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      1 // <numeric> -*- C++ -*-
      2 
      3 // Copyright (C) 2001-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
      4 //
      5 // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
      6 // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
      7 // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
      8 // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
      9 // any later version.
     10 
     11 // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     12 // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     13 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     14 // GNU General Public License for more details.
     15 
     16 // Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
     17 // permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
     18 // 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
     19 
     20 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
     21 // a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
     22 // see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
     23 // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
     24 
     25 /*
     26  *
     27  * Copyright (c) 1994
     28  * Hewlett-Packard Company
     29  *
     30  * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
     31  * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
     32  * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
     33  * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
     34  * in supporting documentation.  Hewlett-Packard Company makes no
     35  * representations about the suitability of this software for any
     36  * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
     37  *
     38  *
     39  * Copyright (c) 1996,1997
     40  * Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
     41  *
     42  * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
     43  * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
     44  * provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
     45  * that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
     46  * in supporting documentation.  Silicon Graphics makes no
     47  * representations about the suitability of this software for any
     48  * purpose.  It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
     49  */
     50 
     51 /** @file include/numeric
     52  *  This is a Standard C++ Library header.
     53  */
     54 
     55 #ifndef _GLIBCXX_NUMERIC
     56 #define _GLIBCXX_NUMERIC 1
     57 
     58 #pragma GCC system_header
     59 
     60 #include <bits/c++config.h>
     61 #include <bits/stl_iterator_base_types.h>
     62 #include <bits/stl_numeric.h>
     63 #include <ext/numeric_traits.h>
     64 
     65 #ifdef _GLIBCXX_PARALLEL
     66 # include <parallel/numeric>
     67 #endif
     68 
     69 /**
     70  * @defgroup numerics Numerics
     71  *
     72  * Components for performing numeric operations. Includes support for
     73  * complex number types, random number generation, numeric (n-at-a-time)
     74  * arrays, generalized numeric algorithms, and mathematical special functions.
     75  */
     76 
     77 #if __cplusplus >= 201402L
     78 #include <type_traits>
     79 
     80 namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
     81 {
     82 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
     83 
     84 namespace __detail
     85 {
     86   // std::abs is not constexpr, doesn't support unsigned integers,
     87   // and std::abs(std::numeric_limits<T>::min()) is undefined.
     88   template<typename _Up, typename _Tp>
     89     constexpr _Up
     90     __absu(_Tp __val)
     91     {
     92       static_assert(is_unsigned<_Up>::value, "result type must be unsigned");
     93       static_assert(sizeof(_Up) >= sizeof(_Tp),
     94 	  "result type must be at least as wide as the input type");
     95       return __val < 0 ? -(_Up)__val : (_Up)__val;
     96     }
     97 
     98   template<typename _Up> void __absu(bool) = delete;
     99 
    100   // GCD implementation
    101   template<typename _Tp>
    102     constexpr _Tp
    103     __gcd(_Tp __m, _Tp __n)
    104     {
    105       static_assert(is_unsigned<_Tp>::value, "type must be unsigned");
    106       return __m == 0 ? __n
    107 	: __n == 0 ? __m
    108 	: __detail::__gcd(__n, _Tp(__m % __n));
    109     }
    110 
    111   // LCM implementation
    112   template<typename _Tp>
    113     constexpr _Tp
    114     __lcm(_Tp __m, _Tp __n)
    115     {
