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      4  1.13  christos <title>Time zone and daylight saving time data</title>
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     14  1.13  christos <h1>Time zone and daylight saving time data</h1>
     15   1.1  christos <p>
     16   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">Time zone</a> and
     17   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
     18   1.1  christos rules are controlled by individual
     19   1.1  christos governments. They are sometimes changed with little notice, and their
     20   1.1  christos histories and planned futures are often recorded only fitfully. Here
     21   1.1  christos is a summary of attempts to organize and record relevant data in this
     22   1.1  christos area.
     23   1.1  christos </p>
     24   1.6  christos   <nav>
     25   1.6  christos     <ul>
     26   1.6  christos       <li>The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database product and process
     27   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     28   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#tzdb">The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     29   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#download">Downloading the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     30   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     31  1.14  christos 	  <li><a href="#coordinating">Coordinating with governments and distributors</a></li>
     32   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#commentary">Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     33   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     34   1.6  christos       </li>
     35   1.6  christos       <li>Uses of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database
     36   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     37   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#web">Web sites using recent versions of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a></li>
     38   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</a></li>
     39   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#compilers">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</a></li>
     40   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#TZif">Other <abbr>TZif</abbr> readers</a></li>
     41   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</a></li>
     42   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     43   1.6  christos       </li>
     44   1.6  christos       <li>Related data
     45   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     46   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#other-dbs">Other time zone databases</a></li>
     47   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#maps">Maps</a></li>
     48   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#boundaries">Time zone boundaries</a></li>
     49   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     50   1.6  christos       </li>
     51   1.6  christos       <li>Timekeeping concepts
     52   1.6  christos 	<ul>
     53   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#civil">Civil time concepts and history</a></li>
     54   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#national">National histories of legal time</a></li>
     55   1.7  christos 	  <li><a href="#costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</a></li>
     56   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#precision">Precision timekeeping</a></li>
     57   1.6  christos 	  <li><a href="#notation">Time notation</a></li>
     58   1.6  christos 	</ul>
     59   1.6  christos       </li>
     60  1.13  christos       <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li>
     61   1.6  christos     </ul>
     62   1.6  christos   </nav>
     63   1.6  christos 
     64   1.6  christos <section>
     65   1.1  christos <h2 id="tzdb">The <code><abbr title="time zone">tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
     66   1.1  christos <p>
     67   1.1  christos The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
     68   1.1  christos time zone database contains code and data
     69   1.1  christos that represent the history of local time
     70   1.1  christos for many representative locations around the globe.
     71   1.1  christos It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies
     72   1.1  christos to time zone boundaries and daylight saving rules.
     73   1.1  christos This database (known as <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>,
     74   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>, or <code>zoneinfo</code>)
     75   1.1  christos is used by several implementations,
     76   1.1  christos including
     77   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">the
     78  1.20  christos <abbr title="GNUs Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
     79   1.1  christos C Library</a> (used in
     80   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
     81   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.android.com">Android</a>,
     82   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.freebsd.org">Free<abbr
     83   1.1  christos title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>,
     84   1.1  christos <a href="https://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
     85   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
     86  1.17  christos <a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/">ChromiumOS</a>,
     87   1.1  christos <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>,
     88   1.7  christos <a href="https://mariadb.org">MariaDB</a>,
     89  1.17  christos <a href="https://musl.libc.org">musl libc</a>,
     90   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.mysql.com">MySQL</a>,
     91   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr
     92   1.1  christos title="Web Operating System">webOS</abbr></a>,
     93   1.7  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"><abbr
     94   1.1  christos title="Advanced Interactive eXecutive">AIX</abbr></a>,
     95  1.21  christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/os/ios/"><abbr
     96   1.1  christos title="iPhone OS">iOS</abbr></a>,
     97  1.21  christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/os/macos/">macOS</a>,
     98   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows">Microsoft Windows</a>,
     99  1.21  christos <a href="https://vmssoftware.com">Open<abbr
    100   1.1  christos title="Virtual Memory System">VMS</abbr></a>,
    101  1.20  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/">Oracle Database</a>,
    102  1.21  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/solaris/solaris11/">Oracle Solaris</a>,
    103  1.21  christos and <a href="https://qnx.software/en">QNX</a>.</p>
    104   1.1  christos <p>
    105   1.2  christos Each main entry in the database represents a <dfn>timezone</dfn>
    106   1.2  christos for a set of civil-time clocks that have all agreed since 1970.
    107   1.2  christos Timezones are typically identified by continent or ocean and then by the
    108   1.2  christos name of the largest city within the region containing the clocks.
    109   1.1  christos For example, <code>America/New_York</code>
    110   1.1  christos represents most of the <abbr title="United States">US</abbr> eastern time zone;
    111   1.1  christos <code>America/Phoenix</code> represents most of Arizona, which
    112   1.2  christos uses mountain time without daylight saving time (<abbr>DST</abbr>);
    113   1.1  christos <code>America/Detroit</code> represents most of Michigan, which uses
    114   1.1  christos eastern time but with different <abbr>DST</abbr> rules in 1975;
    115   1.1  christos and other entries represent smaller regions like Starke County,
    116   1.1  christos Indiana, which switched from central to eastern time in 1991
    117   1.1  christos and switched back in 2006.
    118  1.17  christos To use the database on a <a
    119   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"><abbr
    120  1.17  christos title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr>.1-2024</a>
    121   1.1  christos implementation set the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code>
    122  1.20  christos environment variable to the locations full name,
    123   1.1  christos e.g., <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
    124   1.1  christos <p>
    125   1.2  christos Associated with each timezone is a history of offsets from
    126   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal
    127   1.1  christos Time</a> (<abbr>UT</abbr>), which is <a
    128   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">Greenwich Mean
    129   1.1  christos Time</a> (<abbr>GMT</abbr>) with days beginning at midnight;
    130   1.2  christos for timestamps after 1960 this is more precisely <a
    131   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
    132   1.1  christos Universal Time</a> (<abbr>UTC</abbr>).
