1 1.1 christos <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> 2 1.1 christos <html> 3 1.1 christos <head> 4 1.1 christos <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"> 5 1.1 christos <title>Mom -- Definitions and Terms</title> 6 1.1 christos </head> 7 1.1 christos <body bgcolor="#dfdfdf"> 8 1.1 christos 9 1.1 christos <!====================================================================> 10 1.1 christos 11 1.1 christos <a href="using.html#TOP">Next</a> 12 1.1 christos <a href="intro.html#TOP">Prev</a> 13 1.1 christos <a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a> 14 1.1 christos <p> 15 1.1 christos <a name="TOP"></a> 16 1.1 christos <a name="TERMS"> 17 1.1 christos <h1 align="center"><u>DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THIS MANUAL</u></h1> 18 1.1 christos </a> 19 1.1 christos 20 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_TYPESETTING">Typesetting Terms</a> 21 1.1 christos <br> 22 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_GROFF">Groff Terms</a> 23 1.1 christos <br> 24 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_MOM">Mom Document Processing Terms</a> 25 1.1 christos <p> 26 1.1 christos I use a number of typesetting-specific and groff-specific terms 27 1.1 christos throughout this documentation, as well as a few terms that apply 28 1.1 christos to <strong>mom</strong> herself. To make life easier, I'll explain 29 1.1 christos them here. Refer back to this section should you encounter a word 30 1.1 christos or concept you're not familiar with. 31 1.1 christos <p> 32 1.1 christos <hr> 33 1.1 christos 34 1.1 christos <a name="TERMS_TYPESETTING"> 35 1.1 christos <h2><u>Typesetting terms</u></h2> 36 1.1 christos </a> 37 1.1 christos 38 1.1 christos <ul> 39 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_ASCENDER">Ascender</a> 40 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_BASELINE">Baseline</a> 41 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_BALLOTBOX">Ballot box</a> 42 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_BULLET">Bullet</a> 43 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_CAPHEIGHT">Cap-height</a> 44 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_DESCENDER">Descender</a> 45 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN">Discretionary hyphen</a> 46 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_DROPCAP">Drop cap</a> 47 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_EM">Em/en</a> 48 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_FAMILY">Family</a> 49 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_FIGURESPACE">Figure space/Digit space</a> 50 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_FIXEDWIDTHSPACE">Fixed width space</a> 51 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_FONT">Font</a> 52 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_FORCE">Force justify</a> 53 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_JUST">Justify/justification</a> 54 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_GUTTER">Gutter</a> 55 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_KERN">Kerning</a> 56 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_KERNUNIT">Kern Units</a> 57 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_LEADING">Lead/leading</a> 58 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_LEADER">Leaders</a> 59 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_LIGATURES">Ligature</a> 60 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">Picas/Points</a> 61 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_PS">Point Size</a> 62 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_QUAD">Quad</a> 63 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_RAG">Rag</a> 64 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_SHAPE">Shape</a> 65 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_SOLID">Solid/set solid</a> 66 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_TRACKKERNING">Track kerning/Line kerning</a> 67 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_UNBREAKABLESPACE">Unbreakable space</a> 68 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_WEIGHT">Weight</a> 69 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_WORDSPACE">Word space</a> 70 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_XHEIGHT">x-height</a> 71 1.1 christos </ul> 72 1.1 christos 73 1.1 christos <dl> 74 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ASCENDER"><em>Ascender</em></a> 75 1.1 christos <dd>The portion of a letter that extends above the bowl. For example, 76 1.1 christos the letters a, c, and e have no ascenders. The letters b, d, and h 77 1.1 christos do. 78 1.1 christos 79 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BASELINE"><em>Baseline</em></a> 80 1.1 christos <dd>The imaginary line on which the bottoms of capital letters and the 81 1.1 christos bowls of lower case letters rest. 82 1.1 christos 83 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BALLOTBOX"><em>Ballot box</em></a> 84 1.1 christos <dd>An unfilled square, usually 85 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_CAPHEIGHT">cap-height</a> 86 1.1 christos in size, typically placed beside items in a checklist. 87 1.1 christos 88 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BULLET"><em>Bullet</em></a> 89 1.1 christos <dd>A small, filled circle typically found beside items or points in 90 1.1 christos a list. 91 1.1 christos 92 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_CAPHEIGHT"><em>Cap-height</em></a> 93 1.1 christos <dd>The height of the tallest capital letter in a given 94 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">font</a> 95 1.1 christos at the current 96 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a>. 