    116       return (__m != 0 && __n != 0)
    117 	? (__m / __detail::__gcd(__m, __n)) * __n
    118 	: 0;
    119     }
    120 } // namespace __detail
    121 
    122 #if __cplusplus >= 201703L
    123 
    124 #define __cpp_lib_gcd_lcm 201606
    125 // These were used in drafts of SD-6:
    126 #define __cpp_lib_gcd 201606
    127 #define __cpp_lib_lcm 201606
    128 
    129   /// Greatest common divisor
    130   template<typename _Mn, typename _Nn>
    131     constexpr common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>
    132     gcd(_Mn __m, _Nn __n) noexcept
    133     {
    134       static_assert(is_integral_v<_Mn>, "std::gcd arguments must be integers");
    135       static_assert(is_integral_v<_Nn>, "std::gcd arguments must be integers");
    136       static_assert(_Mn(2) != _Mn(1), "std::gcd arguments must not be bool");
    137       static_assert(_Nn(2) != _Nn(1), "std::gcd arguments must not be bool");
    138       using _Up = make_unsigned_t<common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>>;
    139       return __detail::__gcd(__detail::__absu<_Up>(__m),
    140 			     __detail::__absu<_Up>(__n));
    141     }
    142 
    143   /// Least common multiple
    144   template<typename _Mn, typename _Nn>
    145     constexpr common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>
    146     lcm(_Mn __m, _Nn __n) noexcept
    147     {
    148       static_assert(is_integral_v<_Mn>, "std::lcm arguments must be integers");
    149       static_assert(is_integral_v<_Nn>, "std::lcm arguments must be integers");
    150       static_assert(_Mn(2) == 2, "std::lcm arguments must not be bool");
    151       static_assert(_Nn(2) == 2, "std::lcm arguments must not be bool");
    152       using _Up = make_unsigned_t<common_type_t<_Mn, _Nn>>;
    153       return __detail::__lcm(__detail::__absu<_Up>(__m),
    154 			     __detail::__absu<_Up>(__n));
    155     }
    156 
    157 #endif // C++17
    158 
    159 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
    160 } // namespace std
    161 
    162 #endif // C++14
    163 
    164 #if __cplusplus > 201703L
    165 #include <limits>
    166 
    167 namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
    168 {
    169 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
    170   // midpoint
    171 # define __cpp_lib_interpolate 201902L
    172 
    173   template<typename _Tp>
    174     constexpr
    175     enable_if_t<__and_v<is_arithmetic<_Tp>, is_same<remove_cv_t<_Tp>, _Tp>,
    176 			__not_<is_same<_Tp, bool>>>,
    177 		_Tp>
    178     midpoint(_Tp __a, _Tp __b) noexcept
    179     {
    180       if constexpr (is_integral_v<_Tp>)
    181 	{
    182 	  using _Up = make_unsigned_t<_Tp>;
    183 
    184 	  int __k = 1;
    185 	  _Up __m = __a;
    186 	  _Up __M = __b;
    187 	  if (__a > __b)
    188 	    {
    189 	      __k = -1;
    190 	      __m = __b;
    191 	      __M = __a;
    192 	    }
    193 	  return __a + __k * _Tp(_Up(__M - __m) / 2);
    194 	}
    195       else // is_floating
    196 	{
    197 	  constexpr _Tp __lo = numeric_limits<_Tp>::min() * 2;
    198 	  constexpr _Tp __hi = numeric_limits<_Tp>::max() / 2;
    199 	  const _Tp __abs_a = __a < 0 ? -__a : __a;
    200 	  const _Tp __abs_b = __b < 0 ? -__b : __b;
    201 	  if (__abs_a <= __hi && __abs_b <= __hi) [[likely]]
    202 	    return (__a + __b) / 2; // always correctly rounded
    203 	  if (__abs_a < __lo) // not safe to halve __a
    204 	    return __a + __b/2;
    205 	  if (__abs_b < __lo) // not safe to halve __b
    206 	    return __a/2 + __b;
    207 	  return __a/2 + __b/2;	    // otherwise correctly rounded
    208 	}
    209     }
    210 
    211   template<typename _Tp>
    212     constexpr enable_if_t<is_object_v<_Tp>, _Tp*>
    213     midpoint(_Tp* __a, _Tp* __b) noexcept
    214     {
    215       static_assert( sizeof(_Tp) != 0, "type must be complete" );
    216       return __a  + (__b - __a) / 2;
    217     }
    218 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
    219 } // namespace std
    220 
    221 #endif // C++20
    222 
    223 #if __cplusplus > 201402L
    224 #include <bits/stl_function.h>
    225 
    226 namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
    227 {
    228 _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
    229 
    230 #if __cplusplus > 201703L
    231 #define __cpp_lib_constexpr_numeric 201911L
    232 #endif
    233 
    234   /// @addtogroup numeric_ops
    235   /// @{
    236 
    237   /**
    238    *  @brief  Calculate reduction of values in a range.
