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     14  1.1  christos <p>
     15  1.1  christos <a name="TOP"></a>
     16  1.1  christos <a name="TERMS">
     17  1.1  christos 	<h1 align="center"><u>DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THIS MANUAL</u></h1>
     18  1.1  christos </a>
     19  1.1  christos 
     20  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_TYPESETTING">Typesetting Terms</a>
     21  1.1  christos <br>
     22  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_GROFF">Groff Terms</a>
     23  1.1  christos <br>
     24  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_MOM">Mom Document Processing Terms</a>
     25  1.1  christos <p>
     26  1.1  christos I use a number of typesetting-specific and groff-specific terms
     27  1.1  christos throughout this documentation, as well as a few terms that apply
     28  1.1  christos to <strong>mom</strong> herself.  To make life easier, I'll explain
     29  1.1  christos them here.  Refer back to this section should you encounter a word
     30  1.1  christos or concept you're not familiar with.
     31  1.1  christos <p>
     32  1.1  christos <hr>
     33  1.1  christos 
     34  1.1  christos <a name="TERMS_TYPESETTING">
     35  1.1  christos 	<h2><u>Typesetting terms</u></h2>
     36  1.1  christos </a>
     37  1.1  christos 
     38  1.1  christos <ul>
     39  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_ASCENDER">Ascender</a>
     40  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_BASELINE">Baseline</a>
     41  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_BALLOTBOX">Ballot box</a>
     42  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_BULLET">Bullet</a>
     43  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_CAPHEIGHT">Cap-height</a>
     44  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_DESCENDER">Descender</a>
     45  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN">Discretionary hyphen</a>
     46  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_DROPCAP">Drop cap</a>
     47  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_EM">Em/en</a>
     48  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_FAMILY">Family</a>
     49  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_FIGURESPACE">Figure space/Digit space</a>
     50  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_FIXEDWIDTHSPACE">Fixed width space</a>
     51  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_FONT">Font</a>
     52  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_FORCE">Force justify</a>
     53  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_JUST">Justify/justification</a>
     54  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_GUTTER">Gutter</a>
     55  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_KERN">Kerning</a>
     56  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_KERNUNIT">Kern Units</a>
     57  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_LEADING">Lead/leading</a>    
     58  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_LEADER">Leaders</a>
     59  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_LIGATURES">Ligature</a>    
     60  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">Picas/Points</a>
     61  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_PS">Point Size</a>
     62  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_QUAD">Quad</a>
     63  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_RAG">Rag</a>
     64  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_SHAPE">Shape</a>
     65  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_SOLID">Solid/set solid</a>
     66  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_TRACKKERNING">Track kerning/Line kerning</a>
     67  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_UNBREAKABLESPACE">Unbreakable space</a>
     68  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_WEIGHT">Weight</a>
     69  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_WORDSPACE">Word space</a>
     70  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_XHEIGHT">x-height</a>
     71  1.1  christos </ul>
     72  1.1  christos 
     73  1.1  christos <dl>
     74  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ASCENDER"><em>Ascender</em></a>
     75  1.1  christos <dd>The portion of a letter that extends above the bowl.  For example,
     76  1.1  christos the letters a, c, and e have no ascenders.  The letters b, d, and h
     77  1.1  christos do.
     78  1.1  christos 
     79  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BASELINE"><em>Baseline</em></a>
     80  1.1  christos <dd>The imaginary line on which the bottoms of capital letters and the
     81  1.1  christos bowls of lower case letters rest.
     82  1.1  christos 
     83  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BALLOTBOX"><em>Ballot box</em></a>
     84  1.1  christos <dd>An unfilled square, usually
     85  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_CAPHEIGHT">cap-height</a>
     86  1.1  christos in size, typically placed beside items in a checklist.
     87  1.1  christos 
     88  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BULLET"><em>Bullet</em></a>
     89  1.1  christos <dd>A small, filled circle typically found beside items or points in
     90  1.1  christos a list.
     91  1.1  christos 
     92  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_CAPHEIGHT"><em>Cap-height</em></a>
     93  1.1  christos <dd>The height of the tallest capital letter in a given
     94  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">font</a>
     95  1.1  christos at the current
     96  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a>.
     97  1.1  christos 
     98  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DESCENDER"><em>Descender</em></a>
     99  1.1  christos <dd>The portion of a letter that extends beneath the
    100  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_BASELINE">baseline</a>
    101  1.1  christos (j, q, y are letters with descenders).
    102  1.1  christos 
    103  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DISCRETIONARYHYPHEN"><em>Discretionary hyphen</em></a>
    104  1.1  christos <dd>A symbol inserted between two syllables of a word that indicates to a
    105  1.1  christos typesetting program the legal hyphenation points in the word.  Normally,
    106  1.1  christos if hyphenation is turned on, groff knows where to hyphenate words.
    107  1.1  christos However, hyphenation being what it is (in English, at any rate),
    108  1.1  christos groff doesn't always get it right.  Discretionary hyphens make sure
    109  1.1  christos it does.  In the event that the word doesn't need to be hyphenated
    110  1.1  christos at all, groff leaves them alone.  In groff, the discretionary hyphen is
    111  1.1  christos entered with
    112  1.1  christos <p>
    113  1.1  christos <pre>
    114  1.1  christos 	\%
    115  1.1  christos </pre>
    116  1.1  christos 
    117  1.1  christos (backslash followed by a percent).
