newaliases.1.html revision 1.1.1.3
1 <!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 3 <html> <head> 4 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> 5 <title> Postfix manual - sendmail(1) </title> 6 </head> <body> <pre> 7 SENDMAIL(1) SENDMAIL(1) 8 9 <b>NAME</b> 10 sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface 11 12 <b>SYNOPSIS</b> 13 <b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>] 14 15 <b>mailq</b> 16 <b>sendmail -bp</b> 17 18 <b>newaliases</b> 19 <b>sendmail -I</b> 20 21 <b>DESCRIPTION</b> 22 The Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to 23 Sendmail compatibility interface. For the sake of compat- 24 ibility with existing applications, some Sendmail command- 25 line options are recognized but silently ignored. 26 27 By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from stan- 28 dard input until EOF or until it reads a line with only a 29 <b>.</b> character, and arranges for delivery. Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a> 30 <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> relies on the <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> command to create a 31 queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory. 32 33 Specific command aliases are provided for other common 34 modes of operation: 35 36 <b>mailq</b> List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue 37 file ID, message size, arrival time, sender, and 38 the recipients that still need to be delivered. If 39 mail could not be delivered upon the last attempt, 40 the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID 41 string is followed by an optional status character: 42 43 <b>*</b> The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the 44 message is selected for delivery. 45 46 <b>!</b> The message is in the <b>hold</b> queue, i.e. no 47 further delivery attempt will be made until 48 the mail is taken off hold. 49 50 This mode of operation is implemented by executing 51 the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 52 53 <b>newaliases</b> 54 Initialize the alias database. If no input file is 55 specified (with the <b>-oA</b> option, see below), the 56 program processes the file(s) specified with the 57 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b> configuration parameter. If no 58 alias database type is specified, the program uses 59 the type specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b> 60 configuration parameter. This mode of operation is 61 implemented by running the <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command. 62 63 Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias 64 database update becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix</b> 65 <b>reload</b>" command to eliminate this delay. 66 67 These and other features can be selected by specifying the 68 appropriate combination of command-line options. Some fea- 69 tures are controlled by parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configu- 70 ration file. 71 72 The following options are recognized: 73 74 <b>-Am</b> (ignored) 75 76 <b>-Ac</b> (ignored) 77 Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file 78 regardless of whether or not a message is an ini- 79 tial submission. 80 81 <b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i> 82 The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>. 83 84 <b>-bd</b> Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is 85 implemented by executing the "<b>postfix start</b>" com- 86 mand. 87 88 <b>-bh</b> (ignored) 89 90 <b>-bH</b> (ignored) 91 Postfix has no persistent host status database. 92 93 <b>-bi</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com- 94 mand above. 95 96 <b>-bl</b> Go into daemon mode. To accept only local connec- 97 tions as with Sendmail's <b>-bl</b> option, specify 98 "<b><a href="postconf.5.html#inet_interfaces">inet_interfaces</a> = loopback</b>" in the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> 99 configuration file. 100 101 <b>-bm</b> Read mail from standard input and arrange for 102 delivery. This is the default mode of operation. 103 104 <b>-bp</b> List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above. 105 106 <b>-bs</b> Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands 107 from standard input, and write responses to stan- 108 dard output. In stand-alone SMTP server mode, mail 109 relaying and other access controls are disabled by 110 default. To enable them, run the process as the 111 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user. 112 113 This mode of operation is implemented by running 114 the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a> daemon. 115 116 <b>-bv</b> Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send 117 an email report after verifying each recipient 118 address. This is useful for testing address 119 rewriting and routing configurations. 120 121 This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 122 and later. 123 124 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> 125 126 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i> 127 The path name of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of 128 its parent directory. This information is ignored 129 with Postfix versions before 2.3. 130 131 With all Postfix versions, you can specify a direc- 132 tory pathname with the MAIL_CONFIG environment 133 variable to override the location of configuration 134 files. 135 136 <b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i> 137 Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME 138 environment variable, and is used only with mes- 139 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header. 140 141 <b>-f</b> <i>sender</i> 142 Set the envelope sender address. This is the 143 address where delivery problems are sent to. With 144 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message 145 header overrides the error return address. 146 147 <b>-G</b> Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial 148 user submission. Either do not rewrite addresses 149 at all, or update incomplete addresses with the 150 domain information specified with <b>remote_header_re-</b> 151 <b>write_domain</b>. 152 153 This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3. 154 155 <b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored) 156 Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b> configura- 157 tion parameter instead. 158 159 <b>-I</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com- 160 mand above. 161 162 <b>-i</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't 163 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of 164 input. 165 166 <b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored) 167 The logging label. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b> configura- 168 tion parameter instead. 169 170 <b>-m</b> (ignored) 171 Backwards compatibility. 