    133   1.1  christos The database also records when daylight saving time was in use,
    134   1.1  christos along with some time zone abbreviations such as <abbr>EST</abbr>
    135   1.1  christos for Eastern Standard Time in the <abbr>US</abbr>.</p>
    136   1.6  christos </section>
    137   1.6  christos 
    138   1.6  christos <section>
    139   1.1  christos <h2 id="download">Downloading the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    140   1.1  christos <p>
    141   1.1  christos The following <a
    142   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">shell</a> commands download
    143  1.20  christos the latest releases two
    144   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)">tarballs</a>
    145   1.1  christos to a <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux or similar host.</p>
    146   1.2  christos <pre><code>mkdir tzdb
    147   1.1  christos cd tzdb
    148   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a> https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzcode-latest.tar.gz
    149   1.1  christos wget https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdata-latest.tar.gz
    150   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">gzip</a> -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">tar</a> -xf -
    151   1.1  christos gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
    152   1.1  christos </code></pre>
    153   1.1  christos <p>Alternatively, the following shell commands download the same
    154   1.1  christos release in a single-tarball format containing extra data
    155   1.1  christos useful for regression testing:</p>
    156   1.2  christos <pre><code>wget <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz">https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz</a>
    157   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/">lzip</a> -dc tzdb-latest.tar.lz | tar -xf -
    158   1.1  christos </code></pre>
    159   1.1  christos <p>These commands use convenience links to the latest release
    160   1.1  christos of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database hosted by the
    161   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Time Zone Database website</a>
    162   1.1  christos of the <a href="https://www.iana.org">Internet Assigned Numbers
    163   1.1  christos Authority (IANA)</a>.
    164   1.1  christos Older releases are in files named
    165   1.1  christos <code>tzcode<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>,
    166   1.1  christos <code>tzdata<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>, and
    167   1.1  christos <code>tzdb-<var>V</var>.tar.lz</code>,
    168   1.1  christos where <code><var>V</var></code> is the version.
    169   1.1  christos Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by
    170   1.1  christos lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>,
    171   1.1  christos then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp>
    172   1.1  christos through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on).
    173  1.13  christos Since version 2022a, each release has been distributed in
    174  1.20  christos <a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_94_13_06">POSIX
    175  1.10  christos ustar interchange format</a>, compressed as described above;
    176  1.14  christos older releases use a nearly compatible format.
    177   1.1  christos Since version 2016h, each release has contained a text file named
    178  1.20  christos <code>version</code> whose first (and currently only) line is the version.
    179  1.20  christos <a href="https://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/">Older archived releases are
    180  1.20  christos available</a> via
    181  1.20  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS"><abbr
    182  1.20  christos title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure">HTTPS</abbr></a>,
    183  1.20  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsync"><abbr
    184  1.20  christos title="remote sync">rsync</abbr></a>, and
    185  1.20  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP"><abbr
    186  1.20  christos title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr></a>.
    187  1.21  christos <p>Alternatively, a development repository of code and data can be
    188   1.1  christos retrieved from <a href="https://github.com">GitHub</a> via the shell
    189   1.1  christos command:</p>
    190   1.2  christos <pre><code><a href="https://git-scm.com">git</a> clone <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz">https://github.com/eggert/tz</a>
    191   1.1  christos </code></pre>
    192   1.1  christos <p>
    193   1.1  christos Since version 2012e, each release has been tagged in development repositories.
    194   1.1  christos Untagged commits are less well tested and probably contain
    195   1.1  christos more errors.</p>
    196   1.1  christos <p>
    197   1.1  christos After obtaining the code and data files, see the
    198   1.1  christos <code>README</code> file for what to do next.
    199   1.1  christos The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into
    200  1.23  christos machine-readable binary files, one for each location.
    201  1.23  christos The binary file format is specified by
    202  1.23  christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9636/">The
    203  1.17  christos Time Zone Information Format (<abbr>TZif</abbr>)</a>
    204  1.18  christos (Internet <abbr title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 9636).
    205   1.2  christos The code also lets
    206   1.2  christos you read a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file and interpret timestamps for that
    207   1.1  christos location.</p>
    208   1.6  christos </section>
    209   1.6  christos 
    210   1.6  christos <section>
    211   1.1  christos <h2 id="changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    212   1.1  christos <p>
    213   1.1  christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data
    214   1.1  christos are by no means authoritative. If you find errors, please
    215  1.17  christos email changes to <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org"><code>tz (a] iana.org</code></a>,
    216  1.20  christos the time zone mailing list.
    217  1.20  christos The mailing list and its archives are public,
    218  1.20  christos so please do not send confidential information.
    219  1.20  christos See
    220  1.17  christos <a href="https://lists.iana.org/postorius/lists/tz.iana.org/">the mailing
    221  1.20  christos lists main page</a> to subscribe or to browse its archive of old messages.
    222  1.17  christos <a href="https://tzdata-meta.timtimeonline.com">Metadata for mailing list
    223   1.5  christos discussions</a> and corresponding data changes can be
    224   1.5  christos generated <a href="https://github.com/timparenti/tzdata-meta">automatically</a>.
