tz-link.html revision 1.20 1 1.1 christos <!DOCTYPE html>
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3 1.1 christos <head>
4 1.13 christos <title>Time zone and daylight saving time data</title>
5 1.1 christos <meta charset="UTF-8">
6 1.2 christos <style>
7 1.2 christos pre {margin-left: 2em; white-space: pre-wrap;}
8 1.2 christos </style>
9 1.1 christos </head>
10 1.1 christos <body>
11 1.13 christos <h1>Time zone and daylight saving time data</h1>
12 1.1 christos <p>
13 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">Time zone</a> and
14 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
15 1.1 christos rules are controlled by individual
16 1.1 christos governments. They are sometimes changed with little notice, and their
17 1.1 christos histories and planned futures are often recorded only fitfully. Here
18 1.1 christos is a summary of attempts to organize and record relevant data in this
19 1.1 christos area.
20 1.1 christos </p>
21 1.6 christos <h3>Outline</h3>
22 1.6 christos <nav>
23 1.6 christos <ul>
24 1.6 christos <li>The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database product and process
25 1.6 christos <ul>
26 1.6 christos <li><a href="#tzdb">The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
27 1.6 christos <li><a href="#download">Downloading the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
28 1.6 christos <li><a href="#changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
29 1.14 christos <li><a href="#coordinating">Coordinating with governments and distributors</a></li>
30 1.6 christos <li><a href="#commentary">Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
31 1.6 christos </ul>
32 1.6 christos </li>
33 1.6 christos <li>Uses of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database
34 1.6 christos <ul>
35 1.6 christos <li><a href="#web">Web sites using recent versions of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
36 1.6 christos <li><a href="#protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</a></li>
37 1.6 christos <li><a href="#compilers">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</a></li>
38 1.6 christos <li><a href="#TZif">Other <abbr>TZif</abbr> readers</a></li>
39 1.6 christos <li><a href="#software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</a></li>
40 1.6 christos </ul>
41 1.6 christos </li>
42 1.6 christos <li>Related data
43 1.6 christos <ul>
44 1.6 christos <li><a href="#other-dbs">Other time zone databases</a></li>
45 1.6 christos <li><a href="#maps">Maps</a></li>
46 1.6 christos <li><a href="#boundaries">Time zone boundaries</a></li>
47 1.6 christos </ul>
48 1.6 christos </li>
49 1.6 christos <li>Timekeeping concepts
50 1.6 christos <ul>
51 1.6 christos <li><a href="#civil">Civil time concepts and history</a></li>
52 1.6 christos <li><a href="#national">National histories of legal time</a></li>
53 1.7 christos <li><a href="#costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</a></li>
54 1.6 christos <li><a href="#precision">Precision timekeeping</a></li>
55 1.6 christos <li><a href="#notation">Time notation</a></li>
56 1.6 christos </ul>
57 1.6 christos </li>
58 1.13 christos <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li>
59 1.6 christos </ul>
60 1.6 christos </nav>
61 1.6 christos
62 1.6 christos <section>
63 1.1 christos <h2 id="tzdb">The <code><abbr title="time zone">tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
64 1.1 christos <p>
65 1.1 christos The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
66 1.1 christos time zone database contains code and data
67 1.1 christos that represent the history of local time
68 1.1 christos for many representative locations around the globe.
69 1.1 christos It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies
70 1.1 christos to time zone boundaries and daylight saving rules.
71 1.1 christos This database (known as <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>,
72 1.1 christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>, or <code>zoneinfo</code>)
73 1.1 christos is used by several implementations,
74 1.1 christos including
75 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">the
76 1.20 christos <abbr title="GNUs Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
77 1.1 christos C Library</a> (used in
78 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
79 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.android.com">Android</a>,
80 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.freebsd.org">Free<abbr
81 1.1 christos title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>,
82 1.1 christos <a href="https://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
83 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
84 1.17 christos <a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/">ChromiumOS</a>,
85 1.1 christos <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>,
86 1.7 christos <a href="https://mariadb.org">MariaDB</a>,
87 1.17 christos <a href="https://musl.libc.org">musl libc</a>,
88 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.mysql.com">MySQL</a>,
89 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr
90 1.1 christos title="Web Operating System">webOS</abbr></a>,
91 1.7 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"><abbr
92 1.1 christos title="Advanced Interactive eXecutive">AIX</abbr></a>,
93 1.6 christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/ios"><abbr
94 1.1 christos title="iPhone OS">iOS</abbr></a>,
95 1.6 christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/macos">macOS</a>,
96 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows">Microsoft Windows</a>,
97 1.6 christos <a href="https://www.vmssoftware.com">Open<abbr
98 1.1 christos title="Virtual Memory System">VMS</abbr></a>,
99 1.20 christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/">Oracle Database</a>,
100 1.20 christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/solaris">Oracle Solaris</a>,
101 1.20 christos and <a href="https://blackberry.qnx.com/en">QNX</a>.</p>
102 1.1 christos <p>
103 1.2 christos Each main entry in the database represents a <dfn>timezone</dfn>
104 1.2 christos for a set of civil-time clocks that have all agreed since 1970.
105 1.2 christos Timezones are typically identified by continent or ocean and then by the
106 1.2 christos name of the largest city within the region containing the clocks.
107 1.1 christos For example, <code>America/New_York</code>
108 1.1 christos represents most of the <abbr title="United States">US</abbr> eastern time zone;
109 1.1 christos <code>America/Phoenix</code> represents most of Arizona, which
110 1.2 christos uses mountain time without daylight saving time (<abbr>DST</abbr>);
111 1.1 christos <code>America/Detroit</code> represents most of Michigan, which uses
112 1.1 christos eastern time but with different <abbr>DST</abbr> rules in 1975;
113 1.1 christos and other entries represent smaller regions like Starke County,
114 1.1 christos Indiana, which switched from central to eastern time in 1991
115 1.1 christos and switched back in 2006.
116 1.17 christos To use the database on a <a
117 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"><abbr
118 1.17 christos title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr>.1-2024</a>
119 1.1 christos implementation set the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code>
120 1.20 christos environment variable to the locations full name,
121 1.1 christos e.g., <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
122 1.1 christos <p>
123 1.2 christos Associated with each timezone is a history of offsets from
124 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal
125 1.1 christos Time</a> (<abbr>UT</abbr>), which is <a
126 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">Greenwich Mean
127 1.1 christos Time</a> (<abbr>GMT</abbr>) with days beginning at midnight;
128 1.2 christos for timestamps after 1960 this is more precisely <a
129 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
130 1.1 christos Universal Time</a> (<abbr>UTC</abbr>).
131 1.1 christos The database also records when daylight saving time was in use,
132 1.1 christos along with some time zone abbreviations such as <abbr>EST</abbr>
133 1.1 christos for Eastern Standard Time in the <abbr>US</abbr>.</p>
134 1.6 christos </section>
135 1.6 christos
136 1.6 christos <section>
137 1.1 christos <h2 id="download">Downloading the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
138 1.1 christos <p>
139 1.1 christos The following <a
140 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">shell</a> commands download
141 1.20 christos the latest releases two
142 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)">tarballs</a>
143 1.1 christos to a <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux or similar host.</p>
144 1.2 christos <pre><code>mkdir tzdb
145 1.1 christos cd tzdb
146 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a> https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzcode-latest.tar.gz
147 1.1 christos wget https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdata-latest.tar.gz
148 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">gzip</a> -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">tar</a> -xf -
149 1.1 christos gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
150 1.1 christos </code></pre>
151 1.1 christos <p>Alternatively, the following shell commands download the same
152 1.1 christos release in a single-tarball format containing extra data
153 1.1 christos useful for regression testing:</p>
154 1.2 christos <pre><code>wget <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz">https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz</a>
155 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/">lzip</a> -dc tzdb-latest.tar.lz | tar -xf -
156 1.1 christos </code></pre>
157 1.1 christos <p>These commands use convenience links to the latest release
158 1.1 christos of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database hosted by the
159 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Time Zone Database website</a>
160 1.1 christos of the <a href="https://www.iana.org">Internet Assigned Numbers
161 1.1 christos Authority (IANA)</a>.
162 1.1 christos Older releases are in files named
163 1.1 christos <code>tzcode<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>,
164 1.1 christos <code>tzdata<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>, and
165 1.1 christos <code>tzdb-<var>V</var>.tar.lz</code>,
166 1.1 christos where <code><var>V</var></code> is the version.
167 1.1 christos Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by
168 1.1 christos lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>,
169 1.1 christos then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp>
170 1.1 christos through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on).
171 1.13 christos Since version 2022a, each release has been distributed in
172 1.20 christos <a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_94_13_06">POSIX
173 1.10 christos ustar interchange format</a>, compressed as described above;
174 1.14 christos older releases use a nearly compatible format.
175 1.1 christos Since version 2016h, each release has contained a text file named
176 1.20 christos <code>version</code> whose first (and currently only) line is the version.