    118  1.1  christos 
    119  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DROPCAP"><em>Drop cap</em></a>
    120  1.1  christos <dd>A large, usually upper-case letter that introduces the first
    121  1.1  christos paragraph of a document or section thereof.  The top of the drop
    122  1.1  christos cap usually lines up with the top of the first line of the
    123  1.1  christos paragraph, and typically &quot;drops&quot; several lines lower.
    124  1.1  christos Text adjacent to the drop cap is indented to the right of the
    125  1.1  christos letter until the bottom of the drop cap is reached, at which
    126  1.1  christos point text reverts to the left margin.
    127  1.1  christos 
    128  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_EM"><em>Em/en</em></a>
    129  1.1  christos <dd>An em is a relative measurement equal to the width of the
    130  1.1  christos letter M at a given
    131  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a>
    132  1.1  christos in a given
    133  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">font</a>.
    134  1.1  christos Since most Ms are designed square, an em is usually (but sometimes
    135  1.1  christos erroneously) considered to be the same size as the current point
    136  1.1  christos size (i.e. if the point size of the type is 12, one em equals 12
    137  1.1  christos points).  An en is equal to the width of a letter N (historically
    138  1.1  christos 2/3 of an em, although groff treats an en as 1/2 of an em).
    139  1.1  christos Typically, ems and ens are used to measure indents, or to define the
    140  1.1  christos length of dashes (long hyphens).
    141  1.1  christos 
    142  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FAMILY"><em>Family</em></a>
    143  1.1  christos <dd>The collective name by which a collection of
    144  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">fonts</a>
    145  1.1  christos are known, e.g.  Helvetica, Times Roman, Garamond.
    146  1.1  christos 
    147  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FIGURESPACE"><em>Figure space/Digit space</em></a>
    148  1.1  christos <dd>A
    149  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FIXEDWIDTHSPACE">fixed width space</a>
    150  1.1  christos that has the width of one digit.  Used for aligning numerals in,
    151  1.1  christos say, columns or numbered lists.  In groff, the figure space is
    152  1.1  christos entered with
    153  1.1  christos <p>
    154  1.1  christos <pre>
    155  1.1  christos 	\0
    156  1.1  christos </pre>
    157  1.1  christos 
    158  1.1  christos (backslash followed by a zero).
    159  1.1  christos 
    160  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FIXEDWIDTHSPACE"><em>Fixed width space</em></a>
    161  1.1  christos <dd>Equal to
    162  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_WORDSPACE">word space</a>,
    163  1.1  christos but does not expand or contract when text is
    164  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a>.
    165  1.1  christos In groff, fixed width space is entered with
    166  1.1  christos <p>
    167  1.1  christos <pre>
    168  1.1  christos 	\&lt;space&gt;
    169  1.1  christos </pre>
    170  1.1  christos 
    171  1.1  christos where &lt;space&gt; means "hit the spacebar on your keyboard."
    172  1.1  christos 
    173  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FONT"><em>Font</em></a>
    174  1.1  christos <dd>The specific
    175  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_WEIGHT">weight</a>
    176  1.1  christos and
    177  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_SHAPE">shape</a>
    178  1.1  christos of type within a
    179  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FAMILY">family</a>,
    180  1.1  christos e.g. light, medium, bold (which are weights), and roman, italic,
    181  1.1  christos condensed (which are shapes).  By default, groff knows of four fonts
    182  1.1  christos within its default set of families: R (medium roman), I (medium
    183  1.1  christos italic), B (bold roman) and BI (bold italic).
    184  1.1  christos 
    185  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FORCE"><em>Force justify
    186  1.1  christos </em></a>
    187  1.1  christos <dd>Sometimes, in
    188  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a>
    189  1.1  christos text, a line needs to be broken short of the right margin.  Force
    190  1.1  christos justifying means telling a typesetting program (like groff) that you
    191  1.1  christos want the line broken early AND that you want the line's word spacing
    192  1.1  christos stretched to force the line flush with the right margin.
    193  1.1  christos 
    194  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_GUTTER"><em>Gutter</em></a>
    195  1.1  christos <dd>The vertical whitespace separating columns of type.
    196  1.1  christos 
    197  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_JUST"><em>Justify/justification</em></a>
    198  1.1  christos <dd>Lines of type are justified when they're flush at both the left and
    199  1.1  christos right margins.  Justification is the act of making both margins flush.
    200  1.1  christos Some people use the terms "left justified" and "right justified"
    201  1.1  christos to mean type where only the left (or right) margins align.  I don't.
    202  1.1  christos See
    203  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quad</a>.
    204  1.1  christos 
    205  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_KERN"><em>Kerning</em></a>
    206  1.1  christos <dd>Moving pairs of letters closer together to remove excess
    207  1.1  christos whitespace between them.  In the days before phototypesetting,
    208  1.1  christos type was set from small, rectangular blocks of wood or metal, each
    209  1.1  christos block having exactly one letter.  Because the edge of each block
    210  1.1  christos determined the edge of each letter, certain letter combinations (TA,
    211  1.1  christos for example) didn't fit together well and had to be mortised by hand
    212  1.1  christos to bring them visually closer.  Modern typesetting systems usually
    213  1.1  christos take care of kerning automatically, but they're far from perfect.