    225   1.5  christos </p>
    226   1.1  christos <p>
    227   1.1  christos Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data are often
    228   1.1  christos propagated to clients via operating system updates, so
    229   1.1  christos client <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data can often be corrected by
    230   1.1  christos applying these updates. With GNU/Linux and similar systems, if your
    231   1.1  christos maintenance provider has not yet adopted the
    232   1.1  christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, you can often short-circuit
    233   1.1  christos the process by tailoring the generic instructions in
    234   1.1  christos the <code><abbr>tz</abbr> README</code> file and installing the latest
    235   1.1  christos data yourself. System-specific instructions for installing the
    236   1.1  christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data have also been published
    237  1.17  christos for <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/aix-time-zone-olson-tzdata-updates"><abbr>AIX</abbr></a>,
    238   1.1  christos <a
    239  1.21  christos href="https://source.android.com/docs/core/permissions/timezone-rules">Android</a>,
    240   1.1  christos <a
    241  1.11  christos href="https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/datetime/timezone/"><abbr
    242   1.1  christos title="International Components for Unicode">ICU</abbr></a>,
    243  1.11  christos <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/java-sdk-time-zone-update-utility"><abbr>IBM</abbr>
    244   1.9  christos JDK</a>,
    245   1.9  christos <a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/tz_update.html">Joda-Time</a>, <a
    246   1.1  christos href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/time-zone-support.html">MySQL</a>,
    247   1.9  christos <a href="https://nodatime.org/userguide/tzdb">Noda Time</a>, and <a
    248  1.11  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">OpenJDK/Oracle JDK</a>.
    249   1.1  christos </p>
    250  1.12  christos <p>Since version 2013a,
    251  1.12  christos sources for the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database have been
    252   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"><abbr
    253   1.1  christos title="Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit">UTF-8</abbr></a>
    254   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file">text files</a>
    255   1.1  christos with lines terminated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline"><abbr
    256   1.1  christos title="linefeed">LF</abbr></a>,
    257   1.1  christos which can be modified by common text editors such
    258   1.1  christos as <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>,
    259  1.20  christos <a href="https://gedit-text-editor.org">gedit</a>, and
    260   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.vim.org">vim</a>.
    261   1.1  christos Specialized source-file editing can be done via the
    262   1.1  christos <a href="https://packagecontrol.io/packages/zoneinfo">Sublime
    263   1.1  christos zoneinfo</a> package for <a
    264   1.1  christos href="https://www.sublimetext.com">Sublime Text</a> and the <a
    265   1.1  christos href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=gilmoreorless.vscode-zoneinfo">VSCode
    266   1.1  christos zoneinfo</a> extension for <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com">Visual
    267   1.1  christos Studio Code</a>.
    268   1.1  christos </p>
    269   1.1  christos <p>
    270   1.1  christos For further information about updates, please see
    271  1.23  christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6557/">Procedures for
    272  1.17  christos Maintaining the Time Zone Database</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6557).
    273  1.17  christos More detail can be
    274   1.7  christos found in <a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the
    275   1.7  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data</a>.
    276   1.2  christos <a href="https://a0.github.io/a0-tzmigration/">A0 TimeZone Migration</a>
    277   1.2  christos displays changes between recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> versions.
    278   1.1  christos </p>
    279   1.6  christos </section>
    280   1.6  christos 
    281   1.6  christos <section>
    282  1.14  christos <h2 id="coordinating">Coordinating with governments and distributors</h2>
    283  1.14  christos <p>
    284  1.14  christos As discussed in
    285  1.20  christos <a href="https://www.icann.org/en/blogs/details/how-time-zones-are-coordinated-13-03-2023-en">How
    286  1.20  christos Time Zones Are Coordinated</a>, the time zone database relies on
    287  1.14  christos collaboration among governments, the time zone database volunteer
    288  1.14  christos community, and data distributors downstream.
    289  1.14  christos <p>
    290  1.14  christos If your government plans to change its time zone boundaries or
    291  1.20  christos daylight saving rules, please send email as described in
    292  1.21  christos <a href="#changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</a>.
    293  1.20  christos Do this well in advance,
    294  1.14  christos as this will lessen confusion and will coordinate updates to many cell phones,
    295  1.14  christos computers, and other devices around the world.
    296  1.14  christos In your email, please cite the legislation or regulation that specifies
    297  1.14  christos the change, so that it can be checked for details such as the exact times
    298  1.14  christos when clock transitions occur.
    299  1.14  christos It is OK if a rule change is planned to affect clocks
    300  1.14  christos far into the future, as a long-planned change can easily be reverted
    301  1.20  christos or otherwise altered with a years notice before the change would have
    302  1.14  christos affected clocks.</p>
    303  1.14  christos <p>
    304  1.14  christos There is no fixed schedule for <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> releases.
    305  1.14  christos However, typically a release occurs every few months.
    306  1.14  christos Many downstream timezone data distributors wait for
    307  1.14  christos a <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> release before they produce an update
    308  1.14  christos to time zone behavior in consumer devices and software products.
    309  1.14  christos After a release, various parties must integrate, test,
    310  1.14  christos and roll out an update before <a
    311  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_user">end users</a> see changes.
    312  1.14  christos These updates can be expensive, for both the <a
    313  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_assurance">quality
    314  1.14  christos assurance</a> process and the overall cost of shipping and installing
    315  1.20  christos updates to each devices copy of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>.
    316  1.14  christos Updates may be batched with other updates and may take substantial
    317  1.14  christos time to reach end users after a release.
    318  1.14  christos Older devices may no longer be supported and thus may never be updated,
    319  1.14  christos which means they will continue to use out-of-date rules.</p>
    320  1.14  christos <p>
    321  1.14  christos For these reasons any rule change should be promulgated at least a
    322  1.14  christos year before it affects how clocks operate; otherwise, there is a good
    323  1.14  christos chance that many clocks will be wrong due to delays in propagating updates,
    324  1.14  christos and that residents will be confused or even actively resist the change.