177 1.20 christos <a href="https://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/">Older archived releases are
178 1.20 christos available</a> via
179 1.20 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS"><abbr
180 1.20 christos title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure">HTTPS</abbr></a>,
181 1.20 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync"><abbr
182 1.20 christos title="remote sync">rsync</abbr></a>, and
183 1.20 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP"><abbr
184 1.20 christos title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr></a>.
185 1.20 christos <p>Alternatively, a development repository of code and data can bem
186 1.1 christos retrieved from <a href="https://github.com">GitHub</a> via the shell
187 1.1 christos command:</p>
188 1.2 christos <pre><code><a href="https://git-scm.com">git</a> clone <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz">https://github.com/eggert/tz</a>
189 1.1 christos </code></pre>
190 1.1 christos <p>
191 1.1 christos Since version 2012e, each release has been tagged in development repositories.
192 1.1 christos Untagged commits are less well tested and probably contain
193 1.1 christos more errors.</p>
194 1.1 christos <p>
195 1.1 christos After obtaining the code and data files, see the
196 1.1 christos <code>README</code> file for what to do next.
197 1.1 christos The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into
198 1.2 christos machine-readable binary files, one for each location. The binary files
199 1.17 christos are in a special format specified by
200 1.20 christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9636">The
201 1.17 christos Time Zone Information Format (<abbr>TZif</abbr>)</a>
202 1.18 christos (Internet <abbr title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 9636).
203 1.2 christos The code also lets
204 1.2 christos you read a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file and interpret timestamps for that
205 1.1 christos location.</p>
206 1.6 christos </section>
207 1.6 christos
208 1.6 christos <section>
209 1.1 christos <h2 id="changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
210 1.1 christos <p>
211 1.1 christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data
212 1.1 christos are by no means authoritative. If you find errors, please
213 1.17 christos email changes to <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org"><code>tz (a] iana.org</code></a>,
214 1.20 christos the time zone mailing list.
215 1.20 christos The mailing list and its archives are public,
216 1.20 christos so please do not send confidential information.
217 1.20 christos See
218 1.17 christos <a href="https://lists.iana.org/postorius/lists/tz.iana.org/">the mailing
219 1.20 christos lists main page</a> to subscribe or to browse its archive of old messages.
220 1.17 christos <a href="https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com">Metadata for mailing list
221 1.5 christos discussions</a> and corresponding data changes can be
222 1.5 christos generated <a href="https://github.com/timparenti/tzdata-meta">automatically</a>.
223 1.5 christos </p>
224 1.1 christos <p>
225 1.1 christos Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data are often
226 1.1 christos propagated to clients via operating system updates, so
227 1.1 christos client <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data can often be corrected by
228 1.1 christos applying these updates. With GNU/Linux and similar systems, if your
229 1.1 christos maintenance provider has not yet adopted the
230 1.1 christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, you can often short-circuit
231 1.1 christos the process by tailoring the generic instructions in
232 1.1 christos the <code><abbr>tz</abbr> README</code> file and installing the latest
233 1.1 christos data yourself. System-specific instructions for installing the
234 1.1 christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data have also been published
235 1.17 christos for <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/aix-time-zone-olson-tzdata-updates"><abbr>AIX</abbr></a>,
236 1.1 christos <a
237 1.10 christos href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/config/timezone-rules">Android</a>,
238 1.1 christos <a
239 1.11 christos href="https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/datetime/timezone/"><abbr
240 1.1 christos title="International Components for Unicode">ICU</abbr></a>,
241 1.11 christos <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/java-sdk-time-zone-update-utility"><abbr>IBM</abbr>
242 1.9 christos JDK</a>,
243 1.9 christos <a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/tz_update.html">Joda-Time</a>, <a
244 1.1 christos href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/time-zone-support.html">MySQL</a>,
245 1.9 christos <a href="https://nodatime.org/userguide/tzdb">Noda Time</a>, and <a
246 1.11 christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">OpenJDK/Oracle JDK</a>.
247 1.1 christos </p>
248 1.12 christos <p>Since version 2013a,
249 1.12 christos sources for the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database have been
250 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"><abbr
251 1.1 christos title="Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit">UTF-8</abbr></a>
252 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file">text files</a>
253 1.1 christos with lines terminated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline"><abbr
254 1.1 christos title="linefeed">LF</abbr></a>,
255 1.1 christos which can be modified by common text editors such
256 1.1 christos as <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>,
257 1.20 christos <a href="https://gedit-text-editor.org">gedit</a>, and
258 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.vim.org">vim</a>.
259 1.1 christos Specialized source-file editing can be done via the
260 1.1 christos <a href="https://packagecontrol.io/packages/zoneinfo">Sublime
261 1.1 christos zoneinfo</a> package for <a
262 1.1 christos href="https://www.sublimetext.com">Sublime Text</a> and the <a
263 1.1 christos href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=gilmoreorless.vscode-zoneinfo">VSCode
264 1.1 christos zoneinfo</a> extension for <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com">Visual
265 1.1 christos Studio Code</a>.
266 1.1 christos </p>
267 1.1 christos <p>
268 1.1 christos For further information about updates, please see
269 1.18 christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6557">Procedures for
270 1.17 christos Maintaining the Time Zone Database</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6557).
271 1.17 christos More detail can be
272 1.7 christos found in <a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the
273 1.7 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data</a>.
274 1.2 christos <a href="https://a0.github.io/a0-tzmigration/">A0 TimeZone Migration</a>
275 1.2 christos displays changes between recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> versions.
276 1.1 christos </p>
277 1.6 christos </section>
278 1.6 christos
279 1.6 christos <section>
280 1.14 christos <h2 id="coordinating">Coordinating with governments and distributors</h2>
281 1.14 christos <p>
282 1.14 christos As discussed in
283 1.20 christos <a href="https://www.icann.org/en/blogs/details/how-time-zones-are-coordinated-13-03-2023-en">How
284 1.20 christos Time Zones Are Coordinated</a>, the time zone database relies on
285 1.14 christos collaboration among governments, the time zone database volunteer
286 1.14 christos community, and data distributors downstream.
287 1.14 christos <p>
288 1.14 christos If your government plans to change its time zone boundaries or
289 1.20 christos daylight saving rules, please send email as described in
290 1.20 christos "<a href="#changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a>".
291 1.20 christos Do this well in advance,
292 1.14 christos as this will lessen confusion and will coordinate updates to many cell phones,
293 1.14 christos computers, and other devices around the world.
294 1.14 christos In your email, please cite the legislation or regulation that specifies
295 1.14 christos the change, so that it can be checked for details such as the exact times
296 1.14 christos when clock transitions occur.
297 1.14 christos It is OK if a rule change is planned to affect clocks
298 1.14 christos far into the future, as a long-planned change can easily be reverted
299 1.20 christos or otherwise altered with a years notice before the change would have
300 1.14 christos affected clocks.</p>
301 1.14 christos <p>
302 1.14 christos There is no fixed schedule for <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> releases.
303 1.14 christos However, typically a release occurs every few months.
304 1.14 christos Many downstream timezone data distributors wait for
305 1.14 christos a <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> release before they produce an update
306 1.14 christos to time zone behavior in consumer devices and software products.
307 1.14 christos After a release, various parties must integrate, test,
308 1.14 christos and roll out an update before <a
309 1.14 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_user">end users</a> see changes.
310 1.14 christos These updates can be expensive, for both the <a
311 1.14 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance">quality
312 1.14 christos assurance</a> process and the overall cost of shipping and installing
313 1.20 christos updates to each devices copy of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>.
314 1.14 christos Updates may be batched with other updates and may take substantial
315 1.14 christos time to reach end users after a release.
316 1.14 christos Older devices may no longer be supported and thus may never be updated,
317 1.14 christos which means they will continue to use out-of-date rules.</p>
318 1.14 christos <p>
319 1.14 christos For these reasons any rule change should be promulgated at least a
320 1.14 christos year before it affects how clocks operate; otherwise, there is a good
321 1.14 christos chance that many clocks will be wrong due to delays in propagating updates,
322 1.14 christos and that residents will be confused or even actively resist the change.
323 1.20 christos The shorter the notice, the more likely clock problems will arise; see <a
324 1.14 christos href="https://codeofmatt.com/2016/04/23/on-the-timing-of-time-zone-changes/">On
325 1.20 christos the Timing of Time Zone Changes</a> for examples.
326 1.14 christos </p>
327 1.14 christos </section>
328 1.14 christos
329 1.14 christos <section>
330 1.1 christos <h2 id="commentary">Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
331 1.1 christos <ul>
332 1.1 christos <li>The article
333 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz database</a> is
334 1.1 christos an encyclopedic summary.</li>
335 1.1 christos <li><a href="tz-how-to.html">How to Read the
336 1.1 christos tz Database Source Files</a> explains the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
337 1.1 christos database format.</li>
338 1.1 christos <li><a
339 1.1 christos href="https://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/">A
340 1.1 christos literary appreciation of the Olson/Zoneinfo/tz database</a> comments on the
341 1.20 christos databases style.</li>
342 1.10 christos <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3340301.3341125">What time is it:
343 1.10 christos managing time in the internet</a> analyzes the database longitudinally.</li>
344 1.1 christos </ul>
345 1.6 christos </section>
346 1.6 christos
347 1.6 christos <section>
348 1.1 christos <h2 id="web">Web sites using recent versions of the
349 1.1 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
350 1.1 christos <p>
351 1.1 christos These are listed roughly in ascending order of complexity and fanciness.
