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      4  1.13  christos <title>Time zone and daylight saving time data</title>
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     11  1.13  christos <h1>Time zone and daylight saving time data</h1>
     12   1.1  christos <p>
     13   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">Time zone</a> and
     14   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
     15   1.1  christos rules are controlled by individual
     16   1.1  christos governments. They are sometimes changed with little notice, and their
     17   1.1  christos histories and planned futures are often recorded only fitfully. Here
     18   1.1  christos is a summary of attempts to organize and record relevant data in this
     19   1.1  christos area.
     20   1.1  christos </p>
     21   1.6  christos   <h3>Outline</h3>
     22   1.6  christos   <nav>
     23   1.6  christos     <ul>
     24   1.6  christos       <li>The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database product and process
     25   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     26   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#tzdb">The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     27   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#download">Downloading the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     28   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     29  1.14  christos 	  <li><a href="#coordinating">Coordinating with governments and distributors</a></li>
     30   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#commentary">Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     31   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     32   1.6  christos       </li>
     33   1.6  christos       <li>Uses of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database
     34   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     35   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#web">Web sites using recent versions of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     36   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</a></li>
     37   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#compilers">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</a></li>
     38   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#TZif">Other <abbr>TZif</abbr> readers</a></li>
     39   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</a></li>
     40   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     41   1.6  christos       </li>
     42   1.6  christos       <li>Related data
     43   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     44   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#other-dbs">Other time zone databases</a></li>
     45   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#maps">Maps</a></li>
     46   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#boundaries">Time zone boundaries</a></li>
     47   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     48   1.6  christos       </li>
     49   1.6  christos       <li>Timekeeping concepts
     50   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     51   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#civil">Civil time concepts and history</a></li>
     52   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#national">National histories of legal time</a></li>
     53   1.7  christos 	  <li><a href="#costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</a></li>
     54   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#precision">Precision timekeeping</a></li>
     55   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#notation">Time notation</a></li>
     56   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     57   1.6  christos       </li>
     58  1.13  christos       <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li>
     59   1.6  christos     </ul>
     60   1.6  christos   </nav>
     61   1.6  christos 
     62   1.6  christos <section>
     63   1.1  christos <h2 id="tzdb">The <code><abbr title="time zone">tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
     64   1.1  christos <p>
     65   1.1  christos The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
     66   1.1  christos time zone database contains code and data
     67   1.1  christos that represent the history of local time
     68   1.1  christos for many representative locations around the globe.
     69   1.1  christos It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies
     70   1.1  christos to time zone boundaries and daylight saving rules.
     71   1.1  christos This database (known as <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>,
     72   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>, or <code>zoneinfo</code>)
     73   1.1  christos is used by several implementations,
     74   1.1  christos including
     75   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">the
     76   1.1  christos <abbr title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
     77   1.1  christos C Library</a> (used in
     78   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
     79   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.android.com">Android</a>,
     80   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.freebsd.org">Free<abbr
     81   1.1  christos title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>,
     82   1.1  christos <a href="https://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
     83   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
     84  1.13  christos <a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/">Chromium OS</a>,
     85   1.1  christos <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>,
     86   1.7  christos <a href="https://mariadb.org">MariaDB</a>,
     87   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>,
     88   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.mysql.com">MySQL</a>,
     89   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr
     90   1.1  christos title="Web Operating System">webOS</abbr></a>,
     91   1.7  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"><abbr
     92   1.1  christos title="Advanced Interactive eXecutive">AIX</abbr></a>,
     93   1.6  christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/ios"><abbr
     94   1.1  christos title="iPhone OS">iOS</abbr></a>,
     95   1.6  christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/macos">macOS</a>,
     96   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows">Microsoft Windows</a>,
     97   1.6  christos <a href="https://www.vmssoftware.com">Open<abbr
     98   1.1  christos title="Virtual Memory System">VMS</abbr></a>,
     99   1.6  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/">Oracle Database</a>, and
    100   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/solaris">Oracle Solaris</a>.</p>
    101   1.1  christos <p>
    102   1.2  christos Each main entry in the database represents a <dfn>timezone</dfn>
    103   1.2  christos for a set of civil-time clocks that have all agreed since 1970.
    104   1.2  christos Timezones are typically identified by continent or ocean and then by the
    105   1.2  christos name of the largest city within the region containing the clocks.
    106   1.1  christos For example, <code>America/New_York</code>
    107   1.1  christos represents most of the <abbr title="United States">US</abbr> eastern time zone;
    108   1.1  christos <code>America/Phoenix</code> represents most of Arizona, which
    109   1.2  christos uses mountain time without daylight saving time (<abbr>DST</abbr>);
    110   1.1  christos <code>America/Detroit</code> represents most of Michigan, which uses
    111   1.1  christos eastern time but with different <abbr>DST</abbr> rules in 1975;
    112   1.1  christos and other entries represent smaller regions like Starke County,
    113   1.1  christos Indiana, which switched from central to eastern time in 1991
    114   1.1  christos and switched back in 2006.
    115   1.1  christos To use the database on an extended <a
    116   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"><abbr
    117   1.1  christos title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr></a>
    118   1.1  christos implementation set the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code>
    119   1.1  christos environment variable to the location's full name,
    120   1.1  christos e.g., <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
    121   1.1  christos <p>
    122   1.2  christos Associated with each timezone is a history of offsets from
    123   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal
    124   1.1  christos Time</a> (<abbr>UT</abbr>), which is <a
    125   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">Greenwich Mean
    126   1.1  christos Time</a> (<abbr>GMT</abbr>) with days beginning at midnight;
    127   1.2  christos for timestamps after 1960 this is more precisely <a
    128   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
    129   1.1  christos Universal Time</a> (<abbr>UTC</abbr>).
    130   1.1  christos The database also records when daylight saving time was in use,
    131   1.1  christos along with some time zone abbreviations such as <abbr>EST</abbr>
    132   1.1  christos for Eastern Standard Time in the <abbr>US</abbr>.</p>
    133   1.6  christos </section>
    134   1.6  christos 
    135   1.6  christos <section>
    136   1.1  christos <h2 id="download">Downloading the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    137   1.1  christos <p>
    138   1.1  christos The following <a
    139   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">shell</a> commands download
    140   1.1  christos the latest release's two
    141   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)">tarballs</a>
    142   1.1  christos to a <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux or similar host.</p>
    143   1.2  christos <pre><code>mkdir tzdb
    144   1.1  christos cd tzdb
    145   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a> https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzcode-latest.tar.gz
    146   1.1  christos wget https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdata-latest.tar.gz
    147   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">gzip</a> -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">tar</a> -xf -
    148   1.1  christos gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
    149   1.1  christos </code></pre>
    150   1.1  christos <p>Alternatively, the following shell commands download the same
    151   1.1  christos release in a single-tarball format containing extra data
    152   1.1  christos useful for regression testing:</p>
    153   1.2  christos <pre><code>wget <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz">https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz</a>
    154   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/">lzip</a> -dc tzdb-latest.tar.lz | tar -xf -
    155   1.1  christos </code></pre>
    156   1.1  christos <p>These commands use convenience links to the latest release
    157   1.1  christos of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database hosted by the
    158   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Time Zone Database website</a>
    159   1.1  christos of the <a href="https://www.iana.org">Internet Assigned Numbers
    160   1.1  christos Authority (IANA)</a>.
    161   1.1  christos Older releases are in files named
    162   1.1  christos <code>tzcode<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>,
    163   1.1  christos <code>tzdata<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>, and
    164   1.1  christos <code>tzdb-<var>V</var>.tar.lz</code>,
    165   1.1  christos where <code><var>V</var></code> is the version.
    166   1.1  christos Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by
    167   1.1  christos lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>,
    168   1.1  christos then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp>
    169   1.1  christos through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on).
    170  1.13  christos Since version 2022a, each release has been distributed in
    171  1.10  christos <a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_92_13_06">POSIX
    172  1.10  christos ustar interchange format</a>, compressed as described above;
    173  1.14  christos older releases use a nearly compatible format.
    174   1.1  christos Since version 2016h, each release has contained a text file named
    175   1.1  christos "<samp>version</samp>" whose first (and currently only) line is the version.
    176   1.7  christos Older releases are <a href="https://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/">archived</a>,
    177   1.7  christos and are also available in an
    178   1.1  christos <a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/"><abbr
    179   1.1  christos title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr> directory</a> via a
    180  1.14  christos less secure protocol.</p>
    181   1.1  christos <p>Alternatively, a development repository of code and data can be
    182   1.1  christos retrieved from <a href="https://github.com">GitHub</a> via the shell
    183   1.1  christos command:</p>
    184   1.2  christos <pre><code><a href="https://git-scm.com">git</a> clone <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz">https://github.com/eggert/tz</a>
    185   1.1  christos </code></pre>
    186   1.1  christos <p>
    187   1.1  christos Since version 2012e, each release has been tagged in development repositories.