    325  1.20  christos The shorter the notice, the more likely clock problems will arise; see <a
    326  1.21  christos href="https://codeofmatt.com/on-the-timing-of-time-zone-changes/">On
    327  1.20  christos the Timing of Time Zone Changes</a> for examples.
    328  1.14  christos </p>
    329  1.14  christos </section>
    330  1.14  christos 
    331  1.14  christos <section>
    332   1.1  christos <h2 id="commentary">Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    333   1.1  christos <ul>
    334   1.1  christos <li>The article
    335   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz database</a> is
    336   1.1  christos an encyclopedic summary.</li>
    337   1.1  christos <li><a href="tz-how-to.html">How to Read the
    338   1.1  christos tz Database Source Files</a> explains the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    339  1.23  christos database source format.</li>
    340   1.1  christos <li><a
    341   1.1  christos href="https://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/">A
    342   1.1  christos literary appreciation of the Olson/Zoneinfo/tz database</a> comments on the
    343  1.20  christos databases style.</li>
    344  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3340301.3341125">What time is it:
    345  1.10  christos managing time in the internet</a> analyzes the database longitudinally.</li>
    346   1.1  christos </ul>
    347   1.6  christos </section>
    348   1.6  christos 
    349   1.6  christos <section>
    350   1.1  christos <h2 id="web">Web sites using recent versions of the
    351   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    352   1.1  christos <p>
    353   1.1  christos These are listed roughly in ascending order of complexity and fanciness.
    354   1.1  christos </p>
    355   1.1  christos <ul>
    356  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://time.is">Time.is</a> shows locations
    357   1.1  christos time and zones.</li>
    358   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.timejones.com">TimeJones.com</a>,
    359   1.1  christos <a href="https://timezoneconverterapp.com">Time Zone Converter</a> and
    360   1.7  christos <a href="https://www.worldclock.com">The World Clock</a>
    361   1.1  christos are time zone converters.</li>
    362   1.8  christos <li><a href="https://timezonedb.com/download">TimeZoneDB Database</a>
    363   1.8  christos publishes <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>-derived data in
    364   1.8  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values"><abbr
    365   1.8  christos title="comma-separated values">CSV</abbr></a> and
    366   1.8  christos in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL"><abbr
    367   1.8  christos title="Structured Query Language">SQL</abbr></a> form.</li>
    368   1.1  christos <li><a
    369   1.6  christos href="https://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a>
    370   1.1  christos lets you see the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> values directly.</li>
    371   1.1  christos <li><a
    372  1.13  christos href="https://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current
    373   1.1  christos Time in 1000 Places</a> uses descriptions of the values.</li>
    374  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/">The World Clock 
    375   1.1  christos Worldwide</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li>
    376   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://24timezones.com">24TimeZones</a> has a world
    377   1.1  christos time map and a time converter.</li>
    378   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a>
    379   1.1  christos calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
    380  1.13  christos <li><a href="https://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and
    381  1.13  christos <a href="https://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li>
    382   1.1  christos </ul>
    383   1.6  christos </section>
    384   1.6  christos 
    385   1.6  christos <section>
    386   1.1  christos <h2 id="protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</h2>
    387   1.1  christos <ul>
    388  1.23  christos <li><a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7808/">Time Zone
    389  1.23  christos Data Distribution Service</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808)
    390  1.20  christos is associated with
    391  1.23  christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7809/">CalDAV</a>
    392   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809), a calendar access protocol for
    393  1.23  christos transferring time zone data by reference.</li>
    394  1.23  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5545/">iCalendar format</a>
    395  1.23  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5545)
    396   1.1  christos covers time zone
    397   1.1  christos data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component.
    398   1.1  christos The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a
    399  1.23  christos variant <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6321/">xCal</a>
    400   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6321) uses
    401   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/XML/"><abbr
    402   1.1  christos title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr></a> format, and a variant
    403  1.23  christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7265/">jCal</a>
    404   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7265)
    405  1.17  christos uses <a href="https://www.json.org/json-en.html"><abbr
    406   1.1  christos title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></a> format.</li>
    407   1.1  christos </ul>
    408   1.6  christos </section>
    409   1.6  christos 
    410   1.6  christos <section>
    411   1.1  christos <h2 id="compilers">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</h2>
    412   1.7  christos <p>Although some of these do not fully support
    413   1.7  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, in recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>
    414   1.7  christos distributions you can generally work around compatibility problems by
    415   1.7  christos running the command <code>make rearguard_tarballs</code> and compiling
    416   1.7  christos from the resulting tarballs instead.</p>
    417   1.1  christos <ul>
    418  1.23  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/libical">Libical</a>
    419  1.23  christos contains <code>vzic</code>, <a
    420  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C</a>
    421   1.1  christos program that compiles
    422   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into iCalendar-compatible VTIMEZONE files.
    423   1.1  christos Vzic is freely
    424   1.1  christos available under the <a
    425   1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr>
    426   1.1  christos General Public License (<abbr
    427   1.1  christos title="General Public License">GPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
    428   1.1  christos <li><a
    429   1.4  christos href="https://metacpan.org/release/DateTime-TimeZone">DateTime::TimeZone</a>
    430   1.1  christos contains a script <code>parse_olson</code> that compiles
    431   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into <a href="https://www.perl.org">Perl</a>
    432   1.1  christos modules. It is part of the Perl <a
    433   1.4  christos href="https://github.com/houseabsolute/DateTime.pm/wiki">DateTime Project</a>,
    434   1.4  christos which is freely
    435   1.1  christos available under both the <abbr>GPL</abbr> and the Perl Artistic
    436   1.1  christos License. DateTime::TimeZone also contains a script
    437   1.1  christos <code>tests_from_zdump</code> that generates test cases for each clock
    438   1.1  christos transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li>
    439   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://howardhinnant.github.io/date/tz.html">Time Zone
    440   1.1  christos Database Parser</a> is a
    441  1.14  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++">C++</a> parser and
    442  1.17  christos runtime library with a <a
    443  1.22  christos href="https://en.cppreference.com/cpp/chrono"><code>std::chrono</code> API</a>
    444  1.17  christos that is a standard part of C++.