    239    *
    240    *  @param  __first  Start of range.
    241    *  @param  __last  End of range.
    242    *  @param  __init  Starting value to add other values to.
    243    *  @param  __binary_op A binary function object.
    244    *  @return  The final sum.
    245    *
    246    *  Reduce the values in the range `[first,last)` using a binary operation.
    247    *  The initial value is `init`.  The values are not necessarily processed
    248    *  in order.
    249    *
    250    *  This algorithm is similar to `std::accumulate` but is not required to
    251    *  perform the operations in order from first to last. For operations
    252    *  that are commutative and associative the result will be the same as
    253    *  for `std::accumulate`, but for other operations (such as floating point
    254    *  arithmetic) the result can be different.
    255    */
    256   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Tp, typename _BinaryOperation>
    257     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    258     _Tp
    259     reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init,
    260 	   _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
    261     {
    262       using __ref = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::reference;
    263       static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, _Tp&, __ref>);
    264       static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, __ref, _Tp&>);
    265       static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, _Tp&, _Tp&>);
    266       static_assert(is_invocable_r_v<_Tp, _BinaryOperation&, __ref, __ref>);
    267       if constexpr (__is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator>::value)
    268 	{
    269 	  while ((__last - __first) >= 4)
    270 	    {
    271 	      _Tp __v1 = __binary_op(__first[0], __first[1]);
    272 	      _Tp __v2 = __binary_op(__first[2], __first[3]);
    273 	      _Tp __v3 = __binary_op(__v1, __v2);
    274 	      __init = __binary_op(__init, __v3);
    275 	      __first += 4;
    276 	    }
    277 	}
    278       for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
    279 	__init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
    280       return __init;
    281     }
    282 
    283  /**
    284    *  @brief  Calculate reduction of values in a range.
    285    *
    286    *  @param  __first  Start of range.
    287    *  @param  __last  End of range.
    288    *  @param  __init  Starting value to add other values to.
    289    *  @return  The final sum.
    290    *
    291    *  Reduce the values in the range `[first,last)` using addition.
    292    *  Equivalent to calling `std::reduce(first, last, init, std::plus<>())`.
    293    */
    294   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Tp>
    295     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    296     inline _Tp
    297     reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init)
    298     { return std::reduce(__first, __last, std::move(__init), plus<>()); }
    299 
    300   /**
    301    *  @brief  Calculate reduction of values in a range.
    302    *
    303    *  @param  __first  Start of range.
    304    *  @param  __last  End of range.
    305    *  @return  The final sum.
    306    *
    307    *  Reduce the values in the range `[first,last)` using addition, with
    308    *  an initial value of `T{}`, where `T` is the iterator's value type.
    309    *  Equivalent to calling `std::reduce(first, last, T{}, std::plus<>())`.
    310    */
    311   template<typename _InputIterator>
    312     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    313     inline typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type
    314     reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
    315     {
    316       using value_type = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type;
    317       return std::reduce(__first, __last, value_type{}, plus<>());
    318     }
    319 
    320   /**
    321    *  @brief  Combine elements from two ranges and reduce
    322    *
    323    *  @param  __first1  Start of first range.
    324    *  @param  __last1  End of first range.
    325    *  @param  __first2  Start of second range.
    326    *  @param  __init  Starting value to add other values to.
    327    *  @param  __binary_op1 The function used to perform reduction.
    328    *  @param  __binary_op2 The function used to combine values from the ranges.
    329    *  @return  The final sum.
    330    *
    331    *  Call `binary_op2(first1[n],first2[n])` for each `n` in `[0,last1-first1)`
    332    *  and then use `binary_op1` to reduce the values returned by `binary_op2`
    333    *  to a single value of type `T`.