    188   1.1  christos Untagged commits are less well tested and probably contain
    189   1.1  christos more errors.</p>
    190   1.1  christos <p>
    191   1.1  christos After obtaining the code and data files, see the
    192   1.1  christos <code>README</code> file for what to do next.
    193   1.1  christos The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into
    194   1.2  christos machine-readable binary files, one for each location. The binary files
    195   1.5  christos are in a special timezone information format (<dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>)
    196  1.13  christos specified by <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/8536">Internet
    197   1.5  christos <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8536</a>.
    198   1.2  christos The code also lets
    199   1.2  christos you read a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file and interpret timestamps for that
    200   1.1  christos location.</p>
    201   1.6  christos </section>
    202   1.6  christos 
    203   1.6  christos <section>
    204   1.1  christos <h2 id="changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    205   1.1  christos <p>
    206   1.1  christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data
    207   1.1  christos are by no means authoritative. If you find errors, please
    208   1.1  christos send changes to <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org"><code>tz (a] iana.org</code></a>,
    209   1.1  christos the time zone mailing list. You can also <a
    210   1.1  christos href="https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/tz">subscribe</a> to it
    211   1.1  christos and browse the <a
    212   1.1  christos href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/">archive of old
    213   1.5  christos messages</a>.
    214   1.5  christos <a href="https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com/">Metadata for mailing list
    215   1.5  christos discussions</a> and corresponding data changes can be
    216   1.5  christos generated <a href="https://github.com/timparenti/tzdata-meta">automatically</a>.
    217   1.5  christos </p>
    218   1.1  christos <p>
    219   1.1  christos Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data are often
    220   1.1  christos propagated to clients via operating system updates, so
    221   1.1  christos client <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data can often be corrected by
    222   1.1  christos applying these updates. With GNU/Linux and similar systems, if your
    223   1.1  christos maintenance provider has not yet adopted the
    224   1.1  christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, you can often short-circuit
    225   1.1  christos the process by tailoring the generic instructions in
    226   1.1  christos the <code><abbr>tz</abbr> README</code> file and installing the latest
    227   1.1  christos data yourself. System-specific instructions for installing the
    228   1.1  christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data have also been published
    229  1.11  christos for <a href="https://developer.ibm.com/articles/au-aix-olson-time-zone/"><abbr>AIX</abbr></a>,
    230   1.1  christos <a
    231  1.10  christos href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/timezone-rules">Android</a>,
    232   1.1  christos <a
    233  1.11  christos href="https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/datetime/timezone/"><abbr
    234   1.1  christos title="International Components for Unicode">ICU</abbr></a>,
    235  1.11  christos <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/java-sdk-time-zone-update-utility"><abbr>IBM</abbr>
    236   1.9  christos JDK</a>,
    237   1.9  christos <a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/tz_update.html">Joda-Time</a>, <a
    238   1.1  christos href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/time-zone-support.html">MySQL</a>,
    239   1.9  christos <a href="https://nodatime.org/userguide/tzdb">Noda Time</a>, and <a
    240  1.11  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">OpenJDK/Oracle JDK</a>.
    241   1.1  christos </p>
    242  1.12  christos <p>Since version 2013a,
    243  1.12  christos sources for the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database have been
    244   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"><abbr
    245   1.1  christos title="Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit">UTF-8</abbr></a>
    246   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file">text files</a>
    247   1.1  christos with lines terminated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline"><abbr
    248   1.1  christos title="linefeed">LF</abbr></a>,
    249   1.1  christos which can be modified by common text editors such
    250   1.1  christos as <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>,
    251   1.1  christos <a href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit">gedit</a>, and
    252   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.vim.org">vim</a>.
    253   1.1  christos Specialized source-file editing can be done via the
    254   1.1  christos <a href="https://packagecontrol.io/packages/zoneinfo">Sublime
    255   1.1  christos zoneinfo</a> package for <a
    256   1.1  christos href="https://www.sublimetext.com">Sublime Text</a> and the <a
    257   1.1  christos href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=gilmoreorless.vscode-zoneinfo">VSCode
    258   1.1  christos zoneinfo</a> extension for <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com">Visual
    259   1.1  christos Studio Code</a>.
    260   1.1  christos </p>
    261   1.1  christos <p>
    262   1.1  christos For further information about updates, please see
    263  1.13  christos <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6557">Procedures for
    264   1.1  christos Maintaining the Time Zone Database</a> (Internet <abbr
    265   1.1  christos title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 6557). More detail can be
    266   1.7  christos found in <a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the
    267   1.7  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data</a>.
    268   1.2  christos <a href="https://a0.github.io/a0-tzmigration/">A0 TimeZone Migration</a>
    269   1.2  christos displays changes between recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> versions.
    270   1.1  christos </p>
    271   1.6  christos </section>
    272   1.6  christos 
    273   1.6  christos <section>
    274  1.14  christos <h2 id="coordinating">Coordinating with governments and distributors</h2>
    275  1.14  christos <p>
    276  1.14  christos As discussed in
    277  1.14  christos "<a href="https://www.icann.org/en/blogs/details/how-time-zones-are-coordinated-13-03-2023-en">How
    278  1.14  christos Time Zones Are Coordinated</a>", the time zone database relies on
    279  1.14  christos collaboration among governments, the time zone database volunteer
    280  1.14  christos community, and data distributors downstream.
    281  1.14  christos <p>
    282  1.14  christos If your government plans to change its time zone boundaries or
    283  1.14  christos daylight saving rules, please send email to <a
    284  1.14  christos href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org"><code>tz (a] iana.org</code></a> well in advance,
    285  1.14  christos as this will lessen confusion and will coordinate updates to many cell phones,
    286  1.14  christos computers, and other devices around the world.
    287  1.14  christos In your email, please cite the legislation or regulation that specifies
    288  1.14  christos the change, so that it can be checked for details such as the exact times
    289  1.14  christos when clock transitions occur.
    290  1.14  christos It is OK if a rule change is planned to affect clocks
    291  1.14  christos far into the future, as a long-planned change can easily be reverted
    292  1.14  christos or otherwise altered with a year's notice before the change would have
    293  1.14  christos affected clocks.</p>
    294  1.14  christos <p>
    295  1.14  christos There is no fixed schedule for <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> releases.
    296  1.14  christos However, typically a release occurs every few months.
    297  1.14  christos Many downstream timezone data distributors wait for
    298  1.14  christos a <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> release before they produce an update
    299  1.14  christos to time zone behavior in consumer devices and software products.
    300  1.14  christos After a release, various parties must integrate, test,
    301  1.14  christos and roll out an update before <a
    302  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_user">end users</a> see changes.
    303  1.14  christos These updates can be expensive, for both the <a
    304  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance">quality
    305  1.14  christos assurance</a> process and the overall cost of shipping and installing
    306  1.14  christos updates to each device's copy of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>.
    307  1.14  christos Updates may be batched with other updates and may take substantial
    308  1.14  christos time to reach end users after a release.
    309  1.14  christos Older devices may no longer be supported and thus may never be updated,
    310  1.14  christos which means they will continue to use out-of-date rules.</p>
    311  1.14  christos <p>
    312  1.14  christos For these reasons any rule change should be promulgated at least a
    313  1.14  christos year before it affects how clocks operate; otherwise, there is a good
    314  1.14  christos chance that many clocks will be wrong due to delays in propagating updates,
    315  1.14  christos and that residents will be confused or even actively resist the change.
    316  1.14  christos The shorter the notice, the more likely clock problems will arise; see "<a
    317  1.14  christos href="https://codeofmatt.com/2016/04/23/on-the-timing-of-time-zone-changes/">On
    318  1.14  christos the Timing of Time Zone Changes</a>" for examples.
    319  1.14  christos </p>
    320  1.14  christos </section>
    321  1.14  christos 
    322  1.14  christos <section>
    323   1.1  christos <h2 id="commentary">Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    324   1.1  christos <ul>
    325   1.1  christos <li>The article
    326   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz database</a> is
    327   1.1  christos an encyclopedic summary.</li>
    328   1.1  christos <li><a href="tz-how-to.html">How to Read the
    329   1.1  christos tz Database Source Files</a> explains the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    330   1.1  christos database format.</li>
    331   1.1  christos <li><a
    332   1.1  christos href="https://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/">A
    333   1.1  christos literary appreciation of the Olson/Zoneinfo/tz database</a> comments on the
    334   1.1  christos database's style.</li>
    335  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3340301.3341125">What time is it:
    336  1.10  christos managing time in the internet</a> analyzes the database longitudinally.</li>
    337   1.1  christos </ul>
    338   1.6  christos </section>
    339   1.6  christos 
    340   1.6  christos <section>
    341   1.1  christos <h2 id="web">Web sites using recent versions of the
    342   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    343   1.1  christos <p>
    344   1.1  christos These are listed roughly in ascending order of complexity and fanciness.