    445   1.1  christos It is freely available under the
    446   1.1  christos <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    447  1.13  christos <li><a id="ICU" href="https://icu.unicode.org">International Components for
    448   1.1  christos Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a
    449  1.14  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)">Java</a>
    450   1.1  christos libraries for internationalization that
    451   1.1  christos has a compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source
    452   1.1  christos and from <abbr title="Common Locale Data Repository">CLDR</abbr> data
    453   1.1  christos (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>)
    454   1.1  christos into an <abbr>ICU</abbr>-specific format.
    455   1.1  christos <abbr>ICU</abbr> is freely available under a
    456   1.1  christos <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    457   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://github.com/lau/tzdata">Tzdata</a> package for
    458   1.1  christos the <a href="https://elixir-lang.org">Elixir</a> language downloads
    459   1.7  christos and compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source and exposes <abbr
    460   1.1  christos title="Application Program Interface">API</abbr>s for use. It is
    461   1.1  christos freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    462   1.1  christos <li>Java-based compilers and libraries include:
    463   1.1  christos <ul>
    464   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    465   1.9  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/tzupdater-readme.html">TZUpdater
    466   1.1  christos tool</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into the format used by
    467  1.17  christos <a href="https://openjdk.org">OpenJDK</a> and
    468  1.17  christos <a href="https://jdk.java.net">Oracle JDK</a>.
    469   1.9  christos Although its source code is proprietary, its executable is available under the
    470   1.9  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/a/tech/docs/tzupdater-lic.html">Java SE
    471   1.9  christos Timezone Updater License Agreement</a>.</li>
    472   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    473  1.21  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/technical-resources/articles/java/jf14-date-time.html">Java
    474   1.6  christos SE 8 Date and Time</a> <abbr>API</abbr> can be supplemented by <a
    475   1.4  christos href="https://www.threeten.org/threeten-extra/">ThreeTen-Extra</a>,
    476   1.1  christos which is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    477  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/">Joda-Time  Java date
    478   1.1  christos and time <abbr>API</abbr></a> contains a class
    479   1.1  christos <code>org.joda.time.tz.ZoneInfoCompiler</code> that compiles
    480   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format. It inspired
    481   1.1  christos Java 8 <code>java.time</code>, which its users should migrate to once
    482   1.1  christos they can assume Java 8 or later. It is available under the <a
    483   1.1  christos href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License</a>.</li>
    484   1.9  christos <li><a href="https://bell-sw.com/pages/iana-updater/">IANA Updater</a> and <a
    485  1.21  christos href="https://www.azul.com/products/components/ziupdater-time-zone-tool/">ZIUpdater</a>
    486  1.20  christos are alternatives to TZUpdater. IANA Updaters license is unclear;
    487   1.9  christos ZIUpdater is licensed under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    488   1.4  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4A">Time4A: Advanced date and
    489   1.4  christos time library for Android</a> and
    490  1.17  christos <a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4J">Time4J: Advanced date,
    491   1.4  christos time and interval library for Java</a> compile
    492   1.4  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format.
    493   1.4  christos Time4A is available under the Apache License and Time4J is
    494   1.1  christos available under the <a
    495   1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr> Lesser
    496   1.1  christos General Public License (<abbr title="Lesser General Public
    497   1.1  christos License">LGPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
    498   1.1  christos <li><abbr>ICU</abbr> (mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>) contains compilers and
    499   1.1  christos Java-based libraries.</li>
    500   1.1  christos </ul>
    501  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://nodatime.org">Noda Time  Date and
    502   1.1  christos time <abbr>API</abbr> for .NET</a>
    503   1.4  christos is like Joda-Time and Time4J, but for the .NET framework instead of Java.
    504   1.4  christos It is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    505   1.8  christos <li>Many modern
    506   1.8  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>
    507   1.8  christos runtimes support <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> natively via the
    508  1.16  christos <code>timeZone</code> option of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a>.
    509  1.10  christos This can be used as-is or with most of the following libraries,
    510  1.16  christos many of which also support runtimes lacking the <code>timeZone</code> option.
    511   1.1  christos <ul>
    512   1.8  christos <li>The <a
    513  1.16  christos href="https://github.com/formatjs/date-time-format-timezone"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code>
    514   1.8  christos timezone polyfill</a>
    515   1.8  christos is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    516  1.17  christos <li>The <a href="https://date-fns.org">date-fns</a>
    517  1.10  christos library manipulates timezone-aware timestamps in browsers and
    518  1.10  christos in <a href="https://nodejs.org/en/">Node.js</a>.
    519  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    520  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/iamkun/dayjs">Day.js</a> is a
    521  1.10  christos minimalist replacement for the date and time API of
    522  1.10  christos the <a href="https://momentjs.com/docs/">now-legacy Moment.js</a> date
    523  1.10  christos manipulation library.
    524  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    525  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://moment.github.io/luxon/">Luxon</a> improves
    526  1.16  christos timezone support for the <code>Intl</code> API.
    527  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    528   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://momentjs.com/timezone/">Moment Timezone</a> is a
    529  1.10  christos Moment.js plugin.
    530  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    531   1.8  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/bigeasy/timezone">Timezone</a> is a
    532   1.8  christos JavaScript library that supports date arithmetic that is time zone
    533   1.8  christos aware. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    534  1.10  christos <li><a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tubular/time">@tubular/time</a>
    535  1.10  christos supports live <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> updates,
    536  1.10  christos astronomical and atomic time, a command-line interface,
    537  1.10  christos and full <a
    538  1.10  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TypeScript">TypeScript</a>.