97 1.1 christos 98 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DESCENDER"><em>Descender</em></a> 99 1.1 christos <dd>The portion of a letter that extends beneath the 100 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_BASELINE">baseline</a> 101 1.1 christos (j, q, y are letters with descenders). 102 1.1 christos 103 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN"><em>Discretionary hyphen</em></a> 104 1.1 christos <dd>A symbol inserted between two syllables of a word that indicates to a 105 1.1 christos typesetting program the legal hyphenation points in the word. Normally, 106 1.1 christos if hyphenation is turned on, groff knows where to hyphenate words. 107 1.1 christos However, hyphenation being what it is (in English, at any rate), 108 1.1 christos groff doesn't always get it right. Discretionary hyphens make sure 109 1.1 christos it does. In the event that the word doesn't need to be hyphenated 110 1.1 christos at all, groff leaves them alone. In groff, the discretionary hyphen is 111 1.1 christos entered with 112 1.1 christos <p> 113 1.1 christos <pre> 114 1.1 christos \% 115 1.1 christos </pre> 116 1.1 christos 117 1.1 christos (backslash followed by a percent). 118 1.1 christos 119 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DROPCAP"><em>Drop cap</em></a> 120 1.1 christos <dd>A large, usually upper-case letter that introduces the first 121 1.1 christos paragraph of a document or section thereof. The top of the drop 122 1.1 christos cap usually lines up with the top of the first line of the 123 1.1 christos paragraph, and typically "drops" several lines lower. 124 1.1 christos Text adjacent to the drop cap is indented to the right of the 125 1.1 christos letter until the bottom of the drop cap is reached, at which 126 1.1 christos point text reverts to the left margin. 127 1.1 christos 128 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_EM"><em>Em/en</em></a> 129 1.1 christos <dd>An em is a relative measurement equal to the width of the 130 1.1 christos letter M at a given 131 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a> 132 1.1 christos in a given 133 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">font</a>. 134 1.1 christos Since most Ms are designed square, an em is usually (but sometimes 135 1.1 christos erroneously) considered to be the same size as the current point 136 1.1 christos size (i.e. if the point size of the type is 12, one em equals 12 137 1.1 christos points). An en is equal to the width of a letter N (historically 138 1.1 christos 2/3 of an em, although groff treats an en as 1/2 of an em). 139 1.1 christos Typically, ems and ens are used to measure indents, or to define the 140 1.1 christos length of dashes (long hyphens). 141 1.1 christos 142 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FAMILY"><em>Family</em></a> 143 1.1 christos <dd>The collective name by which a collection of 144 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">fonts</a> 145 1.1 christos are known, e.g. Helvetica, Times Roman, Garamond. 146 1.1 christos 147 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FIGURESPACE"><em>Figure space/Digit space</em></a> 148 1.1 christos <dd>A 149 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FIXEDWIDTHSPACE">fixed width space</a> 150 1.1 christos that has the width of one digit. Used for aligning numerals in, 151 1.1 christos say, columns or numbered lists. In groff, the figure space is 152 1.1 christos entered with 153 1.1 christos <p> 154 1.1 christos <pre> 155 1.1 christos \0 156 1.1 christos </pre> 157 1.1 christos 158 1.1 christos (backslash followed by a zero). 159 1.1 christos 160 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FIXEDWIDTHSPACE"><em>Fixed width space</em></a> 161 1.1 christos <dd>Equal to 162 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_WORDSPACE">word space</a>, 163 1.1 christos but does not expand or contract when text is 164 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a>. 165 1.1 christos In groff, fixed width space is entered with 166 1.1 christos <p> 167 1.1 christos <pre> 168 1.1 christos \<space> 169 1.1 christos </pre> 170 1.1 christos 171 1.1 christos where <space> means "hit the spacebar on your keyboard." 172 1.1 christos 173 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FONT"><em>Font</em></a> 174 1.1 christos <dd>The specific 175 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_WEIGHT">weight</a> 176 1.1 christos and 177 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_SHAPE">shape</a> 178 1.1 christos of type within a 179 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FAMILY">family</a>, 180 1.1 christos e.g. light, medium, bold (which are weights), and roman, italic, 181 1.1 christos condensed (which are shapes). By default, groff knows of four fonts 182 1.1 christos within its default set of families: R (medium roman), I (medium 183 1.1 christos italic), B (bold roman) and BI (bold italic). 184 1.1 christos 185 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FORCE"><em>Force justify 186 1.1 christos </em></a> 187 1.1 christos <dd>Sometimes, in 188 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a> 189 1.1 christos text, a line needs to be broken short of the right margin. Force 190 1.1 christos justifying means telling a typesetting program (like groff) that you 191 1.1 christos want the line broken early AND that you want the line's word spacing 192 1.1 christos stretched to force the line flush with the right margin. 