352 1.1 christos </p>
353 1.1 christos <ul>
354 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://time.is">Time.is</a> shows locations
355 1.1 christos time and zones.</li>
356 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://www.timejones.com">TimeJones.com</a>,
357 1.1 christos <a href="https://timezoneconverterapp.com">Time Zone Converter</a> and
358 1.7 christos <a href="https://www.worldclock.com">The World Clock</a>
359 1.1 christos are time zone converters.</li>
360 1.8 christos <li><a href="https://timezonedb.com/download">TimeZoneDB Database</a>
361 1.8 christos publishes <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>-derived data in
362 1.8 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values"><abbr
363 1.8 christos title="comma-separated values">CSV</abbr></a> and
364 1.8 christos in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL"><abbr
365 1.8 christos title="Structured Query Language">SQL</abbr></a> form.</li>
366 1.1 christos <li><a
367 1.6 christos href="https://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a>
368 1.1 christos lets you see the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> values directly.</li>
369 1.1 christos <li><a
370 1.13 christos href="https://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current
371 1.1 christos Time in 1000 Places</a> uses descriptions of the values.</li>
372 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/">The World Clock
373 1.1 christos Worldwide</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li>
374 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://24timezones.com">24TimeZones</a> has a world
375 1.1 christos time map and a time converter.</li>
376 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a>
377 1.1 christos calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
378 1.13 christos <li><a href="https://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and
379 1.13 christos <a href="https://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li>
380 1.1 christos </ul>
381 1.6 christos </section>
382 1.6 christos
383 1.6 christos <section>
384 1.1 christos <h2 id="protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</h2>
385 1.1 christos <ul>
386 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7808">Time Zone
387 1.20 christos Data Distribution Service</a> (TZDIST, Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808)
388 1.20 christos is associated with
389 1.20 christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7809">CalDAV</a>
390 1.1 christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809), a calendar access protocol for
391 1.2 christos transferring time zone data by reference.
392 1.8 christos <a href="https://devguide.calconnect.org/Time-Zones/TZDS/">TZDIST
393 1.20 christos implementations</a> are available.</li>
394 1.20 christos <li>The <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5545">iCalendar format</a>
395 1.20 christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445)
396 1.1 christos covers time zone
397 1.1 christos data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component.
398 1.1 christos The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a
399 1.18 christos variant <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6321">xCal</a>
400 1.1 christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6321) uses
401 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/XML/"><abbr
402 1.1 christos title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr></a> format, and a variant
403 1.18 christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7265">jCal</a>
404 1.1 christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7265)
405 1.17 christos uses <a href="https://www.json.org/json-en.html"><abbr
406 1.1 christos title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></a> format.</li>
407 1.1 christos </ul>
408 1.6 christos </section>
409 1.6 christos
410 1.6 christos <section>
411 1.1 christos <h2 id="compilers">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</h2>
412 1.7 christos <p>Although some of these do not fully support
413 1.7 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, in recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>
414 1.7 christos distributions you can generally work around compatibility problems by
415 1.7 christos running the command <code>make rearguard_tarballs</code> and compiling
416 1.7 christos from the resulting tarballs instead.</p>
417 1.1 christos <ul>
418 1.17 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/libical/vzic">Vzic</a> is a <a
419 1.14 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C</a>
420 1.1 christos program that compiles
421 1.1 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into iCalendar-compatible VTIMEZONE files.
422 1.1 christos Vzic is freely
423 1.1 christos available under the <a
424 1.1 christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr>
425 1.1 christos General Public License (<abbr
426 1.1 christos title="General Public License">GPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
427 1.1 christos <li><a
428 1.4 christos href="https://metacpan.org/release/DateTime-TimeZone">DateTime::TimeZone</a>
429 1.1 christos contains a script <code>parse_olson</code> that compiles
430 1.1 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into <a href="https://www.perl.org">Perl</a>
431 1.1 christos modules. It is part of the Perl <a
432 1.4 christos href="https://github.com/houseabsolute/DateTime.pm/wiki">DateTime Project</a>,
433 1.4 christos which is freely
434 1.1 christos available under both the <abbr>GPL</abbr> and the Perl Artistic
435 1.1 christos License. DateTime::TimeZone also contains a script
436 1.1 christos <code>tests_from_zdump</code> that generates test cases for each clock
437 1.1 christos transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li>
438 1.1 christos <li>The <a href="https://howardhinnant.github.io/date/tz.html">Time Zone
439 1.1 christos Database Parser</a> is a
440 1.14 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++">C++</a> parser and
441 1.17 christos runtime library with a <a
442 1.17 christos href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono"><code>std::chrono</code> API</a>
443 1.17 christos that is a standard part of C++.
444 1.1 christos It is freely available under the
445 1.1 christos <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> license.</li>
446 1.13 christos <li><a id="ICU" href="https://icu.unicode.org">International Components for
447 1.1 christos Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a
448 1.14 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)">Java</a>
449 1.1 christos libraries for internationalization that
450 1.1 christos has a compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source
451 1.1 christos and from <abbr title="Common Locale Data Repository">CLDR</abbr> data
452 1.1 christos (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>)
453 1.1 christos into an <abbr>ICU</abbr>-specific format.
454 1.1 christos <abbr>ICU</abbr> is freely available under a
455 1.1 christos <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
456 1.1 christos <li>The <a href="https://github.com/lau/tzdata">Tzdata</a> package for
457 1.1 christos the <a href="https://elixir-lang.org">Elixir</a> language downloads
458 1.7 christos and compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source and exposes <abbr
459 1.1 christos title="Application Program Interface">API</abbr>s for use. It is
460 1.1 christos freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
461 1.1 christos <li>Java-based compilers and libraries include:
462 1.1 christos <ul>
463 1.1 christos <li>The <a
464 1.9 christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">TZUpdater
465 1.1 christos tool</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into the format used by
466 1.17 christos <a href="https://openjdk.org">OpenJDK</a> and
467 1.17 christos <a href="https://jdk.java.net">Oracle JDK</a>.
468 1.9 christos Although its source code is proprietary, its executable is available under the
469 1.9 christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/a/tech/docs/tzupdater-lic.html">Java SE
470 1.9 christos Timezone Updater License Agreement</a>.</li>
471 1.1 christos <li>The <a
472 1.4 christos href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-time-2125367.html">Java
473 1.6 christos SE 8 Date and Time</a> <abbr>API</abbr> can be supplemented by <a
474 1.4 christos href="https://www.threeten.org/threeten-extra/">ThreeTen-Extra</a>,
475 1.1 christos which is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
476 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/">Joda-Time Java date
477 1.1 christos and time <abbr>API</abbr></a> contains a class
478 1.1 christos <code>org.joda.time.tz.ZoneInfoCompiler</code> that compiles
479 1.1 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format. It inspired
480 1.1 christos Java 8 <code>java.time</code>, which its users should migrate to once
481 1.1 christos they can assume Java 8 or later. It is available under the <a
482 1.1 christos href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License</a>.</li>
483 1.9 christos <li><a href="https://bell-sw.com/pages/iana-updater/">IANA Updater</a> and <a
484 1.7 christos href="https://www.azul.com/products/open-source-tools/ziupdater-time-zone-tool/">ZIUpdater</a>
485 1.20 christos are alternatives to TZUpdater. IANA Updaters license is unclear;
486 1.9 christos ZIUpdater is licensed under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
487 1.4 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4A">Time4A: Advanced date and
488 1.4 christos time library for Android</a> and
489 1.17 christos <a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4J">Time4J: Advanced date,
490 1.4 christos time and interval library for Java</a> compile
491 1.4 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format.
492 1.4 christos Time4A is available under the Apache License and Time4J is
493 1.1 christos available under the <a
494 1.1 christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr> Lesser
495 1.1 christos General Public License (<abbr title="Lesser General Public
496 1.1 christos License">LGPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
497 1.1 christos <li><abbr>ICU</abbr> (mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>) contains compilers and
498 1.1 christos Java-based libraries.</li>
499 1.1 christos </ul>
500 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://nodatime.org">Noda Time Date and
501 1.1 christos time <abbr>API</abbr> for .NET</a>
502 1.4 christos is like Joda-Time and Time4J, but for the .NET framework instead of Java.
503 1.4 christos It is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
504 1.8 christos <li>Many modern
505 1.8 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>
506 1.8 christos runtimes support <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> natively via the
507 1.16 christos <code>timeZone</code> option of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a>.