    334    *
    335    *  The range beginning at `first2` must contain at least `last1-first1`
    336    *  elements.
    337    */
    338   template<typename _InputIterator1, typename _InputIterator2, typename _Tp,
    339 	   typename _BinaryOperation1, typename _BinaryOperation2>
    340     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    341     _Tp
    342     transform_reduce(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
    343 		     _InputIterator2 __first2, _Tp __init,
    344 		     _BinaryOperation1 __binary_op1,
    345 		     _BinaryOperation2 __binary_op2)
    346     {
    347       if constexpr (__and_v<__is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator1>,
    348 			    __is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator2>>)
    349 	{
    350 	  while ((__last1 - __first1) >= 4)
    351 	    {
    352 	      _Tp __v1 = __binary_op1(__binary_op2(__first1[0], __first2[0]),
    353 				      __binary_op2(__first1[1], __first2[1]));
    354 	      _Tp __v2 = __binary_op1(__binary_op2(__first1[2], __first2[2]),
    355 				      __binary_op2(__first1[3], __first2[3]));
    356 	      _Tp __v3 = __binary_op1(__v1, __v2);
    357 	      __init = __binary_op1(__init, __v3);
    358 	      __first1 += 4;
    359 	      __first2 += 4;
    360 	    }
    361 	}
    362       for (; __first1 != __last1; ++__first1, (void) ++__first2)
    363 	__init = __binary_op1(__init, __binary_op2(*__first1, *__first2));
    364       return __init;
    365     }
    366 
    367   /**
    368    *  @brief  Combine elements from two ranges and reduce
    369    *
    370    *  @param  __first1  Start of first range.
    371    *  @param  __last1  End of first range.
    372    *  @param  __first2  Start of second range.
    373    *  @param  __init  Starting value to add other values to.
    374    *  @return  The final sum.
    375    *
    376    *  Call `first1[n]*first2[n]` for each `n` in `[0,last1-first1)` and then
    377    *  use addition to sum those products to a single value of type `T`.
    378    *
    379    *  The range beginning at `first2` must contain at least `last1-first1`
    380    *  elements.
    381    */
    382   template<typename _InputIterator1, typename _InputIterator2, typename _Tp>
    383     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    384     inline _Tp
    385     transform_reduce(_InputIterator1 __first1, _InputIterator1 __last1,
    386 		     _InputIterator2 __first2, _Tp __init)
    387     {
    388       return std::transform_reduce(__first1, __last1, __first2,
    389 				   std::move(__init),
    390 				   plus<>(), multiplies<>());
    391     }
    392 
    393   /**
    394    *  @brief  Transform the elements of a range and reduce
    395    *
    396    *  @param  __first  Start of range.
    397    *  @param  __last  End of range.
    398    *  @param  __init  Starting value to add other values to.
    399    *  @param  __binary_op The function used to perform reduction.
    400    *  @param  __unary_op The function used to transform values from the range.
    401    *  @return  The final sum.
    402    *
    403    *  Call `unary_op(first[n])` for each `n` in `[0,last-first)` and then
    404    *  use `binary_op` to reduce the values returned by `unary_op`
    405    *  to a single value of type `T`.
    406    */
    407   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Tp,
    408 	   typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation>
    409     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    410     _Tp
    411     transform_reduce(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, _Tp __init,
    412 		     _BinaryOperation __binary_op, _UnaryOperation __unary_op)
    413     {
    414       if constexpr (__is_random_access_iter<_InputIterator>::value)
    415 	{
    416 	  while ((__last - __first) >= 4)
    417 	    {
    418 	      _Tp __v1 = __binary_op(__unary_op(__first[0]),
    419 				     __unary_op(__first[1]));
    420 	      _Tp __v2 = __binary_op(__unary_op(__first[2]),
    421 				     __unary_op(__first[3]));
    422 	      _Tp __v3 = __binary_op(__v1, __v2);
    423 	      __init = __binary_op(__init, __v3);
    424 	      __first += 4;
    425 	    }
    426 	}
    427       for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
    428 	__init = __binary_op(__init, __unary_op(*__first));
    429       return __init;
    430     }
    431 
    432   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    433    *
    434    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    435    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    436    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    437    *  @param __init   Initial value.