172 173 <b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure') 174 Delivery status notification control. Specify 175 either a comma-separated list with one or more of 176 <b>failure</b> (send notification when delivery fails), 177 <b>delay</b> (send notification when delivery is delayed), 178 or <b>success</b> (send notification when the message is 179 delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any noti- 180 fications at all). 181 182 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 183 184 <b>-n</b> (ignored) 185 Backwards compatibility. 186 187 <b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i> 188 Non-default alias database. Specify <i>pathname</i> or 189 <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>. See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details. 190 191 <b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored) 192 Set the named <i>option</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent 193 configuration parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. 194 195 <b>-o7</b> (ignored) 196 197 <b>-o8</b> (ignored) 198 To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate 199 MIME encapsulation and specify the appropriate <b>-B</b> 200 command-line option. 201 202 <b>-oi</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't 203 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of 204 input. 205 206 <b>-om</b> (ignored) 207 The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. 208 expansions. 209 210 <b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored) 211 Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configu- 212 ration parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. 213 214 <b>-r</b> <i>sender</i> 215 Set the envelope sender address. This is the 216 address where delivery problems are sent to. With 217 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message 218 header overrides the error return address. 219 220 <b>-R</b> <i>return</i> 221 Delivery status notification control. Specify 222 "hdrs" to return only the header when a message 223 bounces, "full" to return a full copy (the default 224 behavior). 225 226 The <b>-R</b> option specifies an upper bound; Postfix 227 will return only the header, when a full copy would 228 exceed the <a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> setting. 229 230 This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.10. 231 232 <b>-q</b> Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is imple- 233 mented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 234 235 Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently 236 will result in poor delivery performance of all 237 other mail. 238 239 <b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored) 240 The interval between queue runs. Use the 241 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> configuration parameter instead. 242 243 <b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i> 244 Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the speci- 245 fied queue ID. This option is implemented by exe- 246 cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command, and is available 247 with Postfix version 2.4 and later. 248 249 <b>-qR</b><i>site</i> 250 Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is 251 queued for the named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only 252 <i>site</i> names that are eligible for the "fast flush" 253 service, and is implemented by executing the 254 <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more infor- 255 mation about the "fast flush" service. 256 257 <b>-qS</b><i>site</i> 258 This command is not implemented. Use the slower 259 "<b>sendmail -q</b>" command instead. 260 261 <b>-t</b> Extract recipients from message headers. These are 262 added to any recipients specified on the command 263 line. 264 265 With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option 266 requires that no recipient addresses are specified 267 on the command line. 268 269 <b>-U</b> (ignored) 270 Initial user submission. 271 272 <b>-V</b> <i>envid</i> 273 Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers 274 that support DSN. 275 276 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 277 278 <b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>) 279 Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope 280 sender address of the form <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>, 281 each recipient <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i> receives mail with a 282 personalized envelope sender address. 283 284 By default, the personalized envelope sender 285 address is <i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The 286 default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> characters are configurable with 287 the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration parame- 288 ter. 289 290 <b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>) 291 As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as the VERP delimiter 292 characters, instead of the characters specified 293 with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration 294 parameter. 295 296 <b>-v</b> Send an email report of the first delivery attempt 297 (Postfix versions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery 298 always happens in the background. When multiple <b>-v</b> 299 options are given, enable verbose logging for 300 debugging purposes. 301 302 <b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored) 303 Log mailer traffic. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and 304 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b> configuration parameters instead. 305 306 <b>SECURITY</b> 307 By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id. 308 However, it must handle data from untrusted, possibly 309 remote, users. Thus, the usual precautions need to be 310 taken against malicious inputs. 311 312 <b>DIAGNOSTICS</b> 313 Problems are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) and to the standard 314 error stream. 315 316 <b>ENVIRONMENT</b> 317 <b>MAIL_CONFIG</b> 318 Directory with Postfix configuration files. 319 320 <b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter) 321 Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes. 322 323 <b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter) 324 Enable debugging with an external command, as spec- 325 ified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b> configuration 326 parameter. 327 328 <b>NAME</b> The sender full name. This is used only with mes- 329 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header. See also 330 the <b>-F</b> option above. 331 332 <b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b> 333 The following <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant 334 to this program. The text below provides only a parameter 335 summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for more details including exam- 336 ples. 337 338 <b>COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS</b> 339 Available with Postfix 2.9 and later: 340 341 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#sendmail_fix_line_endings">sendmail_fix_line_endings</a> (always)</b> 342 Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts 343 email message line endings from <CR><LF> into UNIX 344 format (<LF>). 