508 1.10 christos This can be used as-is or with most of the following libraries,
509 1.16 christos many of which also support runtimes lacking the <code>timeZone</code> option.
510 1.1 christos <ul>
511 1.8 christos <li>The <a
512 1.16 christos href="https://github.com/formatjs/date-time-format-timezone"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code>
513 1.8 christos timezone polyfill</a>
514 1.8 christos is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
515 1.17 christos <li>The <a href="https://date-fns.org">date-fns</a>
516 1.10 christos library manipulates timezone-aware timestamps in browsers and
517 1.10 christos in <a href="https://nodejs.org/en/">Node.js</a>.
518 1.10 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
519 1.10 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/iamkun/dayjs">Day.js</a> is a
520 1.10 christos minimalist replacement for the date and time API of
521 1.10 christos the <a href="https://momentjs.com/docs/">now-legacy Moment.js</a> date
522 1.10 christos manipulation library.
523 1.10 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
524 1.10 christos <li><a href="https://moment.github.io/luxon/">Luxon</a> improves
525 1.16 christos timezone support for the <code>Intl</code> API.
526 1.10 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
527 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://momentjs.com/timezone/">Moment Timezone</a> is a
528 1.10 christos Moment.js plugin.
529 1.10 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
530 1.8 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/bigeasy/timezone">Timezone</a> is a
531 1.8 christos JavaScript library that supports date arithmetic that is time zone
532 1.8 christos aware. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
533 1.10 christos <li><a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tubular/time">@tubular/time</a>
534 1.10 christos supports live <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> updates,
535 1.10 christos astronomical and atomic time, a command-line interface,
536 1.10 christos and full <a
537 1.10 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript">TypeScript</a>.
538 1.10 christos Its companion <a
539 1.10 christos href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tubular/time-tzdb">@tubular/time-tzdb</a>
540 1.10 christos can generate <abbr>TZif</abbr> and other files, and a companion website
541 1.10 christos <a href="https://tzexplorer.org">Timezone Database Explorer</a> lets you
542 1.10 christos convert timestamps, view transition histories, and download code and data.
543 1.10 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
544 1.1 christos </ul>
545 1.10 christos The proposed <a
546 1.16 christos href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal"><code>Temporal</code>
547 1.10 christos objects</a> let programs access an abstract view of
548 1.10 christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> data, and are designed to replace <a
549 1.20 christos href="https://codeofmatt.com/javascript-date-type-is-horribly-broken/">JavaScripts
550 1.16 christos problematic <code>Date</code> objects</a> when working with dates and times.
551 1.17 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/JuliaTime">JuliaTime</a> contains a
552 1.1 christos compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
553 1.17 christos <a href="https://julialang.org">Julia</a>. It is freely available
554 1.1 christos under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
555 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/pavkam/tzdb"><abbr>TZDB</abbr>
556 1.6 christos <abbr>IANA</abbr> Time Zone Database for Delphi/<abbr
557 1.6 christos title="Free Pascal Compiler">FPC</abbr></a>
558 1.2 christos compiles from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
559 1.2 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Pascal">Object Pascal</a>
560 1.2 christos as compiled by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(IDE)">Delphi</a>
561 1.2 christos and <a
562 1.2 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Pascal"><abbr>FPC</abbr></a>.
563 1.2 christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
564 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://pythonhosted.org/pytz/">pytz World Timezone
565 1.1 christos Definitions for Python</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
566 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.python.org">Python</a>.
567 1.9 christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.
568 1.11 christos In code that can assume Python 3.6 or later it is largely superseded; see <a
569 1.11 christos href="https://blog.ganssle.io/articles/2018/03/pytz-fastest-footgun.html">pytz:
570 1.11 christos The Fastest Footgun in the West</a>.</li>
571 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://tzinfo.github.io">TZInfo
572 1.1 christos Ruby Timezone Library</a>
573 1.1 christos compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
574 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
575 1.1 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
576 1.13 christos <li>The <a href="https://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
577 1.1 christos Library</a> is
578 1.1 christos a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
579 1.1 christos library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time
580 1.1 christos zone repository whose format
581 1.1 christos is either proprietary or an <abbr>XML</abbr>-encoded
582 1.1 christos representation.</li>
583 1.1 christos <li><a id="Tcl" href="https://tcl.tk">Tcl</a>
584 1.1 christos contains a developer-oriented parser that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
585 1.1 christos source into text files, along with a runtime that can read those
586 1.1 christos files. Tcl is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style
587 1.1 christos license.</li>
588 1.1 christos </ul>
589 1.6 christos </section>
590 1.6 christos
591 1.6 christos <section>
592 1.2 christos <h2 id="TZif">Other <abbr>TZif</abbr> readers</h2>
593 1.1 christos <ul>
594 1.1 christos <li>The <a
595 1.1 christos href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"><abbr>GNU</abbr> C
596 1.1 christos Library</a>
597 1.1 christos has an independent, thread-safe implementation of
598 1.2 christos a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.
599 1.1 christos This library is freely available under the LGPL
600 1.1 christos and is widely used in <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux systems.</li>
601 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://www.gnome.org">GNOME</a>s
602 1.1 christos <a href="https://developer.gnome.org/glib/">GLib</a> has
603 1.2 christos a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in C that
604 1.1 christos creates a <code>GTimeZone</code> object representing sets
605 1.1 christos of <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets.
606 1.1 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
607 1.1 christos <li>The
608 1.20 christos <a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bde/wiki">BDE Standard Library</a>s
609 1.1 christos <code>baltzo::TimeZoneUtil</code> component contains a C++
610 1.2 christos implementation of a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader. It is freely available under
611 1.1 christos the Apache License.</li>
612 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/google/cctz">CCTZ</a> is a simple C++
613 1.1 christos library that translates between <abbr>UT</abbr> and civil time and
614 1.2 christos can read <abbr>TZif</abbr> files. It is freely available under the Apache
615 1.1 christos License.</li>
616 1.20 christos <li>The <a href="https://golang.org">Go programming language</a>
617 1.20 christos has a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader <a
618 1.20 christos href="https://pkg.go.dev/time#LoadLocationFromTZData"><code>LoadLocationFromTZData</code></a>.</li>
619 1.16 christos <li>The
620 1.16 christos <a href="https://github.com/nayarsystems/posix_tz_db"><code>posix_tz_db</code>
621 1.16 christos package</a> contains Python code
622 1.16 christos to generate <abbr>CSV</abbr> and <abbr>JSON</abbr> tables that map
623 1.17 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> settings to proleptic TZ approximations.
624 1.16 christos For example, it maps <code>"Africa/Cairo"</code>
625 1.16 christos to <code>"EET-2EEST,M4.5.5/0,M10.5.4/24"</code>,
626 1.16 christos an approximation valid for Cairo timestamps from 2023 on.
627 1.17 christos This can help porting to platforms that support only proleptic TZ.
628 1.16 christos The package is freely available under the MIT license.</li>
629 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/derickr/timelib">Timelib</a> is a C
630 1.2 christos library that reads <abbr>TZif</abbr> files and converts
631 1.2 christos timestamps from one time zone or format to another.
632 1.1 christos It is used by <a href="https://secure.php.net"><abbr
633 1.1 christos title="PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor">PHP</abbr></a>,
634 1.1 christos <a href="https://hhvm.com"><abbr title="HipHop Virtual Machine">HHVM</abbr></a>,
635 1.1 christos and <a href="https://www.mongodb.com">MongoDB</a>.
636 1.1 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
637 1.1 christos <li>Tcl, mentioned <a href="#Tcl">above</a>, also contains a
638 1.2 christos <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.</li>
639 1.4 christos <li><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile">
640 1.1 christos DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile</a>
641 1.2 christos is a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in Perl.
642 1.1 christos It is freely available under the same terms as Perl
643 1.1 christos (dual <abbr>GPL</abbr> and Artistic license).</li>
644 1.9 christos <li>Python has a <a id="python-zoneinfo"
645 1.11 christos href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html"><code>zoneinfo.ZoneInfo</code>
646 1.8 christos class</a> that reads <abbr>TZif</abbr> data and creates objects
647 1.8 christos that represent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones.
648 1.8 christos Python is freely available under the
649 1.11 christos <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/license.html">Python Software Foundation
650 1.8 christos License</a>.