    214  1.1  christos Professional typesetters still devote a lot of time to fitting letters
    215  1.1  christos and punctuation together properly.
    216  1.1  christos 
    217  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_KERNUNIT"><em>Kern Units</em></a>
    218  1.1  christos <dd>A relative distance equal to 1/36 of the current
    219  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a>.
    220  1.1  christos Used between individual letters
    221  1.1  christos for
    222  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_KERN">kerning</a>.
    223  1.1  christos Different typesetting systems use different values (1/54 is
    224  1.1  christos popular), and sometimes call kern units by a different name.
    225  1.1  christos <p>
    226  1.1  christos <strong>Experts:
    227  1.1  christos <br></strong>A kern unit has nothing to do with groff
    228  1.1  christos machine units.
    229  1.1  christos 
    230  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LEADING"><em>Lead/leading</em></a>
    231  1.1  christos <dd>The distance from the
    232  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_BASELINE">baseline</a>
    233  1.1  christos of one line of type to the line of type immediately beneath it.
    234  1.1  christos Pronounced "ledding."  Also called line spacing.  Usually measured
    235  1.1  christos in
    236  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a>.
    237  1.1  christos <p>
    238  1.1  christos <em>In case you're interested...</em> In previous centuries,
    239  1.1  christos lines of type were separated by thin strips of--you guessed
    240  1.1  christos it--lead.  Lines of type that had no lead between them were said to
    241  1.1  christos be &quot;set solid.&quot; Once you began separating them with strips
    242  1.1  christos of lead, they were said to be &quot;leaded&quot;, and the spacing was
    243  1.1  christos expressed in terms of the number of
    244  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a>
    245  1.1  christos of lead.  For this reason, &quot;leading&quot; and &quot;line
    246  1.1  christos spacing&quot; aren't, historically speaking, synonymous.  If type
    247  1.1  christos was set 10 on 12, for example, the leading was 2 points, not 12.
    248  1.1  christos Nowadays, however, the two terms are used interchangeably to mean
    249  1.1  christos the distance from baseline to baseline.
    250  1.1  christos 
    251  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LEADER"><em>Leaders</em></a>
    252  1.1  christos <dd>Single characters used to fill lines, usually to their end.
    253  1.1  christos So called because they &quot;lead&quot; the eye from one element
    254  1.1  christos of the page to another.  For example, in the following (brief)
    255  1.1  christos Table of Contents, the periods (dots) are leaders.
    256  1.1  christos <p>
    257  1.1  christos <pre>
    258  1.1  christos 	Foreword............... 2
    259  1.1  christos 	Chapter 1.............. 5
    260  1.1  christos 	Chapter 2.............. 38
    261  1.1  christos 	Chapter 3.............. 60
    262  1.1  christos </pre>
    263  1.1  christos 
    264  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LIGATURES"><em>Ligature</em></a>
    265  1.1  christos <dd>Ligatures are letters joined together to form a single character.
    266  1.1  christos The commonest are fi, fl, ff, ffi and ffl.  Others are ae and oe.
    267  1.1  christos Occasionally, one sees an st ligature, but this is archaic and
    268  1.1  christos quite rare.
    269  1.1  christos 
    270  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PICASPOINTS"><em>Picas/Points</em></a>
    271  1.1  christos <dd>There are twelve points in a pica, and six picas in an inch
    272  1.1  christos (hence 72 points to the inch).  In the same way that gem-dealers
    273  1.1  christos have always used their own system of measurement for weight (carats),
    274  1.1  christos typographers have always used their own system of measurement for type.
    275  1.1  christos 
    276  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PS"><em>Point Size</em></a>
    277  1.1  christos <dd>The nominal size of type, measured in
    278  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a>
    279  1.1  christos from the bottom of the longest
    280  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_DESCENDER">descender</a>
    281  1.1  christos to the top of the highest
    282  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_ASCENDER">ascender</a>.
    283  1.1  christos In reality, type is always fractionally smaller than its point size.
    284  1.1  christos 
    285  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_QUAD"><em>Quad</em></a>
    286  1.1  christos <dd>When only one margin of type is flush, lines of type are quadded in
    287  1.1  christos the direction of the flush margin.  Therefore, quad left means the
    288  1.1  christos left margin is flush, the right isn't.  Quad right means the right
    289  1.1  christos margin is flush, the left isn't.  Quad centre means neither the left
    290  1.1  christos nor the right margin is flush; rather, lines of type are quadded on
    291  1.1  christos both sides so that type appears centred on the page.
    292  1.1  christos 
    293  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_RAG"><em>Rag</em></a>
    294  1.1  christos <dd>Describes a margin that isn't flush.  Rag right means the right
    295  1.1  christos margin isn't flush.  Rag left means the left margin isn't flush.
    296  1.1  christos The expression "flush left/rag right" is sometimes used to describe
    297  1.1  christos type that is
    298  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quadded</a>
    299  1.1  christos left.