345 346 <b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b> 347 The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples of how to trouble 348 shoot a Postfix system. 349 350 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b> 351 The external command to execute when a Postfix dae- 352 mon program is invoked with the -D option. 353 354 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b> 355 The increment in verbose logging level when a 356 remote client or server matches a pattern in the 357 <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter. 358 359 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b> 360 Optional list of remote client or server hostname 361 or network address patterns that cause the verbose 362 logging level to increase by the amount specified 363 in $<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>. 364 365 <b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b> 366 Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later: 367 368 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 369 List of users who are authorized to flush the 370 queue. 371 372 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 373 List of users who are authorized to view the queue. 374 375 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 376 List of users who are authorized to submit mail 377 with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command (and with the privi- 378 leged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper command). 379 380 <b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b> 381 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b> 382 The maximal amount of original message text that is 383 sent in a non-delivery notification. 384 385 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b> 386 The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child 387 process. 388 389 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b> 390 The delay between attempts to fork() a child 391 process. 392 393 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b> 394 The maximal number of Received: message headers 395 that is allowed in the primary message headers. 396 397 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b> 398 The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue 399 manager; prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 400 1000s. 401 402 <b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b> 403 The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation 404 details for the Postfix "fast flush" service. 405 406 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b> 407 Optional list of destinations that are eligible for 408 per-destination logfiles with mail that is queued 409 to those destinations. 410 411 <b>VERP CONTROLS</b> 412 The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation 413 details of Postfix support for variable envelope return 414 path addresses. 415 416 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b> 417 The two default VERP delimiter characters. 418 419 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b> 420 The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter 421 characters on the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line 422 and in SMTP commands. 423 424 <b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b> 425 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 426 The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that are 427 updated with "<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>". 428 429 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 430 The location of all postfix administrative com- 431 mands. 432 433 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 434 The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and 435 <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> configuration files. 436 437 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 438 The directory with Postfix support programs and 439 daemon programs. 440 441 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 442 The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>, 443 <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands. 444 445 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b> 446 The time after which the sender receives a copy of 447 the message headers of mail that is still queued. 448 449 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#enable_errors_to">enable_errors_to</a> (no)</b> 450 Report mail delivery errors to the address speci- 451 fied with the non-standard Errors-To: message 452 header, instead of the envelope sender address 453 (this feature is removed with Postfix version 2.2, 454 is turned off by default with Postfix version 2.1, 455 and is always turned on with older Postfix ver- 456 sions). 457 458 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b> 459 The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue 460 and most Postfix daemon processes. 461 462 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 463 The location of the Postfix top-level queue direc- 464 tory. 465 466 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b> 467 Don't rewrite message headers from remote clients 468 at all when this parameter is empty; otherwise, re- 469 write message headers and append the specified 470 domain name to incomplete addresses. 471 472 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b> 473 The syslog facility of Postfix logging. 474 475 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 476 The mail system name that is prepended to the 477 process name in syslog records, so that "smtpd" 478 becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd". 479 480 <b>FILES</b> 481 /var/spool/postfix, mail queue 482 /etc/postfix, configuration files 483 484 <b>SEE ALSO</b> 485 <a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon 486 <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager 487 <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server 488 <a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service 489 <a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance 490 <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database 491 <a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility 492 <a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control 493 <a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control 494 syslogd(8), system logging 495 496 <b>README_FILES</b> 497 <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto 498 <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto 499 <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto 500 501 <b>LICENSE</b> 502 The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this 503 software. 504 505 <b>AUTHOR(S)</b> 506 Wietse Venema 507 IBM T.J. Watson Research 508 P.O. Box 704 509 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA 510 511 SENDMAIL(1) 512 </pre> </body> </html> 513
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