651 1.17 christos A companion <a id="pypi-tzdata" href="https://pypi.org">PyPI</a> module
652 1.8 christos <a href="https://pypi.org/project/tzdata/"><code>tzdata</code></a>
653 1.8 christos supplies TZif data if the underlying system data cannot be found;
654 1.8 christos it is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
655 1.1 christos <li>The
656 1.1 christos public-domain <a href="https://github.com/dbaron/tz.js">tz.js</a>
657 1.1 christos library contains a Python tool that
658 1.2 christos converts <abbr>TZif</abbr> data into
659 1.1 christos <abbr>JSON</abbr>-format data suitable for use
660 1.1 christos in its JavaScript library for time zone conversion. Dates before 1970
661 1.1 christos are not supported.</li>
662 1.1 christos <li>The <a
663 1.1 christos href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-olson">timezone-olson</a>
664 1.1 christos package contains <a href="https://www.haskell.org">Haskell</a> code that
665 1.2 christos parses and uses <abbr>TZif</abbr> data. It is freely
666 1.1 christos available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
667 1.1 christos </ul>
668 1.6 christos </section>
669 1.6 christos
670 1.6 christos <section>
671 1.1 christos <h2 id="software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</h2>
672 1.1 christos <ul>
673 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://foxclocks.org">FoxClocks</a>
674 1.1 christos is an extension for <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Google
675 1.16 christos Chrome</a>, <a
676 1.1 christos href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">Firefox</a> and <a
677 1.1 christos href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/">Thunderbird</a>.
678 1.1 christos It displays multiple clocks in the application window, and has a mapping
679 1.1 christos interface to <a href="https://www.google.com/earth/">Google Earth</a>.
680 1.1 christos It is freely available under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
681 1.1 christos <li>Microsoft Windows 8.1
682 1.1 christos and later has <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data and <abbr>CLDR</abbr>
683 1.3 christos data (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>) used by the
684 1.3 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Runtime">Windows Runtime</a> /
685 1.3 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a> classes
686 1.3 christos <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/uwp/api/Windows.Globalization.DateTimeFormatting.DateTimeFormatter"><code>DateTimeFormatter</code></a> and
687 1.3 christos <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/uwp/api/windows.globalization.calendar"><code>Calendar</code></a>.
688 1.1 christos <a id="System.TimeZoneInfo"
689 1.1 christos href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/bclteam/2007/06/07/exploring-windows-time-zones-with-system-timezoneinfo-josh-free/">Exploring
690 1.1 christos Windows Time Zones with <code>System.TimeZoneInfo</code></a> describes
691 1.1 christos the older, proprietary method of Microsoft Windows 2000 and later,
692 1.1 christos which stores time zone data in the
693 1.1 christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry">Windows Registry</a>. The
694 1.1 christos <a
695 1.20 christos href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/zone_tzid.html">Zone
696 1.20 christos Tzid table</a> or <a
697 1.6 christos href="https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/master/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml"><abbr>XML</abbr>
698 1.1 christos file</a> of the <abbr>CLDR</abbr> data maps proprietary zone IDs
699 1.1 christos to <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> names.
700 1.3 christos These mappings can be performed programmatically via the <a href="https://github.com/mj1856/TimeZoneConverter">TimeZoneConverter</a> .NET library,
701 1.3 christos or the ICU Java and C++ libraries mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>.
702 1.1 christos <li><a
703 1.1 christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/index.html">Oracle
704 1.1 christos Java</a> contains a copy of a subset of a recent
705 1.1 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
706 1.1 christos Java-specific format.</li>
707 1.1 christos </ul>
708 1.6 christos </section>
709 1.6 christos
710 1.6 christos <section>
711 1.1 christos <h2 id="other-dbs">Other time zone databases</h2>
712 1.1 christos <ul>
713 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://www.astro.com/atlas">Time-zone Atlas</a>
714 1.20 christos is Astrodiensts Web version of Shanks and Pottengers out-of-print
715 1.4 christos time zone history atlases
716 1.4 christos <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468828649">for the US</a> and
717 1.9 christos <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76950459">for the world</a>.
718 1.4 christos Although these extensive atlases
719 1.4 christos <a href="https://astrologynewsservice.com/opinion/how-astrologers-contributed-to-the-information-age-a-brief-history-of-time/">were
720 1.4 christos sources for much of the older <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</a>,
721 1.4 christos they are unreliable as Shanks appears to have
722 1.1 christos guessed many <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets and transitions. The atlases cite no
723 1.1 christos sources and do not indicate which entries are guesswork.</li>
724 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has a database in
725 1.1 christos its own <code>tztab</code>(4) format.</li>
726 1.1 christos <li>Microsoft Windows has proprietary data mentioned
727 1.1 christos <a href="#System.TimeZoneInfo">above</a>.</li>
728 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimeserver.com">World Time Server</a>
729 1.1 christos is another time zone database.</li>
730 1.1 christos <li>The <a
731 1.1 christos href="https://www.iata.org/publications/store/Pages/standard-schedules-information.aspx">Standard
732 1.1 christos Schedules Information Manual</a> of the
733 1.1 christos International Air Transport Association
734 1.1 christos gives current time zone rules for airports served by commercial aviation.</li>
735 1.1 christos </ul>
736 1.6 christos </section>
737 1.6 christos
738 1.6 christos <section>
739 1.1 christos <h2 id="maps">Maps</h2>
740 1.1 christos <ul>
741 1.9 christos <li>The <a
742 1.9 christos href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/maps/world-regional/">World
743 1.9 christos and Regional Maps section</a> of <em>The World Factbook</em>, published by the
744 1.9 christos <a href="https://www.cia.gov">US Central Intelligence
745 1.9 christos Agency (<abbr
746 1.9 christos title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</abbr>)</a>, contains a time
747 1.9 christos zone map; the
748 1.1 christos <a
749 1.20 christos href="https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world.html">PerryCastaeda
750 1.1 christos Library Map Collection</a>
751 1.1 christos of the University of Texas at Austin has copies of
752 1.1 christos recent editions.
753 1.1 christos The pictorial quality is good,
754 1.1 christos but the maps do not indicate daylight saving time,
755 1.1 christos and parts of the data are a few years out of date.</li>
756 1.6 christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimezone.com">World Time Zone Map
757 1.6 christos with current time</a>
758 1.1 christos has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.
759 1.20 christos The maps pictorial quality is not quite as good as the <abbr>CIA</abbr>s
760 1.1 christos but the maps are more up to date.</li>
761 1.1 christos <li><a
762 1.1 christos href="https://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
763 1.1 christos much is time wrong around the world?</a> maps the difference between
764 1.1 christos mean solar and standard time, highlighting areas such as western China
765 1.20 christos where the two differ greatly. Its a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
766 1.1 christos </ul>
767 1.6 christos </section>
768 1.6 christos
769 1.6 christos <section>
770 1.1 christos <h2 id="boundaries">Time zone boundaries</h2>
771 1.2 christos <p>Geographical boundaries between timezones are available
772 1.9 christos from several <a
773 1.9 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_geolocation">Internet
774 1.9 christos geolocation</a>
775 1.1 christos services and other sources.</p>
776 1.1 christos <ul>
777 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://github.com/evansiroky/timezone-boundary-builder">Timezone
778 1.1 christos Boundary Builder</a> extracts
779 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org">Open Street Map</a> data to build
780 1.2 christos boundaries of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones.
781 1.1 christos Its code is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license, and
782 1.1 christos its data entries are freely available under the
783 1.1 christos <a href="https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/">Open Data Commons
784 1.16 christos Open Database License</a>. The borders appear to be quite accurate.
785 1.16 christos Its main web page lists more than twenty libraries
786 1.16 christos for looking up a timezone name from a GPS coordinate.</li>
787 1.1 christos <li>Free access via a network API, if you register a key, is provided by
788 1.4 christos the <a
789 1.4 christos href="https://www.geonames.org/export/web-services.html#timezone">GeoNames
790 1.4 christos Timezone web service</a>, the <a
791 1.4 christos href="https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/timezone/intro">Google
792 1.4 christos Maps Time Zone API</a>, and
793 1.8 christos the <a href="https://timezonedb.com/api">TimeZoneDB API</a>.
794 1.1 christos Commercial network API access is provided
795 1.1 christos by <a href="https://askgeo.com">AskGeo</a>
796 1.1 christos and <a href="https://www.geogarage.com/blog/news-1/post/geogarage-time-zone-api-31">GeoGarage</a>.