    345   1.1  christos </p>
    346   1.1  christos <ul>
    347   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://time.is">Time.is</a> shows locations'
    348   1.1  christos time and zones.</li>
    349   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.timejones.com">TimeJones.com</a>,
    350   1.1  christos <a href="https://timezoneconverterapp.com">Time Zone Converter</a> and
    351   1.7  christos <a href="https://www.worldclock.com">The World Clock</a>
    352   1.1  christos are time zone converters.</li>
    353   1.8  christos <li><a href="https://timezonedb.com/download">TimeZoneDB Database</a>
    354   1.8  christos publishes <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>-derived data in
    355   1.8  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values"><abbr
    356   1.8  christos title="comma-separated values">CSV</abbr></a> and
    357   1.8  christos in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL"><abbr
    358   1.8  christos title="Structured Query Language">SQL</abbr></a> form.</li>
    359   1.1  christos <li><a
    360   1.6  christos href="https://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a>
    361   1.1  christos lets you see the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> values directly.</li>
    362   1.1  christos <li><a
    363  1.13  christos href="https://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current
    364   1.1  christos Time in 1000 Places</a> uses descriptions of the values.</li>
    365   1.7  christos <li><a href="https://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/TZworld.html">Complete
    366  1.10  christos timezone information for all countries</a>
    367  1.10  christos displays tables of <abbr>DST</abbr> rules.
    368   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/">The World Clock &ndash;
    369   1.1  christos Worldwide</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li>
    370   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://24timezones.com">24TimeZones</a> has a world
    371   1.1  christos time map and a time converter.</li>
    372   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a>
    373   1.1  christos calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
    374  1.13  christos <li><a href="https://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and
    375  1.13  christos <a href="https://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li>
    376   1.1  christos </ul>
    377   1.6  christos </section>
    378   1.6  christos 
    379   1.6  christos <section>
    380   1.1  christos <h2 id="protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</h2>
    381   1.1  christos <ul>
    382   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.ietf.org">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>'s
    383   1.1  christos <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/tzdist/charter/">Time Zone Data
    384   1.1  christos Distribution Service (tzdist) working group</a> defined <a
    385  1.13  christos href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7808">TZDIST</a>
    386   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808), a time zone data distribution service,
    387  1.13  christos along with <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7809">CalDAV</a>
    388   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809), a calendar access protocol for
    389   1.2  christos transferring time zone data by reference.
    390   1.8  christos <a href="https://devguide.calconnect.org/Time-Zones/TZDS/">TZDIST
    391   1.8  christos implementations</a> are available.
    392   1.2  christos The <a href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tzdist-bis">tzdist-bis
    393   1.9  christos mailing list</a> discusses possible extensions.</li>
    394  1.13  christos <li>The <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5545">
    395   1.1  christos Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification
    396   1.1  christos (iCalendar)</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445)
    397   1.1  christos covers time zone
    398   1.1  christos data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component.
    399   1.1  christos The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a
    400  1.13  christos variant <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6321">xCal</a>
    401   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6321) uses
    402   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/XML/"><abbr
    403   1.1  christos title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr></a> format, and a variant
    404  1.13  christos <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7265">jCal</a>
    405   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7265)
    406   1.1  christos uses <a href="https://www.json.org"><abbr
    407   1.1  christos title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></a> format.</li>
    408   1.1  christos </ul>
    409   1.6  christos </section>
    410   1.6  christos 
    411   1.6  christos <section>
    412   1.1  christos <h2 id="compilers">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</h2>
    413   1.7  christos <p>Although some of these do not fully support
    414   1.7  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, in recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>
    415   1.7  christos distributions you can generally work around compatibility problems by
    416   1.7  christos running the command <code>make rearguard_tarballs</code> and compiling
    417   1.7  christos from the resulting tarballs instead.</p>
    418   1.1  christos <ul>
    419   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/vzic/">Vzic</a> is a <a
    420  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C</a>
    421   1.1  christos program that compiles
    422   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into iCalendar-compatible VTIMEZONE files.
    423   1.1  christos Vzic is freely
    424   1.1  christos available under the <a
    425   1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr>
    426   1.1  christos General Public License (<abbr
    427   1.1  christos title="General Public License">GPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
    428   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/tzical/">tziCal &ndash; tz
    429   1.1  christos database conversion utility</a> is like Vzic, except for the <a
    430   1.6  christos href="https://dotnet.microsoft.com">.NET framework</a>
    431   1.1  christos and with a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    432   1.1  christos <li><a
    433   1.4  christos href="https://metacpan.org/release/DateTime-TimeZone">DateTime::TimeZone</a>
    434   1.1  christos contains a script <code>parse_olson</code> that compiles
    435   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into <a href="https://www.perl.org">Perl</a>
    436   1.1  christos modules. It is part of the Perl <a
    437   1.4  christos href="https://github.com/houseabsolute/DateTime.pm/wiki">DateTime Project</a>,
    438   1.4  christos which is freely
    439   1.1  christos available under both the <abbr>GPL</abbr> and the Perl Artistic
    440   1.1  christos License. DateTime::TimeZone also contains a script
    441   1.1  christos <code>tests_from_zdump</code> that generates test cases for each clock
    442   1.1  christos transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li>
    443   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://howardhinnant.github.io/date/tz.html">Time Zone
    444   1.1  christos Database Parser</a> is a
    445  1.14  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++">C++</a> parser and
    446   1.9  christos runtime library with <a
    447  1.13  christos href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0355r7.html">API</a>
    448   1.9  christos adopted by
    449   1.6  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++20">C++20</a>,
    450   1.9  christos the current iteration of the C++ standard.
    451   1.1  christos It is freely available under the
    452   1.1  christos <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    453  1.13  christos <li><a id="ICU" href="https://icu.unicode.org">International Components for
    454   1.1  christos Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a
    455  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)">Java</a>
    456   1.1  christos libraries for internationalization that
    457   1.1  christos has a compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source
    458   1.1  christos and from <abbr title="Common Locale Data Repository">CLDR</abbr> data
    459   1.1  christos (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>)
    460   1.1  christos into an <abbr>ICU</abbr>-specific format.
    461   1.1  christos <abbr>ICU</abbr> is freely available under a
    462   1.1  christos <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    463   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://github.com/lau/tzdata">Tzdata</a> package for
    464   1.1  christos the <a href="https://elixir-lang.org">Elixir</a> language downloads
    465   1.7  christos and compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source and exposes <abbr
    466   1.1  christos title="Application Program Interface">API</abbr>s for use. It is
    467   1.1  christos freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    468   1.1  christos <li>Java-based compilers and libraries include:
    469   1.1  christos <ul>
    470   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    471   1.9  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">TZUpdater
    472   1.1  christos tool</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into the format used by
    473   1.9  christos <a href="https://openjdk.java.net/">OpenJDK</a> and
    474   1.9  christos <a href="https://jdk.java.net/">Oracle JDK</a>.
    475   1.9  christos Although its source code is proprietary, its executable is available under the
    476   1.9  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/a/tech/docs/tzupdater-lic.html">Java SE
    477   1.9  christos Timezone Updater License Agreement</a>.</li>
    478   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    479   1.4  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-time-2125367.html">Java
    480   1.6  christos SE 8 Date and Time</a> <abbr>API</abbr> can be supplemented by <a
    481   1.4  christos href="https://www.threeten.org/threeten-extra/">ThreeTen-Extra</a>,
    482   1.1  christos which is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    483   1.4  christos <li><a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/">Joda-Time &ndash; Java date
    484   1.1  christos and time <abbr>API</abbr></a> contains a class
    485   1.1  christos <code>org.joda.time.tz.ZoneInfoCompiler</code> that compiles
    486   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format. It inspired
    487   1.1  christos Java 8 <code>java.time</code>, which its users should migrate to once
    488   1.1  christos they can assume Java 8 or later. It is available under the <a
    489   1.1  christos href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License</a>.</li>
    490   1.9  christos <li><a href="https://bell-sw.com/pages/iana-updater/">IANA Updater</a> and <a
    491   1.7  christos href="https://www.azul.com/products/open-source-tools/ziupdater-time-zone-tool/">ZIUpdater</a>
    492   1.9  christos are alternatives to TZUpdater. IANA Updater's license is unclear;
    493   1.9  christos ZIUpdater is licensed under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    494   1.4  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4A">Time4A: Advanced date and
    495   1.4  christos time library for Android</a> and
    496   1.4  christos <a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4J/">Time4J: Advanced date,
    497   1.4  christos time and interval library for Java</a> compile
    498   1.4  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format.