193 1.1 christos 194 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_GUTTER"><em>Gutter</em></a> 195 1.1 christos <dd>The vertical whitespace separating columns of type. 196 1.1 christos 197 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_JUST"><em>Justify/justification</em></a> 198 1.1 christos <dd>Lines of type are justified when they're flush at both the left and 199 1.1 christos right margins. Justification is the act of making both margins flush. 200 1.1 christos Some people use the terms "left justified" and "right justified" 201 1.1 christos to mean type where only the left (or right) margins align. I don't. 202 1.1 christos See 203 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quad</a>. 204 1.1 christos 205 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_KERN"><em>Kerning</em></a> 206 1.1 christos <dd>Moving pairs of letters closer together to remove excess 207 1.1 christos whitespace between them. In the days before phototypesetting, 208 1.1 christos type was set from small, rectangular blocks of wood or metal, each 209 1.1 christos block having exactly one letter. Because the edge of each block 210 1.1 christos determined the edge of each letter, certain letter combinations (TA, 211 1.1 christos for example) didn't fit together well and had to be mortised by hand 212 1.1 christos to bring them visually closer. Modern typesetting systems usually 213 1.1 christos take care of kerning automatically, but they're far from perfect. 214 1.1 christos Professional typesetters still devote a lot of time to fitting letters 215 1.1 christos and punctuation together properly. 216 1.1 christos 217 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_KERNUNIT"><em>Kern Units</em></a> 218 1.1 christos <dd>A relative distance equal to 1/36 of the current 219 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a>. 220 1.1 christos Used between individual letters 221 1.1 christos for 222 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_KERN">kerning</a>. 223 1.1 christos Different typesetting systems use different values (1/54 is 224 1.1 christos popular), and sometimes call kern units by a different name. 225 1.1 christos <p> 226 1.1 christos <strong>Experts: 227 1.1 christos <br></strong>A kern unit has nothing to do with groff 228 1.1 christos machine units. 229 1.1 christos 230 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LEADING"><em>Lead/leading</em></a> 231 1.1 christos <dd>The distance from the 232 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_BASELINE">baseline</a> 233 1.1 christos of one line of type to the line of type immediately beneath it. 234 1.1 christos Pronounced "ledding." Also called line spacing. Usually measured 235 1.1 christos in 236 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a>. 237 1.1 christos <p> 238 1.1 christos <em>In case you're interested...</em> In previous centuries, 239 1.1 christos lines of type were separated by thin strips of--you guessed 240 1.1 christos it--lead. Lines of type that had no lead between them were said to 241 1.1 christos be "set solid." Once you began separating them with strips 242 1.1 christos of lead, they were said to be "leaded", and the spacing was 243 1.1 christos expressed in terms of the number of 244 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a> 245 1.1 christos of lead. For this reason, "leading" and "line 246 1.1 christos spacing" aren't, historically speaking, synonymous. If type 247 1.1 christos was set 10 on 12, for example, the leading was 2 points, not 12. 248 1.1 christos Nowadays, however, the two terms are used interchangeably to mean 249 1.1 christos the distance from baseline to baseline. 250 1.1 christos 251 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LEADER"><em>Leaders</em></a> 252 1.1 christos <dd>Single characters used to fill lines, usually to their end. 253 1.1 christos So called because they "lead" the eye from one element 254 1.1 christos of the page to another. For example, in the following (brief) 255 1.1 christos Table of Contents, the periods (dots) are leaders. 256 1.1 christos <p> 257 1.1 christos <pre> 258 1.1 christos Foreword............... 2 259 1.1 christos Chapter 1.............. 5 260 1.1 christos Chapter 2.............. 38 261 1.1 christos Chapter 3.............. 60 262 1.1 christos </pre> 263 1.1 christos 264 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LIGATURES"><em>Ligature</em></a> 265 1.1 christos <dd>Ligatures are letters joined together to form a single character. 266 1.1 christos The commonest are fi, fl, ff, ffi and ffl. Others are ae and oe. 267 1.1 christos Occasionally, one sees an st ligature, but this is archaic and 268 1.1 christos quite rare. 269 1.1 christos 270 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PICASPOINTS"><em>Picas/Points</em></a> 271 1.1 christos <dd>There are twelve points in a pica, and six picas in an inch 272 1.1 christos (hence 72 points to the inch). In the same way that gem-dealers 273 1.1 christos have always used their own system of measurement for weight (carats), 274 1.1 christos typographers have always used their own system of measurement for type. 275 1.1 christos 276 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PS"><em>Point Size</em></a> 277 1.1 christos <dd>The nominal size of type, measured in 278 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a> 279 1.1 christos from the bottom of the longest 280 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_DESCENDER">descender</a> 281 1.1 christos to the top of the highest 282 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_ASCENDER">ascender</a>. 