797 1.1 christos </li>
798 1.20 christos <li><a
799 1.1 christos href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16086962/how-to-get-a-time-zone-from-a-location-using-latitude-and-longitude-coordinates/16086964">How
800 1.1 christos to get a time zone from a location using latitude and longitude
801 1.20 christos coordinates?</a> discusses other geolocation possibilities.</li>
802 1.1 christos <li><a href="http://statoids.com/statoids.html">Administrative
803 1.20 christos Divisions of Countries (Statoids)</a> lists
804 1.1 christos political subdivision data related to time zones.</li>
805 1.13 christos <li><a href="https://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software
806 1.20 christos GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
807 1.16 christos world time zone boundaries circa 2007, distributed under the
808 1.1 christos <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
809 1.1 christos <li>A ship within the <a
810 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters">territorial
811 1.20 christos waters</a> of any nation uses that nations time. In international
812 1.20 christos waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15 apart, except that
813 1.20 christos <abbr>UT</abbr>12 and <abbr>UT</abbr>+12 are each 7.5
814 1.1 christos wide and are separated by
815 1.20 christos the 180 meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is
816 1.20 christos for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ships
817 1.1 christos clocks any time after entering a new time zone; midnight changes are
818 1.1 christos common.</li>
819 1.1 christos </ul>
820 1.6 christos </section>
821 1.6 christos
822 1.6 christos <section>
823 1.1 christos <h2 id="civil">Civil time concepts and history</h2>
824 1.1 christos <ul>
825 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time">A
826 1.1 christos Walk through Time</a>
827 1.1 christos surveys the evolution of timekeeping.</li>
828 1.4 christos <li>The history of daylight saving time is surveyed in <a
829 1.4 christos href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/">About Daylight
830 1.20 christos Saving Time History, rationale, laws & dates</a> and summarized in
831 1.4 christos <a href="http://seizethedaylight.com/dst/">A Brief
832 1.4 christos History of Daylight Saving Time</a>.</li>
833 1.4 christos <li><a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/time-lords">Time
834 1.4 christos Lords</a> discusses how authoritarians manipulate civil time.</li>
835 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/timezone/">Working with Time
836 1.20 christos and Time Zones</a>
837 1.1 christos contains guidelines and best practices for software applications that
838 1.1 christos deal with civil time.</li>
839 1.16 christos <li><a href="https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm">A History of
840 1.1 christos the International Date Line</a> tells the story of the most important
841 1.1 christos time zone boundary.</li>
842 1.1 christos <li><a href="http://statoids.com/tconcept.html">Basic Time
843 1.1 christos Zone Concepts</a> discusses terminological issues behind time zones.</li>
844 1.1 christos </ul>
845 1.6 christos </section>
846 1.6 christos
847 1.6 christos <section>
848 1.1 christos <h2 id="national">National histories of legal time</h2>
849 1.1 christos <dl>
850 1.1 christos <dt>Australia</dt>
851 1.20 christos <dd>The Bureau of Meteorology publishes a list of <a
852 1.1 christos href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">Implementation
853 1.1 christos Dates of Daylight Savings Time within Australia</a>.</dd>
854 1.1 christos <dt>Belgium</dt>
855 1.7 christos <dd>The Royal Observatory of Belgium maintains a table of time in
856 1.7 christos Belgium (in
857 1.16 christos <a href="https://robinfo.oma.be/nl/astro-info/tijd/"
858 1.7 christos hreflang="nl">Dutch</a> and <a
859 1.16 christos href="https://robinfo.oma.be/fr/astro-info/heure/"
860 1.7 christos hreflang="fr">French</a>).</dd>
861 1.1 christos <dt>Brazil</dt>
862 1.1 christos <dd>The Time Service Department of the National Observatory
863 1.1 christos records <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html"
864 1.20 christos hreflang="pt-BR">Brazils daylight saving time decrees (in
865 1.1 christos Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
866 1.1 christos <dt>Canada</dt>
867 1.1 christos <dd>National Research Council Canada publishes current
868 1.1 christos and some older information about <a
869 1.6 christos href="https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/canadas-official-time/time-zones-daylight-saving-time">time
870 1.6 christos zones and daylight saving time</a>.</dd>
871 1.1 christos <dt>Chile</dt>
872 1.1 christos <dd>The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy publishes a
873 1.11 christos <a href="https://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php" hreflang="es">history of
874 1.20 christos Chiles official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
875 1.3 christos <dt>China</dt>
876 1.3 christos <dd>The Hong Kong Observatory maintains a
877 1.7 christos <a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm">history of
878 1.3 christos summer time in Hong Kong</a>,
879 1.20 christos and Macaus Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau maintains a <a
880 1.7 christos href="https://www.smg.gov.mo/en/subpage/224/page/174">similar
881 1.3 christos history for Macau</a>.
882 1.3 christos Unfortunately the latter is incomplete and has errors.</dd>
883 1.1 christos <dt>Czech Republic</dt>
884 1.1 christos <dd><a href="https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas"
885 1.1 christos hreflang="cs">When daylight saving time starts and ends (in Czech)</a>
886 1.10 christos summarizes and cites historical <abbr>DST</abbr> regulations.</dd>
887 1.1 christos <dt>Germany</dt>
888 1.1 christos <dd>The National Institute for Science and Technology maintains the <a
889 1.1 christos href="https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany.html">Realisation
890 1.1 christos of Legal Time in Germany</a>.</dd>
891 1.1 christos <dt>Israel</dt>
892 1.17 christos <dd><a
893 1.17 christos href="https://tz.cs.huji.ac.il">Israel Timezone Files</a>
894 1.17 christos lists official time-change announcements and laws since 1940,
895 1.17 christos almost all in Hebrew.</dd>
896 1.2 christos <dt>Malaysia</dt>
897 1.2 christos <dd>See Singapore <a href="#Singapore">below</a>.</dd>
898 1.1 christos <dt>Mexico</dt>
899 1.1 christos <dd>The Investigation and Analysis Service of the Mexican Library of
900 1.1 christos Congress has published a <a
901 1.13 christos href="https://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm"
902 1.1 christos hreflang="es">history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
903 1.1 christos <dt>Netherlands</dt>
904 1.16 christos <dd><a href="https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm"
905 1.1 christos hreflang="nl">Legal time in the Netherlands (in Dutch)</a>
906 1.1 christos covers the history of local time in the Netherlands from ancient times.</dd>
907 1.1 christos <dt>New Zealand</dt>
908 1.1 christos <dd>The Department of Internal Affairs maintains a brief <a
909 1.1 christos href="https://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History">History of
910 1.6 christos Daylight Saving</a>.</dd>
911 1.14 christos <dt>Palestine</dt>
912 1.20 christos <dd>The Ministry of Telecom and Digital Economy publishes a <a
913 1.20 christos href="https://mtde.gov.ps/home/TimeZone"
914 1.14 christos hreflang="ar">history of clock changes (in Arabic)</a>.</dd>
915 1.10 christos <dt>Portugal</dt>
916 1.10 christos <dd>The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory publishes a
917 1.10 christos <a href="https://oal.ul.pt/hora-legal/" hreflang="pt">history of
918 1.10 christos legal time (in Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
919 1.1 christos <dt>Singapore</dt>
920 1.1 christos <dd><a id="Singapore"
921 1.7 christos href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html">Why
922 1.20 christos is Singapore in the Wrong Time Zone?</a> details the
923 1.1 christos history of legal time in Singapore and Malaysia.</dd>
924 1.1 christos <dt>United Kingdom</dt>
925 1.1 christos <dd><a
926 1.1 christos href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">History of
927 1.1 christos legal time in Britain</a> discusses in detail the country
928 1.6 christos with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.</dd>
929 1.1 christos <dt>United States</dt>
930 1.20 christos <dd>The Department of Transportations <a
931 1.1 christos href="https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings">Recent
932 1.18 christos Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to
933 1.18 christos official written time zone boundaries, and its <a
934 1.18 christos href="https://geodata.bts.gov/datasets/usdot::time-zones/about">Time
935 1.18 christos Zones dataset</a> maps current boundaries.
936 1.18 christos These boundaries are only for standard time, so the current map puts
937 1.18 christos all of Arizona in one time zone even though part of Arizona
938 1.18 christos observes <abbr>DST</abbr> and part does not.</dd>
939 1.1 christos <dt>Uruguay</dt>
940 1.1 christos <dd>The Oceanography, Hydrography, and Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan
941 1.1 christos Navy (SOHMA) publishes an annual <a
942 1.13 christos href="https://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac
943 1.1 christos (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
944 1.1 christos </dl>
945 1.6 christos </section>
946 1.6 christos
947 1.6 christos <section>
948 1.7 christos <h2 id="costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</h2>
949 1.7 christos <p>Various sources argue for and against daylight saving time and time
950 1.7 christos zone shifts, and many scientific studies have been conducted. This
951 1.8 christos section summarizes reviews and position statements based on
952 1.8 christos scientific literature in the area.</p>
953 1.7 christos <ul>
954 1.7 christos <li>Carey RN, Sarma KM.
955 1.7 christos <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/6/e014319.long">Impact of
956 1.7 christos daylight saving time on road traffic collision risk: a systematic
957 1.7 christos review</a>.
958 1.7 christos <em>BMJ Open.</em> 2017;7(6):e014319. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319</a>.
959 1.7 christos This reviews research literature and concludes that the evidence
960 1.7 christos neither supports nor refutes road safety benefits from
961 1.7 christos shifts in time zones.</li>
962 1.7 christos <li>Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D.
963 1.20 christos Does daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis.
964 1.20 christos <em>Energy J.</em> 2018;39(2):3561.
965 1.7 christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav">10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>.
966 1.20 christos This analyzes research literature and concludes, Electricity savings
967 1.7 christos are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while
968 1.20 christos subtropical regions consume more electricity because of <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
969 1.20 christos <li>Neumann P, von Blanckenburg K. <a
970 1.20 christos href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0961463X241310562">What
971 1.20 christos time will it be? A comprehensive literature review on daylight saving time</a>.
972 1.20 christos <em>Time Soc</em>. 2025-01-21.
