right away */
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "Handle incoming notify for zone %s",
		zone->apex_str));
	return 1;
}

static int
find_same_master_notify(xfrd_zone_type* zone, int acl_num_nfy)
{
	struct acl_options* nfy_acl = acl_find_num(zone->zone_options->pattern->
		allow_notify, acl_num_nfy);
	int num = 0;
	struct acl_options* master = zone->zone_options->pattern->request_xfr;
	if(!nfy_acl)
		return -1;
	while(master)
	{
		if(acl_addr_matches_host(nfy_acl, master))
			return num;
		master = master->next;
		num++;
	}
	return -1;
}

void
xfrd_check_failed_updates(void)
{
	/* see if updates have not come through */
	xfrd_zone_type* zone;
	xfrd_xfr_type* xfr;
	xfrd_xfr_type* prev_xfr;
	uint8_t sent = (xfrd->nsd->mytask == 0) + 1;
	RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_type*, xfrd->zones)
	{
		/* skip zones without updates */
		if(!zone->latest_xfr)
			continue;
		xfr = zone->latest_xfr;
		while(!xfr->sent && xfr->prev) {
			xfr = xfr->prev;
		}

		/* zone has sent update and no (or different) nsd soa, the
		   update must be corrupt */
		if(xfr->sent == sent &&
			(zone->soa_nsd_acquired == 0 ||
			 zone->soa_nsd.serial != htonl(xfr->msg_new_serial)))
		{
			xfrd_soa_type soa;
			soa.serial = htonl(xfr->msg_new_serial);
			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s: soa serial %u update "
			                 "failed, restarting transfer "
			                 "(notified zone)",
			                 zone->apex_str, xfr->msg_new_serial);
			/* revert the soa; it has not been acquired properly */
			if(xfr->acquired == zone->soa_nsd_acquired) {
				/* this was the same as served,
				 * perform force_axfr , re-download
				 * same serial from master */
				zone->soa_disk_acquired = 0;
				zone->soa_nsd_acquired = 0;
			} else {
				/* revert soa to the one in server */
				zone->soa_disk_acquired = zone->soa_nsd_acquired;
				zone->soa_disk = zone->soa_nsd;
			}
			/* fabricate soa and trigger notify to refetch and
			 * reload update */
			memset(&soa, 0, sizeof(soa));
			soa.serial = htonl(xfr->msg_new_serial);
			xfrd_handle_incoming_notify(zone, &soa);
			xfrd_set_timer_refresh(zone);
			/* delete all pending updates */
			for(xfr = zone->latest_xfr; xfr; xfr = prev_xfr) {
				prev_xfr = xfr->prev;
				/* skip incomplete updates */
				if(!xfr->acquired)
					continue;
				DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC, 1,
					(LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s delete "
					           "update to serial %u",
					           zone->apex_str,
					           xfr->msg_new_serial));
				xfrd_delete_zone_xfr(zone, xfr);
			}
		}
	}
}

void
xfrd_prepare_zones_for_reload(void)
{
	xfrd_zone_type* zone;
	xfrd_xfr_type* xfr;
	int reload, send;

	send = 1;
	reload = 0;
	RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_type*, xfrd->zones)
	{
		xfr = zone->latest_xfr;
		while(xfr) {
			if(!xfr->prev)
				break;
			xfr = xfr->prev;
			assert(xfr->acquired);
		}

		while(xfr && xfr->acquired) {
			/* skip updates that arrived after failed reload */
			if(xfrd->reload_cmd_first_sent && !xfr->sent)
				break;
			assert(!xfrd->reload_cmd_first_sent ||
			        xfrd->reload_cmd_first_sent >= xfr->acquired);
			if(send) {
				send = task_new_apply_xfr(
					xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
					xfrd->last_task,
					zone->apex,
					xfr->msg_old_serial,
					xfr->msg_new_serial,
					xfr->xfrfilenumber);
				if(send && !reload) {
					reload = 1;
					xfrd_set_reload_timeout();
				}
			}
			xfr->sent = send ? 1 + xfrd->nsd->mytask : 0;
			xfr = xfr->next;
		}
	}
}

struct buffer*
xfrd_get_temp_buffer()
{
	return xfrd->packet;
}

#ifdef BIND8_STATS
/** process stat info task */
static void
xfrd_process_stat_info_task(xfrd_state_type* xfrd, struct task_list_d* task)
{
	size_t i;
	stc_type* p = (void*)((char*)task->zname + sizeof(struct nsdst));
	stats_add(&xfrd->nsd->st, (struct nsdst*)task->zname);
	for(i=0; i<xfrd->nsd->child_count; i++) {
		xfrd->nsd->children[i].query_count += *p++;
	}
	/* got total, now see if users are interested in these statistics */
#ifdef HAVE_SSL
	daemon_remote_process_stats(xfrd->nsd->rc);
#endif
}
#endif /* BIND8_STATS */