    539  1.10  christos Its companion <a
    540  1.10  christos href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tubular/time-tzdb">@tubular/time-tzdb</a>
    541  1.10  christos can generate <abbr>TZif</abbr> and other files, and a companion website
    542  1.10  christos <a href="https://tzexplorer.org">Timezone Database Explorer</a> lets you
    543  1.10  christos convert timestamps, view transition histories, and download code and data.
    544  1.10  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    545   1.1  christos </ul>
    546  1.10  christos The proposed <a
    547  1.16  christos href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-temporal"><code>Temporal</code>
    548  1.10  christos objects</a> let programs access an abstract view of
    549  1.10  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> data, and are designed to replace <a
    550  1.20  christos href="https://codeofmatt.com/javascript-date-type-is-horribly-broken/">JavaScripts
    551  1.16  christos problematic <code>Date</code> objects</a> when working with dates and times.
    552  1.17  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/JuliaTime">JuliaTime</a> contains a
    553   1.1  christos compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    554  1.17  christos <a href="https://julialang.org">Julia</a>. It is freely available
    555   1.1  christos under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    556  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/pavkam/tzdb"><abbr>TZDB</abbr> 
    557   1.6  christos <abbr>IANA</abbr> Time Zone Database for Delphi/<abbr
    558   1.6  christos title="Free Pascal Compiler">FPC</abbr></a>
    559   1.2  christos compiles from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    560   1.2  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Pascal">Object Pascal</a>
    561   1.2  christos as compiled by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(IDE)">Delphi</a>
    562   1.2  christos and <a
    563   1.2  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Pascal"><abbr>FPC</abbr></a>.
    564   1.2  christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    565  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://pythonhosted.org/pytz/">pytz  World Timezone
    566   1.1  christos Definitions for Python</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    567   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.python.org">Python</a>.
    568   1.9  christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.
    569  1.11  christos In code that can assume Python 3.6 or later it is largely superseded; see <a
    570  1.11  christos href="https://blog.ganssle.io/articles/2018/03/pytz-fastest-footgun.html">pytz:
    571  1.11  christos The Fastest Footgun in the West</a>.</li>
    572  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://tzinfo.github.io">TZInfo 
    573   1.1  christos Ruby Timezone Library</a>
    574   1.1  christos compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    575   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
    576   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    577  1.13  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
    578   1.1  christos Library</a> is
    579   1.1  christos a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
    580   1.1  christos library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time
    581   1.1  christos zone repository whose format
    582   1.1  christos is either proprietary or an <abbr>XML</abbr>-encoded
    583   1.1  christos representation.</li>
    584  1.21  christos <li><a id="Tcl" href="https://www.tcl-lang.org">Tcl</a>
    585   1.1  christos contains a developer-oriented parser that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    586   1.1  christos source into text files, along with a runtime that can read those
    587   1.1  christos files. Tcl is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style
    588   1.1  christos license.</li>
    589   1.1  christos </ul>
    590   1.6  christos </section>
    591   1.6  christos 
    592   1.6  christos <section>
    593   1.2  christos <h2 id="TZif">Other <abbr>TZif</abbr> readers</h2>
    594   1.1  christos <ul>
    595   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    596   1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"><abbr>GNU</abbr> C
    597   1.1  christos Library</a>
    598  1.23  christos has a thread-safe <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.
    599   1.1  christos This library is freely available under the LGPL
    600   1.1  christos and is widely used in <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux systems.</li>
    601  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://www.gnome.org">GNOME</a>s
    602  1.21  christos <a href="https://docs.gtk.org/glib/">GLib</a> has
    603   1.2  christos a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in C that
    604   1.1  christos creates a <code>GTimeZone</code> object representing sets
    605   1.1  christos of <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets.
    606   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
    607   1.1  christos <li>The
    608  1.20  christos <a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bde/wiki">BDE Standard Library</a>s
    609   1.1  christos <code>baltzo::TimeZoneUtil</code> component contains a C++
    610   1.2  christos implementation of a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader. It is freely available under
    611   1.1  christos the Apache License.</li>
    612   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/google/cctz">CCTZ</a> is a simple C++
    613   1.1  christos library that translates between <abbr>UT</abbr> and civil time and
    614   1.2  christos can read <abbr>TZif</abbr> files. It is freely available under the Apache
    615   1.1  christos License.</li>
    616  1.21  christos <li>The <a href="https://go.dev">Go programming language</a>
    617  1.20  christos has a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader <a
    618  1.20  christos href="https://pkg.go.dev/time#LoadLocationFromTZData"><code>LoadLocationFromTZData</code></a>.</li>
    619  1.16  christos <li>The
    620  1.16  christos <a href="https://github.com/nayarsystems/posix_tz_db"><code>posix_tz_db</code>
    621  1.16  christos package</a> contains Python code
    622  1.16  christos to generate <abbr>CSV</abbr> and <abbr>JSON</abbr> tables that map
    623  1.17  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> settings to proleptic TZ approximations.
    624  1.16  christos For example, it maps <code>"Africa/Cairo"</code>
    625  1.16  christos to <code>"EET-2EEST,M4.5.5/0,M10.5.4/24"</code>,
    626  1.16  christos an approximation valid for Cairo timestamps from 2023 on.
    627  1.17  christos This can help porting to platforms that support only proleptic TZ.
    628  1.16  christos The package is freely available under the MIT license.</li>
    629   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/derickr/timelib">Timelib</a> is a C
    630   1.2  christos library that reads <abbr>TZif</abbr> files and converts
    631   1.2  christos timestamps from one time zone or format to another.