    499   1.4  christos Time4A is available under the Apache License and Time4J is
    500   1.1  christos available under the <a
    501   1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr> Lesser
    502   1.1  christos General Public License (<abbr title="Lesser General Public
    503   1.1  christos License">LGPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
    504   1.1  christos <li><abbr>ICU</abbr> (mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>) contains compilers and
    505   1.1  christos Java-based libraries.</li>
    506   1.1  christos </ul>
    507   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://nodatime.org">Noda Time &ndash; Date and
    508   1.1  christos time <abbr>API</abbr> for .NET</a>
    509   1.4  christos is like Joda-Time and Time4J, but for the .NET framework instead of Java.
    510   1.4  christos It is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    511   1.8  christos <li>Many modern
    512   1.8  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>
    513   1.8  christos runtimes support <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> natively via the
    514   1.8  christos <samp>timeZone</samp> option of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat"><samp>Intl.DateTimeFormat</samp></a>.
    515  1.10  christos This can be used as-is or with most of the following libraries,
    516  1.10  christos many of which also support runtimes lacking the <samp>timeZone</samp> option.
    517   1.1  christos <ul>
    518   1.8  christos <li>The <a
    519   1.8  christos href="https://github.com/formatjs/date-time-format-timezone"><samp>Intl.DateTimeFormat</samp>
    520   1.8  christos timezone polyfill</a>
    521   1.8  christos is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    522  1.10  christos <li>The <a href="https://date-fns.org/">date-fns</a>
    523  1.10  christos library manipulates timezone-aware timestamps in browsers and
    524  1.10  christos in <a href="https://nodejs.org/en/">Node.js</a>.
    525  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    526  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/iamkun/dayjs">Day.js</a> is a
    527  1.10  christos minimalist replacement for the date and time API of
    528  1.10  christos the <a href="https://momentjs.com/docs/">now-legacy Moment.js</a> date
    529  1.10  christos manipulation library.
    530  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    531  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://moment.github.io/luxon/">Luxon</a> improves
    532  1.10  christos timezone support for the <samp>Intl</samp> API.
    533  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    534   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://momentjs.com/timezone/">Moment Timezone</a> is a
    535  1.10  christos Moment.js plugin.
    536  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    537   1.8  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/bigeasy/timezone">Timezone</a> is a
    538   1.8  christos JavaScript library that supports date arithmetic that is time zone
    539   1.8  christos aware. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    540  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tubular/time">@tubular/time</a>
    541  1.10  christos supports live <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> updates,
    542  1.10  christos astronomical and atomic time, a command-line interface,
    543  1.10  christos and full <a
    544  1.10  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript">TypeScript</a>.
    545  1.10  christos Its companion <a
    546  1.10  christos href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tubular/time-tzdb">@tubular/time-tzdb</a>
    547  1.10  christos can generate <abbr>TZif</abbr> and other files, and a companion website
    548  1.10  christos <a href="https://tzexplorer.org">Timezone Database Explorer</a> lets you
    549  1.10  christos convert timestamps, view transition histories, and download code and data.
    550  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    551   1.1  christos </ul>
    552  1.10  christos The proposed <a
    553  1.10  christos href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal"><samp>Temporal</samp>
    554  1.10  christos objects</a> let programs access an abstract view of
    555  1.10  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> data, and are designed to replace <a
    556  1.10  christos href="https://codeofmatt.com/javascript-date-type-is-horribly-broken/">JavaScript's
    557  1.10  christos problematic <samp>Date</samp> objects</a> when working with dates and times.
    558   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/JuliaTime/">JuliaTime</a> contains a
    559   1.1  christos compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    560   1.1  christos <a href="https://julialang.org/">Julia</a>. It is freely available
    561   1.1  christos under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    562   1.6  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/pavkam/tzdb"><abbr>TZDB</abbr> &ndash;
    563   1.6  christos <abbr>IANA</abbr> Time Zone Database for Delphi/<abbr
    564   1.6  christos title="Free Pascal Compiler">FPC</abbr></a>
    565   1.2  christos compiles from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    566   1.2  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Pascal">Object Pascal</a>
    567   1.2  christos as compiled by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(IDE)">Delphi</a>
    568   1.2  christos and <a
    569   1.2  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Pascal"><abbr>FPC</abbr></a>.
    570   1.2  christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    571   1.1  christos <li><a href="http://pytz.sourceforge.net">pytz &ndash; World Timezone
    572   1.1  christos Definitions for Python</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    573   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.python.org">Python</a>.
    574   1.9  christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.
    575  1.11  christos In code that can assume Python 3.6 or later it is largely superseded; see <a
    576  1.11  christos href="https://blog.ganssle.io/articles/2018/03/pytz-fastest-footgun.html">pytz:
    577  1.11  christos The Fastest Footgun in the West</a>.</li>
    578   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://tzinfo.github.io">TZInfo &ndash;
    579   1.1  christos Ruby Timezone Library</a>
    580   1.1  christos compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    581   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
    582   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    583  1.13  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
    584   1.1  christos Library</a> is
    585   1.1  christos a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
    586   1.1  christos library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time
    587   1.1  christos zone repository whose format
    588   1.1  christos is either proprietary or an <abbr>XML</abbr>-encoded
    589   1.1  christos representation.</li>
    590   1.1  christos <li><a id="Tcl" href="https://tcl.tk">Tcl</a>
    591   1.1  christos contains a developer-oriented parser that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    592   1.1  christos source into text files, along with a runtime that can read those
    593   1.1  christos files. Tcl is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style
    594   1.1  christos license.</li>
    595   1.1  christos </ul>
    596   1.6  christos </section>
    597   1.6  christos 
    598   1.6  christos <section>
    599   1.2  christos <h2 id="TZif">Other <abbr>TZif</abbr> readers</h2>
    600   1.1  christos <ul>
    601   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    602   1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"><abbr>GNU</abbr> C
    603   1.1  christos Library</a>
    604   1.1  christos has an independent, thread-safe implementation of
    605   1.2  christos a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.
    606   1.1  christos This library is freely available under the LGPL
    607   1.1  christos and is widely used in <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux systems.</li>
    608   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.gnome.org">GNOME</a>'s
    609   1.1  christos <a href="https://developer.gnome.org/glib/">GLib</a> has
    610   1.2  christos a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in C that
    611   1.1  christos creates a <code>GTimeZone</code> object representing sets
    612   1.1  christos of <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets.
    613   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
    614   1.1  christos <li>The
    615   1.1  christos <a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bde/wiki">BDE Standard Library</a>'s
    616   1.1  christos <code>baltzo::TimeZoneUtil</code> component contains a C++
    617   1.2  christos implementation of a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader. It is freely available under
    618   1.1  christos the Apache License.</li>
    619   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/google/cctz">CCTZ</a> is a simple C++
    620   1.1  christos library that translates between <abbr>UT</abbr> and civil time and
    621   1.2  christos can read <abbr>TZif</abbr> files. It is freely available under the Apache
    622   1.1  christos License.</li>
    623   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/derickr/timelib">Timelib</a> is a C
    624   1.2  christos library that reads <abbr>TZif</abbr> files and converts
    625   1.2  christos timestamps from one time zone or format to another.
    626   1.1  christos It is used by <a href="https://secure.php.net"><abbr
    627   1.1  christos title="PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor">PHP</abbr></a>,
    628   1.1  christos <a href="https://hhvm.com"><abbr title="HipHop Virtual Machine">HHVM</abbr></a>,
    629   1.1  christos and <a href="https://www.mongodb.com">MongoDB</a>.
    630   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    631   1.1  christos <li>Tcl, mentioned <a href="#Tcl">above</a>, also contains a
    632   1.2  christos <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.</li>
    633   1.4  christos <li><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile">
    634   1.1  christos DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile</a>
    635   1.2  christos is a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in Perl.
    636   1.1  christos It is freely available under the same terms as Perl
    637   1.1  christos (dual <abbr>GPL</abbr> and Artistic license).</li>
    638   1.9  christos <li>Python has a <a id="python-zoneinfo"
    639  1.11  christos href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html"><code>zoneinfo.ZoneInfo</code>
    640   1.8  christos class</a> that reads <abbr>TZif</abbr> data and creates objects
    641   1.8  christos that represent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones.
    642   1.8  christos Python is freely available under the
    643  1.11  christos <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/license.html">Python Software Foundation
    644   1.8  christos License</a>.