973 1.20 christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X241310562">10.1177/0961463X241310562</a>.
974 1.20 christos This reviews DSTs effects on electricity, health, crime, road safety,
975 1.20 christos and the economy, focusing on research since 2010, and concludes that
976 1.20 christos year-round standard time is preferable overall.
977 1.20 christos </ul>
978 1.20 christos
979 1.20 christos <p>The following medical societies have taken positions on the
980 1.20 christos advisability of clock shifts:</p>
981 1.20 christos
982 1.20 christos <ul>
983 1.20 christos <li>In 2022 the American Medical Association issued a
984 1.20 christos <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-calls-permanent-standard-time">statement
985 1.20 christos supporting permanent standard time</a> on health grounds.</li>
986 1.20 christos <li>Crawford MR, Winnebeck EC, von Schantz M <em>et al</em>.
987 1.20 christos <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr.14352">The
988 1.20 christos British Sleep Society position statement on Daylight Saving Time in the UK</a>.
989 1.20 christos <em>J Sleep Res.</em> 2025;34(3):e14352.
990 1.20 christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14352">10.1111/jsr.14352</a>.
991 1.20 christos This recommends that the UK abolish DST for health reasons.</li>
992 1.16 christos <li>Malow BA. <a
993 1.16 christos href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/45/12/zsac236/6717940">It is time
994 1.16 christos to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent
995 1.16 christos standard time in the United States:
996 1.16 christos a Sleep Research Society position statement</a>.
997 1.15 christos <em>Sleep.</em> 2022;45(12):zsac236.
998 1.15 christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac236">10.1093/sleep/zsac236</a>.
999 1.15 christos After reviewing the scientific literature, the Sleep Research Society
1000 1.20 christos advocates permanent standard time due to its health benefits.</li>
1001 1.15 christos <li>Rishi MA, Cheng JY, Strang AR <em>et al</em>.
1002 1.15 christos <a href="https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/10.5664/jcsm.10898">Permanent standard time
1003 1.15 christos is the optimal choice for health and safety:
1004 1.8 christos an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement</a>.
1005 1.20 christos <em>J Clin Sleep Med.</em> 2024;20(1):121125.
1006 1.15 christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.10898">10.5664/jcsm.10898</a>.
1007 1.15 christos The AASM argues for permanent standard time due to health and safety risks
1008 1.15 christos and economic costs of both <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions and
1009 1.15 christos permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
1010 1.13 christos <li>Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ <em>et al</em>.
1011 1.16 christos <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0748730419854197">Why
1012 1.13 christos should we abolish Daylight Saving Time?</a>
1013 1.20 christos <em>J Biol Rhythms.</em> 2019;34(3):227230.
1014 1.13 christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419854197">10.1177/0748730419854197</a>.
1015 1.15 christos The Society for Research on Biological Rhythms
1016 1.18 christos opposes <abbr>DST</abbr> changes and permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>,
1017 1.18 christos and advocates that governments adopt
1018 1.20 christos permanent Standard Time for the health and safety of their citizens.</li>
1019 1.7 christos </ul>
1020 1.7 christos </section>
1021 1.7 christos
1022 1.7 christos <section>
1023 1.1 christos <h2 id="precision">Precision timekeeping</h2>
1024 1.1 christos <ul>
1025 1.1 christos <li><a
1026 1.1 christos href="http://leapsecond.com/hpan/an1289.pdf">The
1027 1.1 christos Science of Timekeeping</a> is a thorough introduction
1028 1.1 christos to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li>
1029 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0">The Science of
1030 1.14 christos Time 2016</a> contains several freely readable papers.</li>
1031 1.13 christos <li><a href="https://www.ntp.org"><abbr
1032 1.1 christos title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr>: The Network
1033 1.1 christos Time Protocol</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5905)
1034 1.1 christos discusses how to synchronize clocks of
1035 1.1 christos Internet hosts.</li>
1036 1.2 christos <li>The <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi18/nsdi18-geng.pdf"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huygens</span></a>
1037 1.2 christos family of software algorithms can achieve accuracy to a few tens of
1038 1.2 christos nanoseconds in scalable server farms without special hardware.</li>
1039 1.1 christos <li>The <a
1040 1.1 christos href="https://www.nist.gov/intelligent-systems-division/ieee-1588">Precision
1041 1.1 christos Time Protocol</a> (<abbr
1042 1.1 christos title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> 1588)
1043 1.2 christos can achieve submicrosecond clock accuracy on a local area network
1044 1.2 christos with special-purpose hardware.</li>
1045 1.1 christos <li><a
1046 1.18 christos href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4833">Timezone
1047 1.1 christos Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
1048 1.1 christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833)
1049 1.1 christos specifies a <a
1050 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
1051 1.1 christos option for a server to configure
1052 1.20 christos a clients time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
1053 1.11 christos <li><a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html">Time
1054 1.11 christos Scales</a> describes astronomical time scales like
1055 1.1 christos <abbr title="Terrestrial Dynamic Time">TDT</abbr>,
1056 1.1 christos <abbr title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">TCG</abbr>, and
1057 1.1 christos <abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
1058 1.1 christos <li>The <a href="https://www.iau.org"><abbr
1059 1.20 christos title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>s <a
1060 1.13 christos href="https://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
1061 1.1 christos title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
1062 1.1 christos collection contains C and <a
1063 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
1064 1.1 christos code for converting among time scales like
1065 1.1 christos <abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>,
1066 1.1 christos <abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and
1067 1.13 christos <abbr>UTC</abbr>. It is freely available under the
1068 1.13 christos <a href="https://www.iausofa.org/tandc.html">SOFA license</a>.</li>
1069 1.1 christos <li><a
1070 1.1 christos href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Mars24 Sunclock
1071 1.20 christos Time on Mars</a> describes Airy Mean Time (<abbr>AMT</abbr>) and the
1072 1.1 christos diverse local time
1073 1.1 christos scales used by each landed mission on Mars.</li>
1074 1.1 christos <li><a href="http://leapsecond.com">LeapSecond.com</a> is
1075 1.1 christos dedicated not only to leap seconds but to precise time and frequency
1076 1.1 christos in general. It covers the state of the art in amateur timekeeping, and
1077 1.1 christos how the art has progressed over the past few decades.</li>
1078 1.7 christos <li>The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of <a
1079 1.7 christos href="https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I/">Standard-frequency
1080 1.20 christos and time-signal emissions</a>, International Telecommunication Union
1081 1.7 christos Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002).</li>
1082 1.1 christos <li><a
1083 1.1 christos href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html"><abbr
1084 1.1 christos title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">IERS</abbr>
1085 1.1 christos Bulletins</a> contains official publications of the International
1086 1.1 christos Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which decides when leap
1087 1.20 christos seconds occur.
1088 1.20 christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data support leap seconds
1089 1.20 christos via an optional <code>"right"</code> configuration where a computers internal
1090 1.9 christos <code>time_t</code> integer clock counts every <abbr>TAI</abbr> second,
1091 1.20 christos as opposed to the default <code>"posix"</code> configuration
1092 1.9 christos where the internal clock ignores leap seconds.
1093 1.9 christos The two configurations agree for timestamps starting with 1972-01-01 00:00:00
1094 1.9 christos <abbr>UTC</abbr> (<code>time_t</code> 63 072 000) and diverge for
1095 1.9 christos timestamps starting with <code>time_t</code> 78 796 800,
1096 1.9 christos which corresponds to the first leap second
1097 1.20 christos 1972-06-30 23:59:60 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the <code>"right"</code> configuration,
1098 1.9 christos and to
1099 1.20 christos 1972-07-01 00:00:00 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the <code>"posix"</code> configuration.
1100 1.9 christos In practice the two configurations also agree for timestamps before
1101 1.9 christos 1972 even though the historical situation is messy, partly because
1102 1.9 christos neither <abbr>UTC</abbr> nor <abbr>TAI</abbr>
1103 1.14 christos is well-defined for sufficiently old timestamps.</li>
1104 1.17 christos <li><a href="https://kb.meinbergglobal.com/kb/time_sync/ntp/configuration/ntp_leap_second_file">The
1105 1.17 christos <abbr>NTP</abbr> Leap Second File</a> covers the text file
1106 1.17 christos <code>leap-seconds.list</code>, which lists the currently known leap seconds.
1107 1.17 christos The <abbr>IERS</abbr> maintains this file, and a copy is distributed by
1108 1.17 christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> for use by <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementations like
1109 1.17 christos <a href="https://www.ntp.org">classic
1110 1.17 christos <code><abbr title="Network Time Protocol Daemon">ntpd</abbr></code></a>
1111 1.17 christos and <a href="https://ntpsec.org">NTPsec</a>.