    632  1.21  christos It is used by <a href="https://www.php.net"><abbr
    633   1.1  christos title="PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor">PHP</abbr></a>,
    634   1.1  christos <a href="https://hhvm.com"><abbr title="HipHop Virtual Machine">HHVM</abbr></a>,
    635   1.1  christos and <a href="https://www.mongodb.com">MongoDB</a>.
    636   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    637   1.1  christos <li>Tcl, mentioned <a href="#Tcl">above</a>, also contains a
    638   1.2  christos <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.</li>
    639   1.4  christos <li><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile">
    640   1.1  christos DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile</a>
    641   1.2  christos is a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in Perl.
    642   1.1  christos It is freely available under the same terms as Perl
    643   1.1  christos (dual <abbr>GPL</abbr> and Artistic license).</li>
    644   1.9  christos <li>Python has a <a id="python-zoneinfo"
    645  1.11  christos href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html"><code>zoneinfo.ZoneInfo</code>
    646   1.8  christos class</a> that reads <abbr>TZif</abbr> data and creates objects
    647   1.8  christos that represent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones.
    648   1.8  christos Python is freely available under the
    649  1.11  christos <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/license.html">Python Software Foundation
    650   1.8  christos License</a>.
    651  1.17  christos A companion <a id="pypi-tzdata" href="https://pypi.org">PyPI</a> module
    652   1.8  christos <a href="https://pypi.org/project/tzdata/"><code>tzdata</code></a>
    653   1.8  christos supplies TZif data if the underlying system data cannot be found;
    654   1.8  christos it is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    655   1.1  christos <li>The
    656   1.1  christos public-domain <a href="https://github.com/dbaron/tz.js">tz.js</a>
    657   1.1  christos library contains a Python tool that
    658   1.2  christos converts <abbr>TZif</abbr> data into
    659   1.1  christos <abbr>JSON</abbr>-format data suitable for use
    660   1.1  christos in its JavaScript library for time zone conversion. Dates before 1970
    661   1.1  christos are not supported.</li>
    662   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    663   1.1  christos href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-olson">timezone-olson</a>
    664   1.1  christos package contains <a href="https://www.haskell.org">Haskell</a> code that
    665   1.2  christos parses and uses <abbr>TZif</abbr> data. It is freely
    666   1.1  christos available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    667   1.1  christos </ul>
    668   1.6  christos </section>
    669   1.6  christos 
    670   1.6  christos <section>
    671   1.1  christos <h2 id="software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</h2>
    672   1.1  christos <ul>
    673   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://foxclocks.org">FoxClocks</a>
    674   1.1  christos is an extension for <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Google
    675  1.16  christos Chrome</a>, <a
    676  1.21  christos href="https://www.firefox.com/en-US/">Firefox</a> and <a
    677  1.21  christos href="https://www.thunderbird.net/en-US/">Thunderbird</a>.
    678   1.1  christos It displays multiple clocks in the application window, and has a mapping
    679  1.21  christos interface to <a href="https://earth.google.com/web/">Google Earth</a>.
    680   1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    681   1.1  christos <li>Microsoft Windows 8.1
    682   1.1  christos and later has <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data and <abbr>CLDR</abbr>
    683   1.3  christos data (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>) used by the
    684   1.3  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Runtime">Windows Runtime</a> /
    685   1.3  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a> classes
    686  1.21  christos <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/uwp/api/Windows.Globalization.DateTimeFormatting.DateTimeFormatter"><code>DateTimeFormatter</code></a> and
    687  1.21  christos <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/uwp/api/windows.globalization.calendar"><code>Calendar</code></a>.
    688   1.1  christos <a id="System.TimeZoneInfo"
    689  1.21  christos href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/bclteam/exploring-windows-time-zones-with-system-timezoneinfo-josh-free">Exploring
    690   1.1  christos Windows Time Zones with <code>System.TimeZoneInfo</code></a> describes
    691   1.1  christos the older, proprietary method of Microsoft Windows 2000 and later,
    692   1.1  christos which stores time zone data in the
    693   1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry">Windows Registry</a>. The
    694   1.1  christos <a
    695  1.20  christos href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/zone_tzid.html">Zone
    696  1.20  christos  Tzid table</a> or <a
    697  1.21  christos href="https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml"><abbr>XML</abbr>
    698   1.1  christos file</a> of the <abbr>CLDR</abbr> data maps proprietary zone IDs
    699   1.1  christos to <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> names.
    700  1.21  christos These mappings can be performed programmatically via the
    701  1.21  christos <a href="https://github.com/mattjohnsonpint/TimeZoneConverter">TimeZoneConverter</a>
    702  1.21  christos .NET library,
    703   1.3  christos or the ICU Java and C++ libraries mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>.
    704   1.1  christos <li><a
    705  1.21  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/">Oracle
    706   1.1  christos Java</a> contains a copy of a subset of a recent
    707   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
    708   1.1  christos Java-specific format.</li>
    709   1.1  christos </ul>
    710   1.6  christos </section>
    711   1.6  christos 
    712   1.6  christos <section>
    713   1.1  christos <h2 id="other-dbs">Other time zone databases</h2>
    714   1.1  christos <ul>
    715   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.astro.com/atlas">Time-zone Atlas</a>
    716  1.20  christos is Astrodiensts Web version of Shanks and Pottengers out-of-print
    717   1.4  christos time zone history atlases
    718  1.21  christos <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/468828649">for the US</a> and
    719  1.21  christos <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/76950459">for the world</a>.