283 1.1 christos In reality, type is always fractionally smaller than its point size. 284 1.1 christos 285 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_QUAD"><em>Quad</em></a> 286 1.1 christos <dd>When only one margin of type is flush, lines of type are quadded in 287 1.1 christos the direction of the flush margin. Therefore, quad left means the 288 1.1 christos left margin is flush, the right isn't. Quad right means the right 289 1.1 christos margin is flush, the left isn't. Quad centre means neither the left 290 1.1 christos nor the right margin is flush; rather, lines of type are quadded on 291 1.1 christos both sides so that type appears centred on the page. 292 1.1 christos 293 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_RAG"><em>Rag</em></a> 294 1.1 christos <dd>Describes a margin that isn't flush. Rag right means the right 295 1.1 christos margin isn't flush. Rag left means the left margin isn't flush. 296 1.1 christos The expression "flush left/rag right" is sometimes used to describe 297 1.1 christos type that is 298 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quadded</a> 299 1.1 christos left. 300 1.1 christos 301 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_SHAPE"><em>Shape</em></a> 302 1.1 christos <dd>The degree of slant and/or the width of characters. 303 1.1 christos (Technically speaking, this is not a proper typesetting term; 304 1.1 christos however, it may help clarify some concepts presented in these 305 1.1 christos documents.) 306 1.1 christos <p> 307 1.1 christos Some typical shapes are: 308 1.1 christos <ul> 309 1.1 christos <li>"Roman", which has no slant, and has letterforms of 310 1.1 christos average width 311 1.1 christos <li>"Italic", which is slanted, and has letterforms 312 1.1 christos of average width 313 1.1 christos <li>"Condensed", which has no slant, but has 314 1.1 christos letterforms narrower than the average represented by Roman 315 1.1 christos <li>"Condensed Italic", which is slanted, with letterforms narrower 316 1.1 christos than average 317 1.1 christos </ul> 318 1.1 christos The term 319 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">font</a>, 320 1.1 christos as it is used in these documents, refers to a combination of 321 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_WEIGHT">weight</a> 322 1.1 christos and shape. 323 1.1 christos 324 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_SOLID"><em>Solid/set solid</em></a> 325 1.1 christos <dd>When no 326 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_LEADING">lead</a> 327 1.1 christos is added between lines of type (i.e. the 328 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a> 329 1.1 christos and linespacing are the same), the lines are said to be "set 330 1.1 christos solid." 331 1.1 christos 332 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_TRACKKERNING"><em>Track kerning/Line kerning</em></a> 333 1.1 christos <dd>Sometimes, it's advantageous to increase or decrease the amount of 334 1.1 christos space between every letter in a line by an equal (usually small) 335 1.1 christos amount, in order to fit more (or fewer) characters on the line. 336 1.1 christos The correct term is letter spacing, but track kerning and line kerning 337 1.1 christos (and sometimes, just "kerning") have come to mean the same thing. 338 1.1 christos 339 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_UNBREAKABLESPACE"><em>Unbreakable space</em></a> 340 1.1 christos <dd>Equal to 341 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_WORDSPACE">word space</a>, 342 1.1 christos however words separated by an unbreakable space will always be kept 343 1.1 christos together on the same line. Expands and contracts like word space. 344 1.1 christos Useful for proper names, which one should, whenever possible, avoid 345 1.1 christos splitting onto two lines. In groff, unbreakable space is entered 346 1.1 christos with 347 1.1 christos <p> 348 1.1 christos <pre> 349 1.1 christos \~ 350 1.1 christos </pre> 351 1.1 christos 352 1.1 christos (backslash followed by a tilde). 353 1.1 christos 354 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_WEIGHT"><em>Weight</em></a> 355 1.1 christos <dd>The thickness of the strokes of letterforms. Medium and Book 356 1.1 christos have average thicknesses and are the weights used for most of the 357 1.1 christos text in books, magazines, newspapers, etc. Light has strokes 358 1.1 christos slightly thinner than Medium or Book, but is still acceptable for 359 1.1 christos most text. Semibold, Bold, Heavy and Black all have strokes of 360 1.1 christos increasing thickness, making them suitable for heads, subheads, 361 1.1 christos headlines and the like. 362 1.1 christos 363 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_WORDSPACE"><em>Word space</em></a> 364 1.1 christos <dd>The amount of whitespace between words. When text is 365 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a>, 366 1.1 christos word space expands or contracts to make the margins flush. 367 1.1 christos 368 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_XHEIGHT"><em>x-height</em></a> 369 1.1 christos <dd>The height of a lower case letter x in a given font at a given 370 1.1 christos point size. Generally used to mean the average height of the bowl 371 1.1 christos of lower case letters. 