1112 1.17 christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database also distributes leap second
1113 1.17 christos information in a differently-formatted <code>leapseconds</code> text file,
1114 1.20 christos as well as in the <code>"right"</code> configuration in binary form; for
1115 1.17 christos example, <code>right/UTC</code> can be used
1116 1.17 christos by <a href="https://chrony-project.org"><code>chrony</code></a>,
1117 1.17 christos another <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementation.</li>
1118 1.1 christos <li><a href="https://developers.google.com/time/smear">Leap Smear</a>
1119 1.1 christos discusses how to gradually adjust <abbr>POSIX</abbr> clocks near a
1120 1.1 christos leap second so that they disagree with <abbr>UTC</abbr> by at most a
1121 1.1 christos half second, even though every <abbr>POSIX</abbr> minute has exactly
1122 1.4 christos sixty seconds. This approach works with the default <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
1123 1.20 christos <code>"posix"</code> configuration, is <a
1124 1.1 christos href="http://bk1.ntp.org/ntp-stable/README.leapsmear">supported</a> by
1125 1.17 christos the abovementioned <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementations, <a
1126 1.12 christos href="https://github.com/google/unsmear">supports</a> conversion between
1127 1.12 christos <abbr>UTC</abbr> and smeared <abbr>POSIX</abbr> timestamps, and is used by major
1128 1.7 christos cloud service providers. However, according to
1129 1.20 christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">3.7.1 of
1130 1.7 christos Network Time Protocol Best Current Practices</a>
1131 1.7 christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8633), leap smearing is not suitable for
1132 1.9 christos applications requiring accurate <abbr>UTC</abbr> or civil time,
1133 1.7 christos and is intended for use only in single, well-controlled environments.</li>
1134 1.1 christos <li>The <a
1135 1.1 christos href="https://pairlist6.pair.net/mailman/listinfo/leapsecs">Leap
1136 1.1 christos Second Discussion List</a> covers <a
1137 1.1 christos href="https://www2.unb.ca/gge/Resources/gpsworld.november99.pdf">McCarthy
1138 1.20 christos and Klepczynskis 1999 proposal to discontinue leap seconds</a>,
1139 1.1 christos discussed further in
1140 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf">The
1141 1.1 christos leap second: its history and possible future</a>.
1142 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/"><abbr>UTC</abbr>
1143 1.1 christos might be redefined
1144 1.1 christos without Leap Seconds</a> gives pointers on this
1145 1.14 christos contentious issue.
1146 1.14 christos The General Conference on Weights and Measures
1147 1.16 christos <a href="https://www.bipm.org/en/cgpm-2022/resolution-4">decided in 2022</a>
1148 1.17 christos to discontinue the use of leap seconds by 2035, and requested that no
1149 1.17 christos discontinuous adjustments be made to UTC for at least a century.
1150 1.16 christos The World Radiocommunication Conference <a
1151 1.16 christos href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.15-2023-PDF-E.pdf">resolved
1152 1.20 christos in 2023</a> to cooperate with this process. One proposal to implement this
1153 1.20 christos would replace leap seconds with seven 13-second leap smears occurring once per
1154 1.17 christos decade until 2100, with leap smears after that gradually increasing in size.
1155 1.20 christos See:
1156 1.20 christos <ul>
1157 1.20 christos <li>Levine J. <a href="https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202406.0043/v1">A
1158 1.20 christos proposal to change the leap-second adjustments to
1159 1.20 christos coordinated universal time</a>. <em>Metrologia.</em> 2024;61(5):055002. doi:<a
1160 1.20 christos href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266">10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266</a>.</li>
1161 1.20 christos </ul>
1162 1.17 christos However, there is still no consensus on whether this is the best way
1163 1.17 christos to replace leap seconds.
1164 1.14 christos </li>
1165 1.1 christos </ul>
1166 1.6 christos </section>
1167 1.6 christos
1168 1.6 christos <section>
1169 1.1 christos <h2 id="notation">Time notation</h2>
1170 1.1 christos <ul>
1171 1.13 christos <li>The <a id="CLDR" href="https://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
1172 1.1 christos Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time
1173 1.1 christos zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it
1174 1.20 christos contains French translations for Eastern European Summer Time,
1175 1.20 christos <abbr title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</abbr>, and Bucharest. Its
1176 1.1 christos <a href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/by_type/">by-type
1177 1.1 christos charts</a> show these values for many locales. Data values are available in
1178 1.1 christos both <abbr title="Locale Data Markup Language">LDML</abbr>
1179 1.1 christos (an <abbr>XML</abbr> format) and <abbr>JSON</abbr>.
1180 1.1 christos <li>
1181 1.1 christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">A summary of
1182 1.6 christos the international standard date and time notation</a> covers
1183 1.1 christos <a
1184 1.6 christos href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70907.html"><em><abbr
1185 1.6 christos title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr>
1186 1.20 christos 8601-1:2019 Date and time Representations for information
1187 1.20 christos interchange Part 1: Basic rules</em></a>.</li>
1188 1.1 christos <li>
1189 1.6 christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema/#dateTime"><abbr>XML</abbr>
1190 1.20 christos Schema: Datatypes dateTime</a> specifies a format inspired by
1191 1.1 christos <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 that is in common use in <abbr>XML</abbr> data.</li>
1192 1.20 christos <li><a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5322#section-3.3">3.3 of
1193 1.1 christos Internet Message Format</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5322)
1194 1.1 christos specifies the time notation used in email and <a
1195 1.1 christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"><abbr>HTTP</abbr></a>
1196 1.1 christos headers.</li>
1197 1.1 christos <li>
1198 1.18 christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3339">Date and Time
1199 1.1 christos on the Internet: Timestamps</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 3339)
1200 1.17 christos specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 profile for use in new Internet protocols.
1201 1.18 christos An extension, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9557">Date
1202 1.17 christos and Time on the Internet: Timestamps with Additional Information</a>
1203 1.17 christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 9557) extends this profile
1204 1.17 christos to let you specify the <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezone of a timestamp
1205 1.20 christos via suffixes like <code>[Asia/Tokyo]</code>.
1206 1.1 christos <li>
1207 1.7 christos <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130042457/https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/">Date & Time
1208 1.1 christos Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time
1209 1.1 christos formats.</li>
1210 1.1 christos <li>Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique
1211 1.1 christos identifiers for <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets as they are ambiguous in
1212 1.1 christos practice. For example, in English-speaking North America
1213 1.20 christos <abbr>CST</abbr> denotes 6 hours behind <abbr>UT</abbr>,
1214 1.1 christos but in China it denotes 8 hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr>,
1215 1.1 christos and French-speaking North Americans prefer
1216 1.20 christos <abbr title="Heure Normale du Centre">HNC</abbr> to
1217 1.20 christos <abbr>CST</abbr>. The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
1218 1.2 christos database contains English abbreviations for many timestamps;
1219 1.20 christos unfortunately some of these abbreviations were merely the database maintainers
1220 1.1 christos inventions, and these have been removed when possible.</li>
1221 1.1 christos <li>Numeric time zone abbreviations typically count hours east of
1222 1.1 christos <abbr>UT</abbr>, e.g., +09 for Japan and
1223 1.20 christos 10 for Hawaii. However, <abbr>POSIX</abbr> proleptic
1224 1.17 christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> settings use the opposite convention.
1225 1.1 christos For example, one might use <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr
1226 1.1 christos title="Japan Standard Time">JST</abbr>-9"</code> and
1227 1.1 christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr title="Hawaii Standard Time">HST</abbr>10"</code>
1228 1.1 christos for Japan and Hawaii, respectively. If the
1229 1.1 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is available, it is usually better to use
1230 1.1 christos settings like <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Asia/Tokyo"</code> and
1231 1.1 christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Pacific/Honolulu"</code> instead, as this should avoid
1232 1.2 christos confusion, handle old timestamps better, and insulate you better from
1233 1.1 christos any future changes to the rules. One should never set
1234 1.1 christos <abbr>POSIX</abbr> <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> to a value like
1235 1.1 christos <code>"GMT-9"</code>, though, since this would incorrectly imply that
1236 1.1 christos local time is nine hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr> and the time zone
1237 1.20 christos is called <abbr>GMT</abbr>.</li>
1238 1.1 christos </ul>
1239 1.6 christos </section>
1240 1.6 christos
1241 1.6 christos <section>
1242 1.1 christos <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
1243 1.1 christos <ul>
1244 1.7 christos <li><a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the
1245 1.7 christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data</a></li>
1246 1.1 christos <li><a href="tz-art.html">Time and the Arts</a></li>
1247 1.1 christos </ul>
1248 1.6 christos </section>
1249 1.6 christos
1250 1.6 christos <footer>
1251 1.1 christos <hr>
1252 1.1 christos This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
1253 1.1 christos 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
1254 1.1 christos <br>
1255 1.1 christos Please send corrections to this web page to the
1256 1.1 christos <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org">time zone mailing list</a>.
1257 1.20 christos The mailing list and its archives are public,
1258 1.20 christos so please do not send confidential information.
1259 1.6 christos </footer>
1260 1.1 christos </body>
1261 1.1 christos </html>
1262