    645   1.9  christos A companion <a id="pypi-tzdata" href="https://pypi.org/">PyPI</a> module
    646   1.8  christos <a href="https://pypi.org/project/tzdata/"><code>tzdata</code></a>
    647   1.8  christos supplies TZif data if the underlying system data cannot be found;
    648   1.8  christos it is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    649   1.1  christos <li>The
    650   1.1  christos public-domain <a href="https://github.com/dbaron/tz.js">tz.js</a>
    651   1.1  christos library contains a Python tool that
    652   1.2  christos converts <abbr>TZif</abbr> data into
    653   1.1  christos <abbr>JSON</abbr>-format data suitable for use
    654   1.1  christos in its JavaScript library for time zone conversion. Dates before 1970
    655   1.1  christos are not supported.</li>
    656   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    657   1.1  christos href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-olson">timezone-olson</a>
    658   1.1  christos package contains <a href="https://www.haskell.org">Haskell</a> code that
    659   1.2  christos parses and uses <abbr>TZif</abbr> data. It is freely
    660   1.1  christos available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    661   1.1  christos </ul>
    662   1.6  christos </section>
    663   1.6  christos 
    664   1.6  christos <section>
    665   1.1  christos <h2 id="software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</h2>
    666   1.1  christos <ul>
    667   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://foxclocks.org">FoxClocks</a>
    668   1.1  christos is an extension for <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Google
    669   1.1  christos Chrome</a> and for <a
    670  1.11  christos href="https://wiki.mozilla.org/Modules/Toolkit">Mozilla
    671   1.1  christos Toolkit</a> applications like <a
    672   1.1  christos href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">Firefox</a> and <a
    673   1.1  christos href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/">Thunderbird</a>.
    674   1.1  christos It displays multiple clocks in the application window, and has a mapping
    675   1.1  christos interface to <a href="https://www.google.com/earth/">Google Earth</a>.
    676   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    677   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://golang.org">Go programming language</a>
    678   1.1  christos implementations contain a copy of a 32-bit subset of a recent
    679   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
    680   1.1  christos Go-specific format.</li>
    681   1.1  christos <li>Microsoft Windows 8.1
    682   1.1  christos and later has <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data and <abbr>CLDR</abbr>
    683   1.3  christos data (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>) used by the
    684   1.3  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Runtime">Windows Runtime</a> /
    685   1.3  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a> classes
    686   1.3  christos <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/uwp/api/Windows.Globalization.DateTimeFormatting.DateTimeFormatter"><code>DateTimeFormatter</code></a> and
    687   1.3  christos <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/uwp/api/windows.globalization.calendar"><code>Calendar</code></a>.
    688   1.1  christos <a id="System.TimeZoneInfo"
    689   1.1  christos href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/bclteam/2007/06/07/exploring-windows-time-zones-with-system-timezoneinfo-josh-free/">Exploring
    690   1.1  christos Windows Time Zones with <code>System.TimeZoneInfo</code></a> describes
    691   1.1  christos the older, proprietary method of Microsoft Windows 2000 and later,
    692   1.1  christos which stores time zone data in the
    693   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry">Windows Registry</a>. The
    694   1.1  christos <a
    695   1.1  christos href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/zone_tzid.html">Zone &rarr;
    696   1.1  christos Tzid table</a> or <a
    697   1.6  christos href="https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/master/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml"><abbr>XML</abbr>
    698   1.1  christos file</a> of the <abbr>CLDR</abbr> data maps proprietary zone IDs
    699   1.1  christos to <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> names.
    700   1.3  christos These mappings can be performed programmatically via the <a href="https://github.com/mj1856/TimeZoneConverter">TimeZoneConverter</a> .NET library,
    701   1.3  christos or the ICU Java and C++ libraries mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>.
    702   1.1  christos <li><a
    703   1.1  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/index.html">Oracle
    704   1.1  christos Java</a> contains a copy of a subset of a recent
    705   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
    706   1.1  christos Java-specific format.</li>
    707   1.1  christos </ul>
    708   1.6  christos </section>
    709   1.6  christos 
    710   1.6  christos <section>
    711   1.1  christos <h2 id="other-dbs">Other time zone databases</h2>
    712   1.1  christos <ul>
    713   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.astro.com/atlas">Time-zone Atlas</a>
    714   1.4  christos is Astrodienst's Web version of Shanks and Pottenger's out-of-print
    715   1.4  christos time zone history atlases
    716   1.4  christos <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468828649">for the US</a> and
    717   1.9  christos <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76950459">for the world</a>.
    718   1.4  christos Although these extensive atlases
    719   1.4  christos <a href="https://astrologynewsservice.com/opinion/how-astrologers-contributed-to-the-information-age-a-brief-history-of-time/">were
    720   1.4  christos sources for much of the older <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</a>,
    721   1.4  christos they are unreliable as Shanks appears to have
    722   1.1  christos guessed many <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets and transitions. The atlases cite no
    723   1.1  christos sources and do not indicate which entries are guesswork.</li>
    724   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has a database in
    725   1.1  christos its own <code>tztab</code>(4) format.</li>
    726   1.1  christos <li>Microsoft Windows has proprietary data mentioned
    727   1.1  christos <a href="#System.TimeZoneInfo">above</a>.</li>
    728   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimeserver.com">World Time Server</a>
    729   1.1  christos is another time zone database.</li>
    730   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    731   1.1  christos href="https://www.iata.org/publications/store/Pages/standard-schedules-information.aspx">Standard
    732   1.1  christos Schedules Information Manual</a> of the
    733   1.1  christos International Air Transport Association
    734   1.1  christos gives current time zone rules for airports served by commercial aviation.</li>
    735   1.1  christos </ul>
    736   1.6  christos </section>
    737   1.6  christos 
    738   1.6  christos <section>
    739   1.1  christos <h2 id="maps">Maps</h2>
    740   1.1  christos <ul>
    741   1.9  christos <li>The <a
    742   1.9  christos href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/maps/world-regional/">World
    743   1.9  christos and Regional Maps section</a> of <em>The World Factbook</em>, published by the
    744   1.9  christos <a href="https://www.cia.gov">US Central Intelligence
    745   1.9  christos Agency (<abbr
    746   1.9  christos title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</abbr>)</a>, contains a time
    747   1.9  christos zone map; the
    748   1.1  christos <a
    749   1.6  christos href="https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world.html">Perry&ndash;Casta&ntilde;eda
    750   1.1  christos Library Map Collection</a>
    751   1.1  christos of the University of Texas at Austin has copies of
    752   1.1  christos recent editions.
    753   1.1  christos The pictorial quality is good,
    754   1.1  christos but the maps do not indicate daylight saving time,
    755   1.1  christos and parts of the data are a few years out of date.</li>
    756   1.6  christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimezone.com">World Time Zone Map
    757   1.6  christos with current time</a>
    758   1.1  christos has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.
    759   1.1  christos The maps' pictorial quality is not quite as good as the
    760   1.1  christos <abbr>CIA</abbr>'s
    761   1.1  christos but the maps are more up to date.</li>
    762   1.1  christos <li><a
    763   1.1  christos href="https://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
    764   1.1  christos much is time wrong around the world?</a> maps the difference between
    765   1.1  christos mean solar and standard time, highlighting areas such as western China
    766   1.1  christos where the two differ greatly. It's a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
    767   1.1  christos </ul>
    768   1.6  christos </section>
    769   1.6  christos 
    770   1.6  christos <section>
    771   1.1  christos <h2 id="boundaries">Time zone boundaries</h2>
    772   1.2  christos <p>Geographical boundaries between timezones are available
    773   1.9  christos from several <a
    774   1.9  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_geolocation">Internet
    775   1.9  christos geolocation</a>
    776   1.1  christos services and other sources.</p>
    777   1.1  christos <ul>
    778   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/evansiroky/timezone-boundary-builder">Timezone
    779   1.1  christos Boundary Builder</a> extracts
    780   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org">Open Street Map</a> data to build
    781   1.2  christos boundaries of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones.
    782   1.1  christos Its code is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license, and
    783   1.1  christos its data entries are freely available under the
    784   1.1  christos <a href="https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/">Open Data Commons
    785   1.1  christos Open Database License</a>. The maps' borders appear to be quite accurate.</li>
    786   1.1  christos <li>Programmatic interfaces that map geographical coordinates via tz_world to
    787   1.2  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones include:
    788   1.1  christos <ul>
    789   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/mj1856/GeoTimeZone">GeoTimeZone</a> is
    790   1.1  christos written in <a
    791   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)">C#</a>
    792   1.1  christos and is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    793   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://github.com/bradfitz/latlong">latlong package</a>
    794   1.1  christos is written in Go and is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    795   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/drtimcooper/LatLongToTimezone">LatLongToTimezone</a>,
    796   1.1  christos in both Java and
    797   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)">Swift</a>
    798   1.1  christos form, is freely available under the MIT license.</li>
    799  1.10  christos <li>For Node.js,
    800   1.1  christos the <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/geo-tz">geo-tz module</a>
    801   1.1  christos is freely available under the MIT license, and
    802   1.1  christos the <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/tz-lookup">tz-lookup module</a>
    803   1.1  christos is in the public domain.</li>
    804   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    805   1.1  christos href="https://github.com/MrMinimal64/timezonefinder">timezonefinder</a>
    806   1.1  christos library for Python is freely available under the MIT license.