372 1.1 christos </dl> 373 1.1 christos <p> 374 1.1 christos <hr> 375 1.1 christos 376 1.1 christos <a name="TERMS_GROFF"> 377 1.1 christos <h2><u>Groff terms</u></h2> 378 1.1 christos </a> 379 1.1 christos 380 1.1 christos <ul> 381 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_ALIAS">Alias</a> 382 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_ARGUMENTS">Arguments</a> 383 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_COMMENTLINES">Comment lines</a> 384 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_CONTROLLINES">Control Lines</a> 385 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_FILLED">Filled lines</a> 386 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_INLINES">Inline escapes</a> 387 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">Input line</a> 388 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_MACROS">Macros</a> 389 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_UNITS">Machine units</a> 390 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT">Numeric argument</a> 391 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_OUTPUTLINE">Output line</a> 392 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">Primitives</a> 393 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_STRINGARGUMENT">String Argument</a> 394 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">Unit of measure</a> 395 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_ZEROWIDTHCHARACTER">Zero-width character</a> 396 1.1 christos </ul> 397 1.1 christos <dl> 398 1.1 christos 399 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ALIAS"><em>Alias</em></a> 400 1.1 christos <dd>A 401 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macro</a> 402 1.1 christos invoked by a name different from its "official" 403 1.1 christos name. For example, the official name of the macro to change 404 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FAMILY">family</a> 405 1.1 christos is <strong>FAMILY</strong>. Its alias is 406 1.1 christos <strong>FAM</strong>. Aliases may be created for any macro (via the 407 1.1 christos <a href="goodies.html#ALIAS">ALIAS</a> 408 1.1 christos macro) provided the alias uses a name not already taken 409 1.1 christos by the <strong>mom</strong> macros or one of the groff 410 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitives</a>. 411 1.1 christos For a complete list of words or names you must not use, see the 412 1.1 christos <a href="reserved.html#RESERVED">list of reserved words</a>. 413 1.1 christos 414 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ARGUMENTS"><em>Arguments</em></a> 415 1.1 christos <dd>Parameters or information needed by a 416 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macro</a> 417 1.1 christos to do its job. For example, in the macro 418 1.1 christos <p> 419 1.1 christos <pre> 420 1.1 christos .PT_SIZE 12 421 1.1 christos </pre> 422 1.1 christos 423 1.1 christos "12" is the argument. In the macro 424 1.1 christos <p> 425 1.1 christos <pre> 426 1.1 christos .QUAD LEFT 427 1.1 christos </pre> 428 1.1 christos 429 1.1 christos LEFT is the argument. Arguments are separated from macros by spaces. 430 1.1 christos Some macros require several arguments; each is separated by a space. 431 1.1 christos 432 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_COMMENTLINES"><em>Comment Lines</em></a> 433 1.1 christos <dd><a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">Input lines</a> 434 1.1 christos introduced with the comment character 435 1.1 christos <p> 436 1.1 christos <pre> 437 1.1 christos \# 438 1.1 christos </pre> 439 1.1 christos 440 1.1 christos When processing output, groff silently ignores everything on a 441 1.1 christos line that begins with the comment character. 442 1.1 christos 443 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_CONTROLLINES"><em>Control Lines</em></a> 444 1.1 christos <dd>Instructions to groff that appear on a line by themselves, 445 1.1 christos which means that "control lines" are either 446 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macros</a> 447 1.1 christos or groff 448 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitives</a>. 449 1.1 christos Control lines begin with a period or, occasionally, an apostrophe. 450 1.1 christos 451 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FILLED"><em>Filled lines/fill mode</em></a> 452 1.1 christos <dd>Automatic 453 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justification</a> 454 1.1 christos or 455 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quadding</a>. 456 1.1 christos In fill mode, the ends of lines as they appear in your text editor 457 1.1 christos are ignored. Instead, words from adjoining 458 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">input lines</a> 459 1.1 christos are added one at a time to the output line until no more words fit. 460 1.1 christos Then, depending whether text is to be 461 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a> 462 1.1 christos or 463 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quadded</a> 464 1.1 christos (left, right, or centre), and depending on whether automatic 465 1.1 christos hyphenation is turned on, groff attempts to hyphenate the last word, 466 1.1 christos or, barring that, spreads and breaks the line (when justification 467 1.1 christos is turned on) or breaks and quads the line (when quadding is turned 468 1.1 christos on). 469 1.1 christos <p> 470 1.1 christos <a name="TERMS_NOFILL"></a> 471 1.1 christos Nofill mode (non-filled text) means that groff respects the ends 472 1.1 christos of lines as they appear in your text editor. 