    300  1.1  christos 
    301  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_SHAPE"><em>Shape</em></a>
    302  1.1  christos <dd>The degree of slant and/or the width of characters.
    303  1.1  christos (Technically speaking, this is not a proper typesetting term;
    304  1.1  christos however, it may help clarify some concepts presented in these
    305  1.1  christos documents.)
    306  1.1  christos <p>
    307  1.1  christos Some typical shapes are:
    308  1.1  christos <ul>
    309  1.1  christos 	<li>&quot;Roman&quot;, which has no slant, and has letterforms of
    310  1.1  christos 		average width
    311  1.1  christos 	<li>&quot;Italic&quot;, which is slanted, and has letterforms
    312  1.1  christos 		of average width
    313  1.1  christos 	<li>&quot;Condensed&quot;, which has no slant, but has
    314  1.1  christos 		letterforms narrower than the average represented by Roman
    315  1.1  christos 	<li>&quot;Condensed Italic&quot;, which is slanted, with letterforms narrower
    316  1.1  christos 		than average
    317  1.1  christos </ul>
    318  1.1  christos The term
    319  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FONT">font</a>,
    320  1.1  christos as it is used in these documents, refers to a combination of
    321  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_WEIGHT">weight</a>
    322  1.1  christos and shape.
    323  1.1  christos 
    324  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_SOLID"><em>Solid/set solid</em></a>
    325  1.1  christos <dd>When no
    326  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_LEADING">lead</a>
    327  1.1  christos is added between lines of type (i.e. the
    328  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PS">point size</a>
    329  1.1  christos and linespacing are the same), the lines are said to be &quot;set
    330  1.1  christos solid.&quot;
    331  1.1  christos 
    332  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_TRACKKERNING"><em>Track kerning/Line kerning</em></a>
    333  1.1  christos <dd>Sometimes, it's advantageous to increase or decrease the amount of
    334  1.1  christos space between every letter in a line by an equal (usually small)
    335  1.1  christos amount, in order to fit more (or fewer) characters on the line.
    336  1.1  christos The correct term is letter spacing, but track kerning and line kerning
    337  1.1  christos (and sometimes, just "kerning") have come to mean the same thing.
    338  1.1  christos 
    339  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_UNBREAKABLESPACE"><em>Unbreakable space</em></a>
    340  1.1  christos <dd>Equal to
    341  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_WORDSPACE">word space</a>,
    342  1.1  christos however words separated by an unbreakable space will always be kept
    343  1.1  christos together on the same line.  Expands and contracts like word space.
    344  1.1  christos Useful for proper names, which one should, whenever possible, avoid
    345  1.1  christos splitting onto two lines.  In groff, unbreakable space is entered
    346  1.1  christos with
    347  1.1  christos <p>
    348  1.1  christos <pre>
    349  1.1  christos 	\~
    350  1.1  christos </pre>
    351  1.1  christos 
    352  1.1  christos (backslash followed by a tilde).
    353  1.1  christos 
    354  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_WEIGHT"><em>Weight</em></a>
    355  1.1  christos <dd>The thickness of the strokes of letterforms.  Medium and Book
    356  1.1  christos have average thicknesses and are the weights used for most of the
    357  1.1  christos text in books, magazines, newspapers, etc.  Light has strokes
    358  1.1  christos slightly thinner than Medium or Book, but is still acceptable for
    359  1.1  christos most text.  Semibold, Bold, Heavy and Black all have strokes of
    360  1.1  christos increasing thickness, making them suitable for heads, subheads,
    361  1.1  christos headlines and the like.
    362  1.1  christos 
    363  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_WORDSPACE"><em>Word space</em></a>
    364  1.1  christos <dd>The amount of whitespace between words.  When text is
    365  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a>,
    366  1.1  christos word space expands or contracts to make the margins flush.
    367  1.1  christos 
    368  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_XHEIGHT"><em>x-height</em></a>
    369  1.1  christos <dd>The height of a lower case letter x in a given font at a given
    370  1.1  christos point size.  Generally used to mean the average height of the bowl
    371  1.1  christos of lower case letters.
    372  1.1  christos </dl>
    373  1.1  christos <p>
    374  1.1  christos <hr>
    375  1.1  christos 
    376  1.1  christos <a name="TERMS_GROFF">
    377  1.1  christos 	<h2><u>Groff terms</u></h2>
    378  1.1  christos </a>
    379  1.1  christos 
    380  1.1  christos <ul>
    381  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_ALIAS">Alias</a>
    382  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_ARGUMENTS">Arguments</a>
    383  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_COMMENTLINES">Comment lines</a>
    384  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_CONTROLLINES">Control Lines</a>
    385  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_FILLED">Filled lines</a>
    386  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_INLINES">Inline escapes</a>
    387  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">Input line</a>
    388  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_MACROS">Macros</a>
    389  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_UNITS">Machine units</a>
    390  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT">Numeric argument</a>
    391  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_OUTPUTLINE">Output line</a>
    392  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">Primitives</a>
    393  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_STRINGARGUMENT">String Argument</a>
    394  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">Unit of measure</a>
    395  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_ZEROWIDTHCHARACTER">Zero-width character</a>
    396  1.1  christos </ul>
    397  1.1  christos <dl>
    398  1.1  christos 
    399  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ALIAS"><em>Alias</em></a>
    400  1.1  christos <dd>A
    401  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macro</a>
    402  1.1  christos invoked by a name different from its &quot;official&quot;
    403  1.1  christos name.  For example, the official name of the macro to change
    404  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FAMILY">family</a>
    405  1.1  christos is <strong>FAMILY</strong>.  Its alias is
    406  1.1  christos <strong>FAM</strong>.  Aliases may be created for any macro (via the
    407  1.1  christos <a href="goodies.html#ALIAS">ALIAS</a>
    408  1.1  christos macro) provided the alias uses a name not already taken
    409  1.1  christos by the <strong>mom</strong> macros or one of the groff
    410  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitives</a>.