    807   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    808   1.1  christos href="https://github.com/gunyarakun/timezone_finder">timezone_finder</a>
    809   1.1  christos library for Ruby is freely available under the MIT license.</li>
    810   1.1  christos </ul></li>
    811   1.1  christos <li>Free access via a network API, if you register a key, is provided by
    812   1.4  christos the <a
    813   1.4  christos href="https://www.geonames.org/export/web-services.html#timezone">GeoNames
    814   1.4  christos Timezone web service</a>, the <a
    815   1.4  christos href="https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/timezone/intro">Google
    816   1.4  christos Maps Time Zone API</a>, and
    817   1.8  christos the <a href="https://timezonedb.com/api">TimeZoneDB API</a>.
    818   1.1  christos Commercial network API access is provided
    819   1.1  christos by <a href="https://askgeo.com">AskGeo</a>
    820   1.1  christos and <a href="https://www.geogarage.com/blog/news-1/post/geogarage-time-zone-api-31">GeoGarage</a>.
    821   1.1  christos </li>
    822   1.1  christos <li>"<a
    823   1.1  christos href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16086962/how-to-get-a-time-zone-from-a-location-using-latitude-and-longitude-coordinates/16086964">How
    824   1.1  christos to get a time zone from a location using latitude and longitude
    825   1.1  christos coordinates?</a>" discusses other geolocation possibilities.</li>
    826   1.1  christos <li><a href="http://statoids.com/statoids.html">Administrative
    827   1.1  christos Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")</a> lists
    828   1.1  christos political subdivision data related to time zones.</li>
    829   1.7  christos <li><a href="https://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/Multizones.html">Time
    830   1.1  christos zone boundaries for multizone countries</a> summarizes legal
    831   1.1  christos boundaries between time zones within countries.</li>
    832  1.13  christos <li><a href="https://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software
    833   1.1  christos &ndash; GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
    834   1.1  christos world time zone boundaries distributed under the
    835   1.1  christos <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    836   1.1  christos <li>A ship within the <a
    837   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters">territorial
    838   1.1  christos waters</a> of any nation uses that nation's time. In international
    839   1.1  christos waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15&deg; apart, except that
    840   1.1  christos <abbr>UT</abbr>&minus;12 and <abbr>UT</abbr>+12 are each 7.5&deg;
    841   1.1  christos wide and are separated by
    842   1.1  christos the 180&deg; meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is
    843   1.1  christos for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ship's
    844   1.1  christos clocks any time after entering a new time zone; midnight changes are
    845   1.1  christos common.</li>
    846   1.1  christos </ul>
    847   1.6  christos </section>
    848   1.6  christos 
    849   1.6  christos <section>
    850   1.1  christos <h2 id="civil">Civil time concepts and history</h2>
    851   1.1  christos <ul>
    852   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time">A
    853   1.1  christos Walk through Time</a>
    854   1.1  christos surveys the evolution of timekeeping.</li>
    855   1.4  christos <li>The history of daylight saving time is surveyed in <a
    856   1.4  christos href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/">About Daylight
    857   1.4  christos Saving Time &ndash; History, rationale, laws &amp; dates</a> and summarized in
    858   1.4  christos <a href="http://seizethedaylight.com/dst/">A Brief
    859   1.4  christos History of Daylight Saving Time</a>.</li>
    860   1.4  christos <li><a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/time-lords">Time
    861   1.4  christos Lords</a> discusses how authoritarians manipulate civil time.</li>
    862   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/timezone/">Working with Time Zones</a>
    863   1.1  christos contains guidelines and best practices for software applications that
    864   1.1  christos deal with civil time.</li>
    865   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm">A History of
    866   1.1  christos the International Date Line</a> tells the story of the most important
    867   1.1  christos time zone boundary.</li>
    868   1.1  christos <li><a href="http://statoids.com/tconcept.html">Basic Time
    869   1.1  christos Zone Concepts</a> discusses terminological issues behind time zones.</li>
    870   1.1  christos </ul>
    871   1.6  christos </section>
    872   1.6  christos 
    873   1.6  christos <section>
    874   1.1  christos <h2 id="national">National histories of legal time</h2>
    875   1.1  christos <dl>
    876   1.1  christos <dt>Australia</dt>
    877   1.6  christos <dd>The Parliamentary Library commissioned a <a
    878   1.1  christos href="https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2009-10/10rp10.pdf">research
    879   1.1  christos paper on daylight saving time in Australia</a>.
    880   1.1  christos The Bureau of Meteorology publishes a list of <a
    881   1.1  christos href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">Implementation
    882   1.1  christos Dates of Daylight Savings Time within Australia</a>.</dd>
    883   1.1  christos <dt>Belgium</dt>
    884   1.7  christos <dd>The Royal Observatory of Belgium maintains a table of time in
    885   1.7  christos Belgium (in
    886   1.7  christos <a href="https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html"
    887   1.7  christos hreflang="nl">Dutch</a> and <a
    888   1.7  christos href="https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/fri001a.html"
    889   1.7  christos hreflang="fr">French</a>).</dd>
    890   1.1  christos <dt>Brazil</dt>
    891   1.1  christos <dd>The Time Service Department of the National Observatory
    892   1.1  christos records <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html"
    893   1.1  christos hreflang="pt-BR">Brazil's daylight saving time decrees (in
    894   1.1  christos Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
    895   1.1  christos <dt>Canada</dt>
    896   1.1  christos <dd>National Research Council Canada publishes current
    897   1.1  christos and some older information about <a
    898   1.6  christos href="https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/canadas-official-time/time-zones-daylight-saving-time">time
    899   1.6  christos zones and daylight saving time</a>.</dd>
    900   1.1  christos <dt>Chile</dt>
    901   1.1  christos <dd>The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy publishes a
    902  1.11  christos <a href="https://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php" hreflang="es">history of
    903   1.1  christos Chile's official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    904   1.3  christos <dt>China</dt>
    905   1.3  christos <dd>The Hong Kong Observatory maintains a
    906   1.7  christos <a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm">history of
    907   1.3  christos  summer time in Hong Kong</a>,
    908   1.3  christos and Macau's Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau maintains a <a
    909   1.7  christos href="https://www.smg.gov.mo/en/subpage/224/page/174">similar
    910   1.3  christos history for Macau</a>.
    911   1.3  christos Unfortunately the latter is incomplete and has errors.</dd>
    912   1.1  christos <dt>Czech Republic</dt>
    913   1.1  christos <dd><a href="https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas"
    914   1.1  christos hreflang="cs">When daylight saving time starts and ends (in Czech)</a>
    915  1.10  christos summarizes and cites historical <abbr>DST</abbr> regulations.</dd>
    916   1.1  christos <dt>Germany</dt>
    917   1.1  christos <dd>The National Institute for Science and Technology maintains the <a
    918   1.1  christos href="https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany.html">Realisation
    919   1.1  christos of Legal Time in Germany</a>.</dd>
    920   1.1  christos <dt>Israel</dt>
    921   1.1  christos <dd>The Interior Ministry periodically issues <a
    922   1.1  christos href="ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements"
    923   1.1  christos hreflang="he">announcements (in Hebrew)</a>.</dd>
    924   1.2  christos <dt>Malaysia</dt>
    925   1.2  christos <dd>See Singapore <a href="#Singapore">below</a>.</dd>
    926   1.1  christos <dt>Mexico</dt>
    927   1.1  christos <dd>The Investigation and Analysis Service of the Mexican Library of
    928   1.1  christos Congress has published a <a
    929  1.13  christos href="https://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm"
    930   1.1  christos hreflang="es">history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    931   1.1  christos <dt>Netherlands</dt>
    932   1.1  christos <dd><a href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm"
    933   1.1  christos hreflang="nl">Legal time in the Netherlands (in Dutch)</a>
    934   1.1  christos covers the history of local time in the Netherlands from ancient times.</dd>
    935   1.1  christos <dt>New Zealand</dt>
    936   1.1  christos <dd>The Department of Internal Affairs maintains a brief <a
    937   1.1  christos href="https://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History">History of
    938   1.6  christos Daylight Saving</a>.</dd>
    939  1.14  christos <dt>Palestine</dt>
    940  1.14  christos <dd>The Ministry of Telecom and IT publishes a <a
    941  1.14  christos href="https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/TimeZoon"
    942  1.14  christos hreflang="ar">history of clock changes (in Arabic)</a>.</dd>
    943  1.10  christos <dt>Portugal</dt>
    944  1.10  christos <dd>The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory publishes a
    945  1.10  christos <a href="https://oal.ul.pt/hora-legal/" hreflang="pt">history of
    946  1.10  christos legal time (in Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
    947   1.1  christos <dt>Singapore</dt>
    948   1.1  christos <dd><a id="Singapore"
    949   1.7  christos href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html">Why
    950   1.1  christos is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?</a> details the
    951   1.1  christos history of legal time in Singapore and Malaysia.</dd>
    952   1.1  christos <dt>United Kingdom</dt>
    953   1.1  christos <dd><a
    954   1.1  christos href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">History of
    955   1.1  christos legal time in Britain</a> discusses in detail the country
    956   1.6  christos with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.</dd>
    957   1.1  christos <dt>United States</dt>
    958   1.1  christos <dd>The Department of Transportation's <a
    959   1.1  christos href="https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings">Recent
    960   1.1  christos Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to time zone boundaries.</dd>
    961   1.1  christos <dt>Uruguay</dt>
    962   1.1  christos <dd>The Oceanography, Hydrography, and Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan
    963   1.1  christos Navy (SOHMA) publishes an annual <a
    964  1.13  christos href="https://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac
    965   1.1  christos (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    966   1.1  christos </dl>
    967   1.6  christos </section>
    968   1.6  christos 
    969   1.6  christos <section>
    970   1.7  christos <h2 id="costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</h2>
    971   1.7  christos <p>Various sources argue for and against daylight saving time and time
    972   1.7  christos zone shifts, and many scientific studies have been conducted. This
    973   1.8  christos section summarizes reviews and position statements based on
    974   1.8  christos scientific literature in the area.</p>
    975   1.7  christos <ul>
    976  1.15  christos <li>In 2022 the American Medical Association issued a
    977  1.15  christos <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-calls-permanent-standard-time">statement
    978  1.15  christos supporting permanent standard time</a> on health grounds.</li>
    979   1.7  christos <li>Carey RN, Sarma KM.