473 1.1 christos 474 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_INLINES"><em>Inline escapes</em></a> 475 1.1 christos <dd>Instructions issued to groff that appear as part of an 476 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">input line</a> 477 1.1 christos (as opposed to 478 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macros</a>, 479 1.1 christos which must appear on a line by themselves). Inline escapes are 480 1.1 christos always introduced by the backslash character. For example, 481 1.1 christos <p> 482 1.1 christos <pre> 483 1.1 christos A line of text with the word T\*[BU 2]oronto in it 484 1.1 christos </pre> 485 1.1 christos 486 1.1 christos contains the inline escape \*[BU 2] (which means "move the letter 487 1.1 christos 'o' 2 488 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_KERNUNIT">kern units</a> 489 1.1 christos closer to the letter 'T'"). 490 1.1 christos <p> 491 1.1 christos <strong>Mom</strong>'s inline escapes always take the form 492 1.1 christos <strong>\*[</strong><i>ESCAPE</i><strong>]</strong>, where <i>ESCAPE</i> 493 1.1 christos is composed of capital letters, sometimes followed immediately 494 1.1 christos by a digit, sometimes followed by a space and a 495 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT">numeric argument</a>. 496 1.1 christos <strong>Groff</strong>'s escapes begin with the backslash character 497 1.1 christos but typically have no star and are in lower case. For example, the 498 1.1 christos <strong>mom</strong> escapes to move forward 6 points on a line are 499 1.1 christos either 500 1.1 christos <p> 501 1.1 christos <pre> 502 1.1 christos \*[FP6] or \*[FWD 6p] 503 1.1 christos </pre> 504 1.1 christos 505 1.1 christos while the <strong>groff</strong> escape for the same thing is 506 1.1 christos <p> 507 1.1 christos <pre> 508 1.1 christos \h'6p' 509 1.1 christos </pre> 510 1.1 christos 511 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_INPUTLINE"><em>Input line</em></a> 512 1.1 christos <dd>A line of text as it appears in your text editor. 513 1.1 christos 514 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_MACROS"><em>Macros</em></a> 515 1.1 christos <dd>Instructions embedded in a document that determine how groff processes 516 1.1 christos the text for output. <strong>mom</strong>'s macros always begin with a 517 1.1 christos period, on a line by themselves, and must be typed in capital letters. 518 1.1 christos Typically, macros contain complex commands issued to groff--behind 519 1.1 christos the scenes--via groff 520 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitives</a>. 521 1.1 christos 522 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_UNITS"><em>Machine units</em></a> 523 1.1 christos <dd>A machine unit is 1/1000 of a 524 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">point</a> 525 1.1 christos when the groff device is ps. ("ps" means 526 1.1 christos "PostScript"--the default device for which groff 527 1.1 christos prepares output, and the device for which <strong>mom</strong> was 528 1.1 christos specifically designed.) 529 1.1 christos 530 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT"><em>Numeric argument</em></a> 531 1.1 christos <dd>An 532 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_ARGUMENT">argument</a> 533 1.1 christos that has the form of a digit. Numeric arguments can be built out 534 1.1 christos of arithmetic expressions using +, -, *, and / for plus, minus, 535 1.1 christos times, and divided-by respectively. If a numeric argument requires 536 1.1 christos a 537 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>, 538 1.1 christos a unit of measure must be appended to <em>every</em> digit in the 539 1.1 christos argument. For example: 540 1.1 christos <p> 541 1.1 christos <pre> 542 1.1 christos .ALD 1i-1v 543 1.1 christos </pre> 544 1.1 christos 545 1.1 christos <strong>NOTE:</strong> groff does not respect the order of operations, 546 1.1 christos but rather evaluates arithmetic expressions from left to right. 547 1.1 christos Parentheses must be used to circumvent this peculiarity. Not to 548 1.1 christos worry, though. The likelihood of more than just the occasional plus 549 1.1 christos or minus sign when using <strong>mom</strong>'s macros is slim. 550 1.1 christos 551 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_OUTPUTLINE"><em>Output line</em></a> 552 1.1 christos <dd>A line of text as it appears in output copy. 553 1.1 christos 554 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PRIMITIVES"><em>Primitives</em></a> 555 1.1 christos <dd>The two-letter, lower case instructions groff uses as its 556 1.1 christos native command language, and out of which macros are built. 557 1.1 christos 558 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_STRINGARGUMENT"><em>String Argument</em></a> 559 1.1 christos <dd>Technically, any 560 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_ARGUMENTS">argument</a> 561 1.1 christos that is not numeric. In this documentation, string argument means 562 1.1 christos an argument that requires the user to input text. For example, in 563 1.1 christos the 564 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macro</a> 565 1.1 christos <p> 566 1.1 christos <pre> 567 1.1 christos .TITLE "My Pulitzer Novel" 568 1.1 christos </pre> 569 1.1 christos 570 1.1 christos "My Pulitzer Novel" is a string argument. 571 1.1 christos <p> 572 1.1 christos Because string arguments must be enclosed by double-quotes, you can't 573 1.1 christos use double-quotes as part of the string argument. If you need 574 1.1 christos double-quotes to be part of a string argument, use the 575 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_INLINES">inline escapes</a> 576 1.1 christos <strong>\(lq</strong> and <strong>\(rq</strong> (leftquote and rightquote 577 1.1 christos respectively) in place of the double-quote character ("). 