    438    *  @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
    439    *  @return The end of the output range.
    440    *
    441    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    442    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    443    *  running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
    444    *  using `binary_op` for summation.
    445    *
    446    *  This function generates an "exclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    447    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N-1 input elements,
    448    *  so the Nth input element is not included.
    449    */
    450   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator, typename _Tp,
    451 	   typename _BinaryOperation>
    452     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    453     _OutputIterator
    454     exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    455 		   _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init,
    456 		   _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
    457     {
    458       while (__first != __last)
    459 	{
    460 	  auto __v = __init;
    461 	  __init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
    462 	  ++__first;
    463 	  *__result++ = std::move(__v);
    464 	}
    465       return __result;
    466     }
    467 
    468   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    469    *
    470    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    471    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    472    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    473    *  @param __init   Initial value.
    474    *  @return The end of the output range.
    475    *
    476    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    477    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    478    *  running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
    479    *  using `std::plus<>` for summation.
    480    *
    481    *  This function generates an "exclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    482    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N-1 input elements,
    483    *  so the Nth input element is not included.
    484    */
    485   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator, typename _Tp>
    486     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    487     inline _OutputIterator
    488     exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    489 		   _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init)
    490     {
    491       return std::exclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, std::move(__init),
    492 				 plus<>());
    493     }
    494 
    495   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    496    *
    497    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    498    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    499    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    500    *  @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
    501    *  @param __init   Initial value.
    502    *  @return The end of the output range.
    503    *
    504    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    505    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    506    *  running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
    507    *  using `binary_op` for summation.
    508    *
    509    *  This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    510    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
    511    *  so the Nth input element is included.
    512    */
    513   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
    514 	   typename _BinaryOperation, typename _Tp>
    515     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    516     _OutputIterator
    517     inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    518 		   _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
    519 		   _Tp __init)
    520     {
    521       for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
    522 	*__result++ = __init = __binary_op(__init, *__first);
    523       return __result;
    524     }
    525 
    526   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    527    *
    528    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    529    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    530    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    531    *  @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
    532    *  @return The end of the output range.
    533    *
    534    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    535    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    536    *  running total of all earlier elements, using `binary_op` for summation.
    537    *
    538    *  This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    539    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
    540    *  so the Nth input element is included.
    541    */
    542   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
    543 	   typename _BinaryOperation>
    544     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    545     _OutputIterator
    546     inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    547 		   _OutputIterator __result, _BinaryOperation __binary_op)
    548     {
    549       if (__first != __last)
    550 	{
    551 	  auto __init = *__first;
    552 	  *__result++ = __init;
    553 	  ++__first;
    554 	  if (__first != __last)
    555 	    __result = std::inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result,
    556 					   __binary_op, std::move(__init));
    557 	}
    558       return __result;
    559     }
    560 
    561   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    562    *
    563    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    564    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    565    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    566    *  @return The end of the output range.
    567    *
    568    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    569    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    570    *  running total of all earlier elements, using `std::plus<>` for summation.
    571    *
    572    *  This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    573    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
    574    *  so the Nth input element is included.
    575    */
    576   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator>
    577     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    578     inline _OutputIterator
    579     inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    580 		   _OutputIterator __result)
    581     { return std::inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result, plus<>()); }
    582 
    583   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    584    *
    585    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    586    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    587    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    588    *  @param __init   Initial value.
    589    *  @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
    590    *  @param __unary_op Function to transform elements of the input range.
    591    *  @return The end of the output range.
    592    *
    593    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    594    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    595    *  running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
    596    *  using `__unary_op` to transform the input elements
    597    *  and using `__binary_op` for summation.