    980   1.7  christos <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/6/e014319.long">Impact of
    981   1.7  christos daylight saving time on road traffic collision risk: a systematic
    982   1.7  christos review</a>.
    983   1.7  christos <em>BMJ Open.</em> 2017;7(6):e014319. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319</a>.
    984   1.7  christos This reviews research literature and concludes that the evidence
    985   1.7  christos neither supports nor refutes road safety benefits from
    986   1.7  christos shifts in time zones.</li>
    987   1.7  christos <li>Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D.
    988  1.13  christos <a href="https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/ejarticle.aspx?id=3051">Does
    989  1.13  christos daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis.</a>
    990  1.13  christos <em>Energy J.</em> 2018;39(2):35&ndash;61.
    991   1.7  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav">10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>.
    992   1.7  christos This analyzes research literature and concludes, "Electricity savings
    993   1.7  christos are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while
    994  1.10  christos subtropical regions consume more electricity because of <abbr>DST</abbr>."</li>
    995  1.15  christos <li>Malow BA. It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent
    996  1.15  christos standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement.
    997  1.15  christos <em>Sleep.</em> 2022;45(12):zsac236.
    998  1.15  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac236">10.1093/sleep/zsac236</a>.
    999  1.15  christos After reviewing the scientific literature, the Sleep Research Society
   1000  1.15  christos advocates permanent standard time due to its health benefits.
   1001  1.15  christos <li>Rishi MA, Cheng JY, Strang AR <em>et al</em>.
   1002  1.15  christos <a href="https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/10.5664/jcsm.10898">Permanent standard time
   1003  1.15  christos is the optimal choice for health and safety:
   1004   1.8  christos an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement</a>.
   1005  1.15  christos <em>J Clin Sleep Med.</em> 2023-10-31.
   1006  1.15  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.10898">10.5664/jcsm.10898</a>.
   1007  1.15  christos The AASM argues for permanent standard time due to health and safety risks
   1008  1.15  christos and economic costs of both <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions and
   1009  1.15  christos permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
   1010  1.13  christos <li>Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ <em>et al</em>.
   1011  1.13  christos <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7205184/">Why
   1012  1.13  christos should we abolish Daylight Saving Time?</a>
   1013  1.15  christos <em>J Biol Rhythms.</em> 2019;34(3):227&ndash;230.
   1014  1.13  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419854197">10.1177/0748730419854197</a>.
   1015  1.15  christos The Society for Research on Biological Rhythms
   1016  1.13  christos opposes DST changes and permanent DST, and advocates that governments adopt
   1017  1.13  christos "permanent Standard Time for the health and safety of their citizens".</li>
   1018   1.7  christos </ul>
   1019   1.7  christos </section>
   1020   1.7  christos 
   1021   1.7  christos <section>
   1022   1.1  christos <h2 id="precision">Precision timekeeping</h2>
   1023   1.1  christos <ul>
   1024   1.1  christos <li><a
   1025   1.1  christos href="http://leapsecond.com/hpan/an1289.pdf">The
   1026   1.1  christos Science of Timekeeping</a> is a thorough introduction
   1027   1.1  christos to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li>
   1028   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0">The Science of
   1029  1.14  christos Time 2016</a> contains several freely readable papers.</li>
   1030  1.13  christos <li><a href="https://www.ntp.org"><abbr
   1031   1.1  christos title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr>: The Network
   1032   1.1  christos Time Protocol</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5905)
   1033   1.1  christos discusses how to synchronize clocks of
   1034   1.1  christos Internet hosts.</li>
   1035   1.2  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi18/nsdi18-geng.pdf"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huygens</span></a>
   1036   1.2  christos family of software algorithms can achieve accuracy to a few tens of
   1037   1.2  christos nanoseconds in scalable server farms without special hardware.</li>
   1038   1.1  christos <li>The <a
   1039   1.1  christos href="https://www.nist.gov/intelligent-systems-division/ieee-1588">Precision
   1040   1.1  christos Time Protocol</a> (<abbr
   1041   1.1  christos title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> 1588)
   1042   1.2  christos can achieve submicrosecond clock accuracy on a local area network
   1043   1.2  christos with special-purpose hardware.</li>
   1044   1.1  christos <li><a
   1045  1.13  christos href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4833">Timezone
   1046   1.1  christos Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
   1047   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833)
   1048   1.1  christos specifies a <a
   1049   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
   1050   1.1  christos option for a server to configure
   1051   1.1  christos a client's time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
   1052  1.11  christos <li><a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html">Time
   1053  1.11  christos Scales</a> describes astronomical time scales like
   1054   1.1  christos <abbr title="Terrestrial Dynamic Time">TDT</abbr>,
   1055   1.1  christos <abbr title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">TCG</abbr>, and
   1056   1.1  christos <abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
   1057   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.iau.org"><abbr
   1058   1.1  christos title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>'s <a
   1059  1.13  christos href="https://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
   1060   1.1  christos title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
   1061   1.1  christos collection contains C and <a
   1062   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
   1063   1.1  christos code for converting among time scales like
   1064   1.1  christos <abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>,
   1065   1.1  christos <abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and
   1066  1.13  christos <abbr>UTC</abbr>. It is freely available under the
   1067  1.13  christos <a href="https://www.iausofa.org/tandc.html">SOFA license</a>.</li>
   1068   1.1  christos <li><a
   1069   1.1  christos href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Mars24 Sunclock
   1070   1.1  christos &ndash; Time on Mars</a> describes Airy Mean Time (<abbr>AMT</abbr>) and the
   1071   1.1  christos diverse local time
   1072   1.1  christos scales used by each landed mission on Mars.</li>
   1073   1.1  christos <li><a href="http://leapsecond.com">LeapSecond.com</a> is
   1074   1.1  christos dedicated not only to leap seconds but to precise time and frequency
   1075   1.1  christos in general. It covers the state of the art in amateur timekeeping, and
   1076   1.1  christos how the art has progressed over the past few decades.</li>
   1077   1.7  christos <li>The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of <a
   1078   1.7  christos href="https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I/">Standard-frequency
   1079   1.7  christos and time-signal emissions</a>, International Telecommunication Union &ndash;
   1080   1.7  christos Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002).</li>
   1081   1.1  christos <li><a
   1082   1.1  christos href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html"><abbr
   1083   1.1  christos title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">IERS</abbr>
   1084   1.1  christos Bulletins</a> contains official publications of the International
   1085   1.1  christos Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which decides when leap
   1086   1.4  christos seconds occur. The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data support leap seconds
   1087   1.9  christos via an optional "<code>right</code>" configuration where a computer's internal
   1088   1.9  christos <code>time_t</code> integer clock counts every <abbr>TAI</abbr> second,
   1089   1.9  christos as opposed to the default "<code>posix</code>" configuration
   1090   1.9  christos where the internal clock ignores leap seconds.