578 1.1 christos 579 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE"><em>Unit of measure</em></a> 580 1.1 christos <dd>The single letter after a 581 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT">numeric argument</a> 582 1.1 christos that tells <strong>mom</strong> what measurement scale the argument 583 1.1 christos should use. Common valid units are: 584 1.1 christos <p> 585 1.1 christos <table valign="baseline" summary="unitsofmeasure"> 586 1.1 christos <tr><td><strong>i</strong><td> = <td>inches 587 1.1 christos <tr><td><strong>p</strong><td> = <td>points 588 1.1 christos <tr><td><strong>P</strong><td> = <td>picas 589 1.1 christos <tr><td><strong>c</strong><td> = <td>centimetres 590 1.1 christos <tr><td><strong>m</strong><td> = <td>ems 591 1.1 christos <tr><td><strong>n</strong><td> = <td>ens 592 1.1 christos <tr><td><strong>v</strong><td> = <td>the current leading (line space)</td></tr> 593 1.1 christos </table> 594 1.1 christos <br> 595 1.1 christos <dd>Units of measure must come immediately after the numeric argument (i.e. 596 1.1 christos with no space between the argument and the unit of measure), like this: 597 1.1 christos <p> 598 1.1 christos <pre> 599 1.1 christos .ALD 2v 600 1.1 christos .LL 39P 601 1.1 christos .IL 1i 602 1.1 christos </pre> 603 1.1 christos 604 1.1 christos The above example advances 2 line spaces and sets the line length to 605 1.1 christos 39 picas with a left indent of 1 inch. 606 1.1 christos <p> 607 1.1 christos <strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> Most <strong>mom</strong> macros 608 1.1 christos that set the size or measure of something MUST be given a unit of 609 1.1 christos measure. <strong>mom</strong>'s macros do not have default units 610 1.1 christos of measure. There are a couple of exceptions, the most notable of 611 1.1 christos which are <strong>PT_SIZE</strong> and <strong>LS</strong>. Both use 612 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a> 613 1.1 christos as the default unit of measure, which means 614 1.1 christos you don't have to append "p" to their argument. 615 1.1 christos <p> 616 1.1 christos You can enter decimal values for any unit of measure. Different units 617 1.1 christos may be combined by adding them together (e.g. 1.5i+2m, which gives a 618 1.1 christos measure of 1-1/2 inches plus 2 ems). 619 1.1 christos <p> 620 1.1 christos <strong>NOTE:</strong> a pica is composed of 12 points, 621 1.1 christos therefore 12.5 picas is 12 picas and 6 points, not 12 picas 622 1.1 christos and 5 points. If you want 12 picas and 5 points, you have to 623 1.1 christos enter the measure as 12P+5p. 624 1.1 christos 625 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ZEROWIDTHCHARACTER"><em>Zero-width character</em></a> 626 1.1 christos <dd>The 627 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_INLINES">inline escape</a> 628 1.1 christos that allows you to print a literal period, apostrophe and, if 629 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_OUTPUTLINE">output lines</a> 630 1.1 christos are 631 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FILLED">filled</a>, 632 1.1 christos a space that falls at the beginning of an 633 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">input line</a>. 634 1.1 christos It looks like this: 635 1.1 christos <p> 636 1.1 christos <pre> 637 1.1 christos \& 638 1.1 christos </pre> 639 1.1 christos 640 1.1 christos (backslash followed by an ampersand). 641 1.1 christos <p> 642 1.1 christos Normally, groff interprets a period (or an apostrophe) at the beginning 643 1.1 christos of an input line as meaning that what follows is a 644 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_CONTROLLINES">control line</a>. 645 1.1 christos In fill modes, groff treats a space at the beginning of an input 646 1.1 christos line as meaning "start a new line and put a space at the 647 1.1 christos beginning of it." If you want groff to interpret periods and 648 1.1 christos apostrophes at the beginning of input lines literally (i.e. print 649 1.1 christos them), or spaces at the beginning of input lines as just garden 650 1.1 christos variety word spaces, you must start the line with the zero-width 651 1.1 christos character. 652 1.1 christos </dl> 653 1.1 christos <p> 654 1.1 christos <hr> 655 1.1 christos 656 1.1 christos <a name="TERMS_MOM"> 657 1.1 christos <h2><u>Mom's Document Processing Terms</u></h2> 658 1.1 christos </a> 659 1.1 christos 660 1.1 christos <ul> 661 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_BLOCKQUOTE">Blockquote</a> 662 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_CONTROLMACRO">Control macro</a> 663 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_DOCHEADER">Docheader</a> 664 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_EPIGRAPH">Epigraph</a> 665 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_FOOTER">Footer</a> 666 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_HEAD">Head</a> 667 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_HEADER">Header</a> 668 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_LINEBREAK">Linebreak</a> 669 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_PARAHEAD">Paragraph head</a> 670 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_QUOTE">Quote</a> 671 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_RUNNING">Running text</a> 672 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_SUBHEAD">Subhead</a> 673 1.1 christos <li><a href="#TERMS_TOGGLE">Toggle</a> 674 1.1 christos </ul> 675 1.1 christos <dl> 676 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BLOCKQUOTE"><em>Blockquote</em></a> 677 1.1 christos <dd>Cited material other than 678 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_QUOTE">quotes</a>. 