    411  1.1  christos For a complete list of words or names you must not use, see the
    412  1.1  christos <a href="reserved.html#RESERVED">list of reserved words</a>.
    413  1.1  christos 
    414  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ARGUMENTS"><em>Arguments</em></a>
    415  1.1  christos <dd>Parameters or information needed by a
    416  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macro</a>
    417  1.1  christos to do its job.  For example, in the macro
    418  1.1  christos <p>
    419  1.1  christos <pre>
    420  1.1  christos 	.PT_SIZE 12
    421  1.1  christos </pre>
    422  1.1  christos 
    423  1.1  christos &quot;12&quot; is the argument.  In the macro
    424  1.1  christos <p>
    425  1.1  christos <pre>
    426  1.1  christos 	.QUAD LEFT
    427  1.1  christos </pre>
    428  1.1  christos 
    429  1.1  christos LEFT is the argument.  Arguments are separated from macros by spaces.
    430  1.1  christos Some macros require several arguments; each is separated by a space.
    431  1.1  christos 
    432  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_COMMENTLINES"><em>Comment Lines</em></a>
    433  1.1  christos <dd><a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">Input lines</a>
    434  1.1  christos introduced with the comment character
    435  1.1  christos <p>
    436  1.1  christos <pre>
    437  1.1  christos 	\#
    438  1.1  christos </pre>
    439  1.1  christos 
    440  1.1  christos When processing output, groff silently ignores everything on a
    441  1.1  christos line that begins with the comment character.
    442  1.1  christos 
    443  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_CONTROLLINES"><em>Control Lines</em></a>
    444  1.1  christos <dd>Instructions to groff that appear on a line by themselves,
    445  1.1  christos which means that &quot;control lines&quot; are either
    446  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macros</a>
    447  1.1  christos or groff
    448  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitives</a>.
    449  1.1  christos Control lines begin with a period or, occasionally, an apostrophe.
    450  1.1  christos 
    451  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FILLED"><em>Filled lines/fill mode</em></a>
    452  1.1  christos <dd>Automatic
    453  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justification</a>
    454  1.1  christos or
    455  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quadding</a>.
    456  1.1  christos In fill mode, the ends of lines as they appear in your text editor
    457  1.1  christos are ignored.  Instead, words from adjoining
    458  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">input lines</a>
    459  1.1  christos are added one at a time to the output line until no more words fit.
    460  1.1  christos Then, depending whether text is to be
    461  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_JUST">justified</a>
    462  1.1  christos or
    463  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_QUAD">quadded</a>
    464  1.1  christos (left, right, or centre), and depending on whether automatic
    465  1.1  christos hyphenation is turned on, groff attempts to hyphenate the last word,
    466  1.1  christos or, barring that, spreads and breaks the line (when justification
    467  1.1  christos is turned on) or breaks and quads the line (when quadding is turned
    468  1.1  christos on).
    469  1.1  christos <p>
    470  1.1  christos <a name="TERMS_NOFILL"></a>
    471  1.1  christos Nofill mode (non-filled text) means that groff respects the ends
    472  1.1  christos of lines as they appear in your text editor.
    473  1.1  christos 
    474  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_INLINES"><em>Inline escapes</em></a>
    475  1.1  christos <dd>Instructions issued to groff that appear as part of an
    476  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">input line</a>
    477  1.1  christos (as opposed to
    478  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macros</a>,
    479  1.1  christos which must appear on a line by themselves).  Inline escapes are
    480  1.1  christos always introduced by the backslash character.  For example,
    481  1.1  christos <p>
    482  1.1  christos <pre>
    483  1.1  christos 	A line of text with the word T\*[BU 2]oronto in it
    484  1.1  christos </pre>
    485  1.1  christos 
    486  1.1  christos contains the inline escape \*[BU 2] (which means &quot;move the letter
    487  1.1  christos 'o' 2
    488  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_KERNUNIT">kern units</a>
    489  1.1  christos closer to the letter 'T'&quot;).
    490  1.1  christos <p>
    491  1.1  christos <strong>Mom</strong>'s inline escapes always take the form
    492  1.1  christos <strong>\*[</strong><i>ESCAPE</i><strong>]</strong>, where <i>ESCAPE</i>
    493  1.1  christos is composed of capital letters, sometimes followed immediately
    494  1.1  christos by a digit, sometimes followed by a space and a
    495  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT">numeric argument</a>.