   1091   1.9  christos The two configurations agree for timestamps starting with 1972-01-01 00:00:00
   1092   1.9  christos <abbr>UTC</abbr> (<code>time_t</code> 63&thinsp;072&thinsp;000) and diverge for
   1093   1.9  christos timestamps starting with <code>time_t</code> 78&thinsp;796&thinsp;800,
   1094   1.9  christos which corresponds to the first leap second
   1095   1.9  christos 1972-06-30 23:59:60 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the "<code>right</code>" configuration,
   1096   1.9  christos and to
   1097   1.9  christos 1972-07-01 00:00:00 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the "<code>posix</code>" configuration.
   1098   1.9  christos In practice the two configurations also agree for timestamps before
   1099   1.9  christos 1972 even though the historical situation is messy, partly because
   1100   1.9  christos neither <abbr>UTC</abbr> nor <abbr>TAI</abbr>
   1101  1.14  christos is well-defined for sufficiently old timestamps.</li>
   1102   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://developers.google.com/time/smear">Leap Smear</a>
   1103   1.1  christos discusses how to gradually adjust <abbr>POSIX</abbr> clocks near a
   1104   1.1  christos leap second so that they disagree with <abbr>UTC</abbr> by at most a
   1105   1.1  christos half second, even though every <abbr>POSIX</abbr> minute has exactly
   1106   1.4  christos sixty seconds. This approach works with the default <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
   1107   1.1  christos "<code>posix</code>" configuration, is <a
   1108   1.1  christos href="http://bk1.ntp.org/ntp-stable/README.leapsmear">supported</a> by
   1109  1.12  christos the <abbr>NTP</abbr> reference implementation, <a
   1110  1.12  christos href="https://github.com/google/unsmear">supports</a> conversion between
   1111  1.12  christos <abbr>UTC</abbr> and smeared <abbr>POSIX</abbr> timestamps, and is used by major
   1112   1.7  christos cloud service providers. However, according to
   1113  1.13  christos <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">&sect;3.7.1 of
   1114   1.7  christos Network Time Protocol Best Current Practices</a>
   1115   1.7  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8633), leap smearing is not suitable for
   1116   1.9  christos applications requiring accurate <abbr>UTC</abbr> or civil time,
   1117   1.7  christos and is intended for use only in single, well-controlled environments.</li>
   1118   1.1  christos <li>The <a
   1119   1.1  christos href="https://pairlist6.pair.net/mailman/listinfo/leapsecs">Leap
   1120   1.1  christos Second Discussion List</a> covers <a
   1121   1.1  christos href="https://www2.unb.ca/gge/Resources/gpsworld.november99.pdf">McCarthy
   1122   1.1  christos and Klepczynski's 1999 proposal to discontinue leap seconds</a>,
   1123   1.1  christos discussed further in
   1124   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf">The
   1125   1.1  christos leap second: its history and possible future</a>.
   1126   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/"><abbr>UTC</abbr>
   1127   1.1  christos might be redefined
   1128   1.1  christos without Leap Seconds</a> gives pointers on this
   1129  1.14  christos contentious issue.
   1130  1.14  christos The General Conference on Weights and Measures
   1131  1.14  christos <a href="https://www.bipm.org/en/cgpm-2022/resolution-4">voted in 2022</a>
   1132  1.14  christos to discontinue the use of leap seconds by 2035, replacing them with an
   1133  1.14  christos as-yet-undetermined scheme some time after the year 2135.
   1134  1.14  christos </li>
   1135   1.1  christos </ul>
   1136   1.6  christos </section>
   1137   1.6  christos 
   1138   1.6  christos <section>
   1139   1.1  christos <h2 id="notation">Time notation</h2>
   1140   1.1  christos <ul>
   1141  1.13  christos <li>The <a id="CLDR" href="https://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
   1142   1.1  christos Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time
   1143   1.1  christos zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it
   1144   1.1  christos contains French translations for "Eastern European Summer Time",
   1145   1.1  christos "<abbr title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</abbr>", and
   1146   1.1  christos "Bucharest". Its
   1147   1.1  christos <a href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/by_type/">by-type
   1148   1.1  christos charts</a> show these values for many locales. Data values are available in
   1149   1.1  christos both <abbr title="Locale Data Markup Language">LDML</abbr>
   1150   1.1  christos (an <abbr>XML</abbr> format) and <abbr>JSON</abbr>.
   1151   1.1  christos <li>
   1152   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">A summary of
   1153   1.6  christos the international standard date and time notation</a> covers
   1154   1.1  christos <a
   1155   1.6  christos href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70907.html"><em><abbr
   1156   1.6  christos title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr>
   1157   1.6  christos 8601-1:2019 &ndash; Date and time &ndash; Representations for information
   1158   1.6  christos interchange &ndash; Part 1: Basic rules</em></a>.</li>
   1159   1.1  christos <li>
   1160   1.6  christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema/#dateTime"><abbr>XML</abbr>
   1161   1.1  christos Schema: Datatypes &ndash; dateTime</a> specifies a format inspired by
   1162   1.1  christos <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 that is in common use in <abbr>XML</abbr> data.</li>
   1163  1.13  christos <li><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322#section-3.3">&sect;3.3 of
   1164   1.1  christos Internet Message Format</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5322)
   1165   1.1  christos specifies the time notation used in email and <a
   1166   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"><abbr>HTTP</abbr></a>
   1167   1.1  christos headers.</li>
   1168   1.1  christos <li>
   1169  1.13  christos <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339">Date and Time
   1170   1.1  christos on the Internet: Timestamps</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 3339)
   1171   1.1  christos specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601
   1172   1.1  christos profile for use in new Internet
   1173   1.1  christos protocols.</li>
   1174   1.1  christos <li>
   1175   1.7  christos <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130042457/https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/">Date &amp; Time
   1176   1.1  christos Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time
   1177   1.1  christos formats.</li>
   1178   1.1  christos <li>Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique
   1179   1.1  christos identifiers for <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets as they are ambiguous in
   1180   1.1  christos practice. For example, in English-speaking North America
   1181   1.1  christos "<abbr>CST</abbr>" denotes 6 hours behind <abbr>UT</abbr>,
   1182   1.1  christos but in China it denotes 8 hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr>,
   1183   1.1  christos and French-speaking North Americans prefer
   1184   1.1  christos "<abbr title="Heure Normale du Centre">HNC</abbr>" to
   1185   1.1  christos "<abbr>CST</abbr>". The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
   1186   1.2  christos database contains English abbreviations for many timestamps;
   1187   1.1  christos unfortunately some of these abbreviations were merely the database maintainers'
   1188   1.1  christos inventions, and these have been removed when possible.</li>
   1189   1.1  christos <li>Numeric time zone abbreviations typically count hours east of
   1190   1.1  christos <abbr>UT</abbr>, e.g., +09 for Japan and
   1191   1.1  christos &minus;10 for Hawaii. However, the <abbr>POSIX</abbr>
   1192   1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> environment variable uses the opposite convention.
   1193   1.1  christos For example, one might use <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr
   1194   1.1  christos title="Japan Standard Time">JST</abbr>-9"</code> and
   1195   1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr title="Hawaii Standard Time">HST</abbr>10"</code>
   1196   1.1  christos for Japan and Hawaii, respectively. If the
   1197   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is available, it is usually better to use
   1198   1.1  christos settings like <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Asia/Tokyo"</code> and
   1199   1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Pacific/Honolulu"</code> instead, as this should avoid
   1200   1.2  christos confusion, handle old timestamps better, and insulate you better from
   1201   1.1  christos any future changes to the rules. One should never set
   1202   1.1  christos <abbr>POSIX</abbr> <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> to a value like
   1203   1.1  christos <code>"GMT-9"</code>, though, since this would incorrectly imply that
   1204   1.1  christos local time is nine hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr> and the time zone
   1205   1.1  christos is called "<abbr>GMT</abbr>".</li>
   1206   1.1  christos </ul>
   1207   1.6  christos </section>
   1208   1.6  christos 
   1209   1.6  christos <section>
   1210   1.1  christos <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
   1211   1.1  christos <ul>
   1212   1.7  christos <li><a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the
   1213   1.7  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data</a></li>
   1214   1.1  christos <li><a href="tz-art.html">Time and the Arts</a></li>
   1215   1.1  christos </ul>
   1216   1.6  christos </section>
   1217   1.6  christos 
   1218   1.6  christos <footer>
   1219   1.1  christos <hr>
   1220   1.1  christos This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
   1221   1.1  christos 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
   1222   1.1  christos <br>
   1223   1.1  christos Please send corrections to this web page to the
   1224   1.1  christos <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org">time zone mailing list</a>.
   1225   1.6  christos </footer>
   1226   1.1  christos </body>
   1227   1.1  christos </html>
   1228