679 1.1 christos Typically set at a smaller point size than paragraph text, indented 680 1.1 christos from the left and right margins. Blockquotes are 681 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FILLED">filled</a>. 682 1.1 christos 683 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_CONTROLMACRO"><em>Control macro</em></a> 684 1.1 christos <dd>Macros used in 685 1.1 christos <a href="docprocessing.html#DOCPROCESSING">document processing</a> 686 1.1 christos to control/alter the appearance of document elements (e.g. heads, 687 1.1 christos quotes, footnotes, 688 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_HEADER">headers</a>, 689 1.1 christos etc.). 690 1.1 christos 691 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DOCHEADER"><em>Document header/docheader</em></a> 692 1.1 christos <dd>Document information (title, subtitle, author, etc) output 693 1.1 christos at the top of page one. 694 1.1 christos 695 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_EPIGRAPH"><em>Epigraph</em></a> 696 1.1 christos <dd>A short, usually cited passage that appears at the 697 1.1 christos beginning of a chapter, story, or other document. 698 1.1 christos 699 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FOOTER"><em>Footer/page footer</em></a> 700 1.1 christos <dd>Document information (frequently author and title) output in 701 1.1 christos the bottom margin of pages <em>after</em> page one. Not to be 702 1.1 christos confused with footnotes, which are considered part of 703 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_RUNNING">running text</a>. 704 1.1 christos 705 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_HEAD"><em>Head</em></a> 706 1.1 christos <dd>A title that introduces a major section of a document. 707 1.1 christos 708 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_HEADER"><em>Header/page header</em></a> 709 1.1 christos <dd>Document information (frequently author and title) output in 710 1.1 christos the top margin of pages <em>after</em> page one. 711 1.1 christos <p> 712 1.1 christos <strong>NOTE:</strong> In terms of content and style, headers and 713 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FOOTER">footers</a> 714 1.1 christos are the same; they differ only in their placement on the page. In 715 1.1 christos most places in this documentation, references to the content or 716 1.1 christos style of headers applies equally to footers. 717 1.1 christos 718 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LINEBREAK"><em>Linebreak/author linebreak</em></a> 719 1.1 christos <dd>A horizontal gap in 720 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_RUNNING">running text</a>, 721 1.1 christos frequently set off by typographic symbols such as asterisks or 722 1.1 christos daggers. Used to indicate a shift in the content of a document 723 1.1 christos (e.g. a scene change in a short story). Also commonly called a 724 1.1 christos scene break or a section break. 725 1.1 christos 726 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PARAHEAD"><em>Paragraph head</em></a> 727 1.1 christos <dd>A title joined to the body of a paragraph; hierarchically one 728 1.1 christos level beneath 729 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_SUBHEAD">subheads</a>. 730 1.1 christos 731 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_QUOTE"><em>Quote</em></a> 732 1.1 christos <dd>A quote, to <strong>mom</strong>, is a line-for-line setting 733 1.1 christos of quoted material (e.g. poetry, song lyrics, or a snippet of 734 1.1 christos programming code). You don't have to use 735 1.1 christos <a href="typesetting.html#BR">BR</a> 736 1.1 christos with quotes. 737 1.1 christos 738 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_RUNNING"><em>Running text</em></a> 739 1.1 christos <dd>In a document formatted with <strong>mom</strong>, running 740 1.1 christos text means text that forms the body of the document, including 741 1.1 christos elements such as heads and subheads. 742 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_DOCHEADER">Docheaders</a>, 743 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_HEADER">headers</a>, 744 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_FOOTER">footers</a> 745 1.1 christos and page numbers are NOT part of running text. 746 1.1 christos 747 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_SUBHEAD"><em>Subhead</em></a> 748 1.1 christos <dd>A title used to introduce secondary sections of a document; 749 1.1 christos hierarchically one level beneath sections introduced by 750 1.1 christos <a href="#TERMS_HEAD">heads</a>. 751 1.1 christos 752 1.1 christos <dt><a name="TERMS_TOGGLE"><em>Toggle</em></a> 753 1.1 christos <dd>A macro or tag that, when invoked without an argument, 754 1.1 christos begins something or turns a feature on, and, when invoked with 755 1.1 christos ANY argument, ends something or turns a feature off. See 756 1.1 christos <a href="intro.html#TOGGLE_EXAMPLE">Example 3</a> 757 1.1 christos of the section 758 1.1 christos <a href="intro.html#MACRO_ARGS">How to read macro arguments</a>. 759 1.1 christos </dl> 760 1.1 christos 761 1.1 christos <p> 762 1.1 christos <hr> 763 1.1 christos <a href="using.html#TOP">Next</a> 764 1.1 christos <a href="intro.html#TOP">Prev</a> 765 1.1 christos <a href="#TOP">Top</a> 766 1.1 christos <a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a> 767 1.1 christos </body> 768 1.1 christos </html> 769