    496  1.1  christos <strong>Groff</strong>'s escapes begin with the backslash character
    497  1.1  christos but typically have no star and are in lower case.  For example, the
    498  1.1  christos <strong>mom</strong> escapes to move forward 6 points on a line are
    499  1.1  christos either
    500  1.1  christos <p>
    501  1.1  christos <pre>
    502  1.1  christos 	\*[FP6]&nbsp;&nbsp;or&nbsp;&nbsp;\*[FWD 6p]
    503  1.1  christos </pre>
    504  1.1  christos 
    505  1.1  christos while the <strong>groff</strong> escape for the same thing is
    506  1.1  christos <p>
    507  1.1  christos <pre>
    508  1.1  christos 	\h'6p'
    509  1.1  christos </pre>
    510  1.1  christos 
    511  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_INPUTLINE"><em>Input line</em></a>
    512  1.1  christos <dd>A line of text as it appears in your text editor.
    513  1.1  christos 
    514  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_MACROS"><em>Macros</em></a>
    515  1.1  christos <dd>Instructions embedded in a document that determine how groff processes
    516  1.1  christos the text for output.  <strong>mom</strong>'s macros always begin with a
    517  1.1  christos period, on a line by themselves, and must be typed in capital letters.
    518  1.1  christos Typically, macros contain complex commands issued to groff--behind
    519  1.1  christos the scenes--via groff
    520  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PRIMITIVES">primitives</a>.
    521  1.1  christos 
    522  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_UNITS"><em>Machine units</em></a>
    523  1.1  christos <dd>A machine unit is 1/1000 of a
    524  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">point</a>
    525  1.1  christos when the groff device is ps. (&quot;ps&quot; means
    526  1.1  christos &quot;PostScript&quot;--the default device for which groff
    527  1.1  christos prepares output, and the device for which <strong>mom</strong> was
    528  1.1  christos specifically designed.)
    529  1.1  christos 
    530  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT"><em>Numeric argument</em></a>
    531  1.1  christos <dd>An
    532  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_ARGUMENT">argument</a>
    533  1.1  christos that has the form of a digit.  Numeric arguments can be built out
    534  1.1  christos of arithmetic expressions using +, -, *, and / for plus, minus,
    535  1.1  christos times, and divided-by respectively.  If a numeric argument requires
    536  1.1  christos a
    537  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE">unit of measure</a>,
    538  1.1  christos a unit of measure must be appended to <em>every</em> digit in the
    539  1.1  christos argument.  For example:
    540  1.1  christos <p>
    541  1.1  christos <pre>
    542  1.1  christos 	.ALD 1i-1v
    543  1.1  christos </pre>
    544  1.1  christos 
    545  1.1  christos <strong>NOTE:</strong> groff does not respect the order of operations,
    546  1.1  christos but rather evaluates arithmetic expressions from left to right.
    547  1.1  christos Parentheses must be used to circumvent this peculiarity.  Not to
    548  1.1  christos worry, though.  The likelihood of more than just the occasional plus
    549  1.1  christos or minus sign when using <strong>mom</strong>'s macros is slim.
    550  1.1  christos 
    551  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_OUTPUTLINE"><em>Output line</em></a>
    552  1.1  christos <dd>A line of text as it appears in output copy.
    553  1.1  christos 
    554  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PRIMITIVES"><em>Primitives</em></a>
    555  1.1  christos <dd>The two-letter, lower case instructions groff uses as its
    556  1.1  christos native command language, and out of which macros are built.
    557  1.1  christos 
    558  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_STRINGARGUMENT"><em>String Argument</em></a>
    559  1.1  christos <dd>Technically, any
    560  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_ARGUMENTS">argument</a>
    561  1.1  christos that is not numeric.  In this documentation, string argument means
    562  1.1  christos an argument that requires the user to input text.  For example, in
    563  1.1  christos the
    564  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_MACROS">macro</a>
    565  1.1  christos <p>
    566  1.1  christos <pre>
    567  1.1  christos 	.TITLE "My Pulitzer Novel"
    568  1.1  christos </pre>
    569  1.1  christos 
    570  1.1  christos &quot;My Pulitzer Novel&quot; is a string argument.
    571  1.1  christos <p>
    572  1.1  christos Because string arguments must be enclosed by double-quotes, you can't
    573  1.1  christos use double-quotes as part of the string argument.  If you need
    574  1.1  christos double-quotes to be part of a string argument, use the
    575  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_INLINES">inline escapes</a>
    576  1.1  christos <strong>\(lq</strong> and <strong>\(rq</strong> (leftquote and rightquote
    577  1.1  christos respectively) in place of the double-quote character (").