#ifdef USE_ZONE_STATS
/** process zonestat inc task */
static void
xfrd_process_zonestat_inc_task(xfrd_state_type* xfrd, struct task_list_d* task)
{
	xfrd->zonestat_safe = (unsigned)task->oldserial;
	zonestat_remap(xfrd->nsd, 0, xfrd->zonestat_safe*sizeof(struct nsdst));
	xfrd->nsd->zonestatsize[0] = xfrd->zonestat_safe;
	zonestat_remap(xfrd->nsd, 1, xfrd->zonestat_safe*sizeof(struct nsdst));
	xfrd->nsd->zonestatsize[1] = xfrd->zonestat_safe;
}
#endif /* USE_ZONE_STATS */

static void
xfrd_handle_taskresult(xfrd_state_type* xfrd, struct task_list_d* task)
{
#ifndef BIND8_STATS
	(void)xfrd;
#endif
	switch(task->task_type) {
	case task_soa_info:
		xfrd_process_soa_info_task(task);
		break;
#ifdef BIND8_STATS
	case task_stat_info:
		xfrd_process_stat_info_task(xfrd, task);
		break;
#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
#ifdef USE_ZONE_STATS
	case task_zonestat_inc:
		xfrd_process_zonestat_inc_task(xfrd, task);
		break;
#endif
	default:
		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "unhandled task result in xfrd from "
			"reload type %d", (int)task->task_type);
	}
}

void xfrd_process_task_result(xfrd_state_type* xfrd, struct udb_base* taskudb)
{
	udb_ptr t;
	/* remap it for usage */
	task_remap(taskudb);
	/* process the task-results in the taskudb */
	udb_ptr_new(&t, taskudb, udb_base_get_userdata(taskudb));
	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(&t)) {
		xfrd_handle_taskresult(xfrd, TASKLIST(&t));
		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&t, taskudb, &TASKLIST(&t)->next);
	}
	udb_ptr_unlink(&t, taskudb);
	/* clear the udb so it can be used by xfrd to make new tasks for
	 * reload, this happens when the reload signal is sent, and thus
	 * the taskudbs are swapped */
	task_clear(taskudb);
#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
	sd_notify(0, "READY=1");
#endif
}

void xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd_state_type* xfrd)
{
#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEMD
	sd_notify(0, "RELOADING=1");
#endif
	xfrd->need_to_send_reload = 1;
	if(!(xfrd->ipc_handler_flags&EV_WRITE)) {
		ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_WRITE);
	}
}

static void
xfrd_handle_write_timer(int ATTR_UNUSED(fd), short event, void* ATTR_UNUSED(arg))
{
	/* timeout for write events */
	assert(event & EV_TIMEOUT);
	(void)event;
	if(xfrd->nsd->options->zonefiles_write == 0)
		return;
	/* call reload to write changed zonefiles */
	if(!xfrd->write_zonefile_needed) {
		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "zonefiles write timer (nothing)"));
		xfrd_write_timer_set();
		return;
	}
	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "zonefiles write timer"));
	task_new_write_zonefiles(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
		xfrd->last_task, NULL);
	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
	xfrd->write_zonefile_needed = 0;
	xfrd_write_timer_set();
}

static void xfrd_write_timer_set()
{
	struct timeval tv;
	if(xfrd->nsd->options->zonefiles_write == 0)
		return;
	tv.tv_sec = xfrd->nsd->options->zonefiles_write;
	tv.tv_usec = 0;
	memset(&xfrd->write_timer, 0, sizeof(xfrd->write_timer));
	event_set(&xfrd->write_timer, -1, EV_TIMEOUT,
		xfrd_handle_write_timer, xfrd);
	if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &xfrd->write_timer) != 0)
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd write timer: event_base_set failed");
	if(event_add(&xfrd->write_timer, &tv) != 0)
		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd write timer: event_add failed");
}

static void xfrd_handle_child_timer(int ATTR_UNUSED(fd), short event,
	void* ATTR_UNUSED(arg))
{
	assert(event & EV_TIMEOUT);
	(void)event;
	/* only used to wakeup the process to reap children, note the
	 * event is no longer registered */
	xfrd->child_timer_added = 0;
}