    598    *
    599    *  This function generates an "exclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    600    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N-1 input elements,
    601    *  so the Nth input element is not included.
    602    */
    603   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator, typename _Tp,
    604 	   typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation>
    605     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    606     _OutputIterator
    607     transform_exclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    608 			     _OutputIterator __result, _Tp __init,
    609 			     _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
    610 			     _UnaryOperation __unary_op)
    611     {
    612       while (__first != __last)
    613 	{
    614 	  auto __v = __init;
    615 	  __init = __binary_op(__init, __unary_op(*__first));
    616 	  ++__first;
    617 	  *__result++ = std::move(__v);
    618 	}
    619       return __result;
    620     }
    621 
    622   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    623    *
    624    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    625    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    626    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    627    *  @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
    628    *  @param __unary_op Function to transform elements of the input range.
    629    *  @param __init   Initial value.
    630    *  @return The end of the output range.
    631    *
    632    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    633    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    634    *  running total of all earlier elements (and the initial value),
    635    *  using `__unary_op` to transform the input elements
    636    *  and using `__binary_op` for summation.
    637    *
    638    *  This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    639    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
    640    *  so the Nth input element is included.
    641    */
    642   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
    643 	   typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation, typename _Tp>
    644     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    645     _OutputIterator
    646     transform_inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    647 			     _OutputIterator __result,
    648 			     _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
    649 			     _UnaryOperation __unary_op,
    650 			     _Tp __init)
    651     {
    652       for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
    653 	*__result++ = __init = __binary_op(__init, __unary_op(*__first));
    654       return __result;
    655     }
    656 
    657   /** @brief Output the cumulative sum of one range to a second range
    658    *
    659    *  @param __first  Start of input range.
    660    *  @param __last   End of input range.
    661    *  @param __result Start of output range.
    662    *  @param __binary_op Function to perform summation.
    663    *  @param __unary_op Function to transform elements of the input range.
    664    *  @return The end of the output range.
    665    *
    666    *  Write the cumulative sum (aka prefix sum, aka scan) of the input range
    667    *  to the output range. Each element of the output range contains the
    668    *  running total of all earlier elements,
    669    *  using `__unary_op` to transform the input elements
    670    *  and using `__binary_op` for summation.
    671    *
    672    *  This function generates an "inclusive" scan, meaning the Nth element
    673    *  of the output range is the sum of the first N input elements,
    674    *  so the Nth input element is included.
    675    */
    676   template<typename _InputIterator, typename _OutputIterator,
    677 	  typename _BinaryOperation, typename _UnaryOperation>
    678     _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    679     _OutputIterator
    680     transform_inclusive_scan(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
    681 			     _OutputIterator __result,
    682 			     _BinaryOperation __binary_op,
    683 			     _UnaryOperation __unary_op)
    684     {
    685       if (__first != __last)
    686 	{
    687 	  auto __init = __unary_op(*__first);
    688 	  *__result++ = __init;
    689 	  ++__first;
    690 	  if (__first != __last)
    691 	    __result = std::transform_inclusive_scan(__first, __last, __result,
    692 						     __binary_op, __unary_op,
    693 						     std::move(__init));
    694 	}
    695       return __result;
    696     }
    697 
    698   /// @} group numeric_ops
    699 
    700 _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
    701 } // namespace std
    702 
    703 // Parallel STL algorithms
    704 # if _PSTL_EXECUTION_POLICIES_DEFINED
    705 // If <execution> has already been included, pull in implementations
    706 #  include <pstl/glue_numeric_impl.h>
    707 # else
    708 // Otherwise just pull in forward declarations
    709 #  include <pstl/glue_numeric_defs.h>
    710 #  define _PSTL_NUMERIC_FORWARD_DECLARED 1
    711 # endif
    712 
    713 // Feature test macro for parallel algorithms
    714 # define __cpp_lib_parallel_algorithm 201603L
    715 #endif // C++17
    716 
    717 #endif /* _GLIBCXX_NUMERIC */
    718