    578  1.1  christos 
    579  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_UNITOFMEASURE"><em>Unit of measure</em></a>
    580  1.1  christos <dd>The single letter after a
    581  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_NUMERICARGUMENT">numeric argument</a>
    582  1.1  christos that tells <strong>mom</strong> what measurement scale the argument
    583  1.1  christos should use.  Common valid units are:
    584  1.1  christos <p>
    585  1.1  christos <table valign="baseline" summary="unitsofmeasure">
    586  1.1  christos <tr><td><strong>i</strong><td> = <td>inches
    587  1.1  christos <tr><td><strong>p</strong><td> = <td>points
    588  1.1  christos <tr><td><strong>P</strong><td> = <td>picas
    589  1.1  christos <tr><td><strong>c</strong><td> = <td>centimetres
    590  1.1  christos <tr><td><strong>m</strong><td> = <td>ems
    591  1.1  christos <tr><td><strong>n</strong><td> = <td>ens
    592  1.1  christos <tr><td><strong>v</strong><td> = <td>the current leading (line space)</td></tr>
    593  1.1  christos </table>
    594  1.1  christos <br>
    595  1.1  christos <dd>Units of measure must come immediately after the numeric argument (i.e.
    596  1.1  christos with no space between the argument and the unit of measure), like this:
    597  1.1  christos <p>
    598  1.1  christos <pre>
    599  1.1  christos 	.ALD 2v
    600  1.1  christos 	.LL  39P
    601  1.1  christos 	.IL  1i
    602  1.1  christos </pre>
    603  1.1  christos 
    604  1.1  christos The above example advances 2 line spaces and sets the line length to
    605  1.1  christos 39 picas with a left indent of 1 inch.
    606  1.1  christos <p>
    607  1.1  christos <strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> Most <strong>mom</strong> macros
    608  1.1  christos that set the size or measure of something MUST be given a unit of
    609  1.1  christos measure.  <strong>mom</strong>'s macros do not have default units
    610  1.1  christos of measure.  There are a couple of exceptions, the most notable of
    611  1.1  christos which are <strong>PT_SIZE</strong> and <strong>LS</strong>.  Both use
    612  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_PICASPOINTS">points</a>
    613  1.1  christos as the default unit of measure, which means
    614  1.1  christos you don't have to append &quot;p&quot; to their argument.
    615  1.1  christos <p>
    616  1.1  christos You can enter decimal values for any unit of measure.  Different units
    617  1.1  christos may be combined by adding them together (e.g. 1.5i+2m, which gives a
    618  1.1  christos measure of 1-1/2 inches plus 2 ems).
    619  1.1  christos <p>
    620  1.1  christos <strong>NOTE:</strong> a pica is composed of 12 points,
    621  1.1  christos therefore 12.5 picas is 12 picas and 6 points, not 12 picas
    622  1.1  christos and 5 points.  If you want 12 picas and 5 points, you have to
    623  1.1  christos enter the measure as 12P+5p.
    624  1.1  christos 
    625  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_ZEROWIDTHCHARACTER"><em>Zero-width character</em></a>
    626  1.1  christos <dd>The
    627  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_INLINES">inline escape</a>
    628  1.1  christos that allows you to print a literal period, apostrophe and, if
    629  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_OUTPUTLINE">output lines</a>
    630  1.1  christos are
    631  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FILLED">filled</a>,
    632  1.1  christos a space that falls at the beginning of an
    633  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_INPUTLINE">input line</a>.
    634  1.1  christos It looks like this:
    635  1.1  christos <p>
    636  1.1  christos <pre>
    637  1.1  christos 	\&amp;
    638  1.1  christos </pre>
    639  1.1  christos 
    640  1.1  christos (backslash followed by an ampersand).
    641  1.1  christos <p>
    642  1.1  christos Normally, groff interprets a period (or an apostrophe) at the beginning
    643  1.1  christos of an input line as meaning that what follows is a
    644  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_CONTROLLINES">control line</a>.
    645  1.1  christos In fill modes, groff treats a space at the beginning of an input
    646  1.1  christos line as meaning &quot;start a new line and put a space at the
    647  1.1  christos beginning of it.&quot; If you want groff to interpret periods and
    648  1.1  christos apostrophes at the beginning of input lines literally (i.e. print
    649  1.1  christos them), or spaces at the beginning of input lines as just garden
    650  1.1  christos variety word spaces, you must start the line with the zero-width
    651  1.1  christos character.
    652  1.1  christos </dl>
    653  1.1  christos <p>
    654  1.1  christos <hr>
    655  1.1  christos 
    656  1.1  christos <a name="TERMS_MOM">
    657  1.1  christos 	<h2><u>Mom's Document Processing Terms</u></h2>
    658  1.1  christos </a>
    659  1.1  christos 
    660  1.1  christos <ul>
    661  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_BLOCKQUOTE">Blockquote</a>
    662  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_CONTROLMACRO">Control macro</a>
    663  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_DOCHEADER">Docheader</a>
    664  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_EPIGRAPH">Epigraph</a>
    665  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_FOOTER">Footer</a>
    666  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_HEAD">Head</a>
    667  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_HEADER">Header</a>
    668  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_LINEBREAK">Linebreak</a>
    669  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_PARAHEAD">Paragraph head</a>
    670  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_QUOTE">Quote</a>
    671  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_RUNNING">Running text</a>
    672  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_SUBHEAD">Subhead</a>
    673  1.1  christos 	<li><a href="#TERMS_TOGGLE">Toggle</a>
    674  1.1  christos </ul>
    675  1.1  christos <dl>
    676  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_BLOCKQUOTE"><em>Blockquote</em></a>
    677  1.1  christos <dd>Cited material other than
    678  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_QUOTE">quotes</a>.
    679  1.1  christos Typically set at a smaller point size than paragraph text, indented
    680  1.1  christos from the left and right margins.  Blockquotes are
    681  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FILLED">filled</a>.
    682  1.1  christos 
    683  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_CONTROLMACRO"><em>Control macro</em></a>
    684  1.1  christos <dd>Macros used in
    685  1.1  christos <a href="docprocessing.html#DOCPROCESSING">document processing</a>
    686  1.1  christos to control/alter the appearance of document elements (e.g. heads,
    687  1.1  christos quotes, footnotes,
    688  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_HEADER">headers</a>,
    689  1.1  christos etc.).
    690  1.1  christos 
    691  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_DOCHEADER"><em>Document header/docheader</em></a>
    692  1.1  christos <dd>Document information (title, subtitle, author, etc) output
    693  1.1  christos at the top of page one.
    694  1.1  christos 
    695  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_EPIGRAPH"><em>Epigraph</em></a>
    696  1.1  christos <dd>A short, usually cited passage that appears at the
    697  1.1  christos beginning of a chapter, story, or other document.
    698  1.1  christos 
    699  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_FOOTER"><em>Footer/page footer</em></a>
    700  1.1  christos <dd>Document information (frequently author and title) output in
    701  1.1  christos the bottom margin of pages <em>after</em> page one.  Not to be
    702  1.1  christos confused with footnotes, which are considered part of
    703  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_RUNNING">running text</a>.
    704  1.1  christos 
    705  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_HEAD"><em>Head</em></a>
    706  1.1  christos <dd>A title that introduces a major section of a document.
    707  1.1  christos 
    708  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_HEADER"><em>Header/page header</em></a>
    709  1.1  christos <dd>Document information (frequently author and title) output in
    710  1.1  christos the top margin of pages <em>after</em> page one.
    711  1.1  christos <p>
    712  1.1  christos <strong>NOTE:</strong> In terms of content and style, headers and
    713  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FOOTER">footers</a>
    714  1.1  christos are the same; they differ only in their placement on the page.  In
    715  1.1  christos most places in this documentation, references to the content or
    716  1.1  christos style of headers applies equally to footers.
    717  1.1  christos 
    718  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_LINEBREAK"><em>Linebreak/author linebreak</em></a>
    719  1.1  christos <dd>A horizontal gap in
    720  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_RUNNING">running text</a>,
    721  1.1  christos frequently set off by typographic symbols such as asterisks or
    722  1.1  christos daggers.  Used to indicate a shift in the content of a document
    723  1.1  christos (e.g. a scene change in a short story).  Also commonly called a
    724  1.1  christos scene break or a section break.
    725  1.1  christos 
    726  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_PARAHEAD"><em>Paragraph head</em></a>
    727  1.1  christos <dd>A title joined to the body of a paragraph; hierarchically one
    728  1.1  christos level beneath
    729  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_SUBHEAD">subheads</a>.
    730  1.1  christos 
    731  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_QUOTE"><em>Quote</em></a>
    732  1.1  christos <dd>A quote, to <strong>mom</strong>, is a line-for-line setting
    733  1.1  christos of quoted material (e.g. poetry, song lyrics, or a snippet of
    734  1.1  christos programming code).  You don't have to use
    735  1.1  christos <a href="typesetting.html#BR">BR</a>
    736  1.1  christos with quotes.
    737  1.1  christos 
    738  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_RUNNING"><em>Running text</em></a>
    739  1.1  christos <dd>In a document formatted with <strong>mom</strong>, running
    740  1.1  christos text means text that forms the body of the document, including
    741  1.1  christos elements such as heads and subheads.
    742  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_DOCHEADER">Docheaders</a>,
    743  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_HEADER">headers</a>,
    744  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_FOOTER">footers</a>
    745  1.1  christos and page numbers are NOT part of running text.
    746  1.1  christos 
    747  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_SUBHEAD"><em>Subhead</em></a>
    748  1.1  christos <dd>A title used to introduce secondary sections of a document;
    749  1.1  christos hierarchically one level beneath sections introduced by
    750  1.1  christos <a href="#TERMS_HEAD">heads</a>.
    751  1.1  christos 
    752  1.1  christos <dt><a name="TERMS_TOGGLE"><em>Toggle</em></a>
    753  1.1  christos <dd>A macro or tag that, when invoked without an argument,
    754  1.1  christos begins something or turns a feature on, and, when invoked with
    755  1.1  christos ANY argument, ends something or turns a feature off.  See
    756  1.1  christos <a href="intro.html#TOGGLE_EXAMPLE">Example 3</a>
    757  1.1  christos of the section
    758  1.1  christos <a href="intro.html#MACRO_ARGS">How to read macro arguments</a>.
    759  1.1  christos </dl>
    760  1.1  christos 
    761  1.1  christos <p>
    762  1.1  christos <hr>
    763  1.1  christos <a href="using.html#TOP">Next</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
    764  1.1  christos <a href="intro.html#TOP">Prev</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
    765  1.1  christos <a href="#TOP">Top</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
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