    720   1.4  christos Although these extensive atlases
    721   1.4  christos <a href="https://astrologynewsservice.com/opinion/how-astrologers-contributed-to-the-information-age-a-brief-history-of-time/">were
    722   1.4  christos sources for much of the older <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</a>,
    723   1.4  christos they are unreliable as Shanks appears to have
    724   1.1  christos guessed many <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets and transitions. The atlases cite no
    725   1.1  christos sources and do not indicate which entries are guesswork.</li>
    726   1.1  christos <li>Microsoft Windows has proprietary data mentioned
    727   1.1  christos <a href="#System.TimeZoneInfo">above</a>.</li>
    728   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimeserver.com">World Time Server</a>
    729   1.1  christos is another time zone database.</li>
    730   1.1  christos <li>The <a
    731  1.21  christos href="https://www.iata.org/en/publications/manuals/standard-schedules-information">Standard
    732   1.1  christos Schedules Information Manual</a> of the
    733   1.1  christos International Air Transport Association
    734   1.1  christos gives current time zone rules for airports served by commercial aviation.</li>
    735   1.1  christos </ul>
    736   1.6  christos </section>
    737   1.6  christos 
    738   1.6  christos <section>
    739   1.1  christos <h2 id="maps">Maps</h2>
    740   1.1  christos <ul>
    741   1.6  christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimezone.com">World Time Zone Map
    742   1.6  christos with current time</a>
    743  1.21  christos has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.</li>
    744   1.1  christos <li><a
    745   1.1  christos href="https://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
    746   1.1  christos much is time wrong around the world?</a> maps the difference between
    747   1.1  christos mean solar and standard time, highlighting areas such as western China
    748  1.20  christos where the two differ greatly. Its a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
    749  1.21  christos <li>The
    750  1.21  christos <a
    751  1.21  christos href="https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world.html">PerryCastaeda
    752  1.21  christos Library Map Collection</a> of the University of Texas at Austin has
    753  1.21  christos copies of old maps taken from <a
    754  1.21  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook"><em>The
    755  1.21  christos World Factbook</em></a>, formerly published by the
    756  1.21  christos <a href="https://www.cia.gov">US Central Intelligence Agency</a>.
    757  1.21  christos Although the maps pictorial quality is good,
    758  1.21  christos the maps do not indicate daylight saving time.</li>
    759   1.1  christos </ul>
    760   1.6  christos </section>
    761   1.6  christos 
    762   1.6  christos <section>
    763   1.1  christos <h2 id="boundaries">Time zone boundaries</h2>
    764   1.2  christos <p>Geographical boundaries between timezones are available
    765   1.9  christos from several <a
    766   1.9  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_geolocation">Internet
    767   1.9  christos geolocation</a>
    768   1.1  christos services and other sources.</p>
    769   1.1  christos <ul>
    770   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/evansiroky/timezone-boundary-builder">Timezone
    771   1.1  christos Boundary Builder</a> extracts
    772   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org">Open Street Map</a> data to build
    773   1.2  christos boundaries of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones.
    774   1.1  christos Its code is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license, and
    775   1.1  christos its data entries are freely available under the
    776   1.1  christos <a href="https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/">Open Data Commons
    777  1.16  christos Open Database License</a>. The borders appear to be quite accurate.
    778  1.16  christos Its main web page lists more than twenty libraries
    779  1.16  christos for looking up a timezone name from a GPS coordinate.</li>
    780   1.1  christos <li>Free access via a network API, if you register a key, is provided by
    781   1.4  christos the <a
    782   1.4  christos href="https://www.geonames.org/export/web-services.html#timezone">GeoNames
    783   1.4  christos Timezone web service</a>, the <a
    784  1.21  christos href="https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/timezone/overview">Google
    785   1.4  christos Maps Time Zone API</a>, and
    786   1.8  christos the <a href="https://timezonedb.com/api">TimeZoneDB API</a>.
    787   1.1  christos Commercial network API access is provided
    788   1.1  christos by <a href="https://askgeo.com">AskGeo</a>
    789   1.1  christos and <a href="https://www.geogarage.com/blog/news-1/post/geogarage-time-zone-api-31">GeoGarage</a>.
    790   1.1  christos </li>
    791  1.20  christos <li><a
    792   1.1  christos href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16086962/how-to-get-a-time-zone-from-a-location-using-latitude-and-longitude-coordinates/16086964">How
    793   1.1  christos to get a time zone from a location using latitude and longitude
    794  1.20  christos coordinates?</a> discusses other geolocation possibilities.</li>
    795  1.21  christos <li><a href="https://statoids.com/statoids.html">Administrative
    796  1.20  christos Divisions of Countries (Statoids)</a> lists
    797   1.1  christos political subdivision data related to time zones.</li>
    798  1.13  christos <li><a href="https://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software
    799  1.20  christos  GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
    800  1.16  christos world time zone boundaries circa 2007, distributed under the
    801   1.1  christos <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    802   1.1  christos <li>A ship within the <a
    803   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters">territorial
    804  1.20  christos waters</a> of any nation uses that nations time. In international
    805  1.20  christos waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15 apart, except that
    806  1.20  christos <abbr>UT</abbr>12 and <abbr>UT</abbr>+12 are each 7.5
    807   1.1  christos wide and are separated by
    808  1.20  christos the 180 meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is
    809  1.20  christos for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ships
    810   1.1  christos clocks any time after entering a new time zone; midnight changes are
    811   1.1  christos common.</li>
    812   1.1  christos </ul>
    813   1.6  christos </section>
    814   1.6  christos 
    815   1.6  christos <section>
    816   1.1  christos <h2 id="civil">Civil time concepts and history</h2>
    817   1.1  christos <ul>
    818   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time">A
    819   1.1  christos Walk through Time</a>
    820   1.1  christos surveys the evolution of timekeeping.</li>
    821   1.4  christos <li>The history of daylight saving time is surveyed in <a
    822  1.21  christos href="https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/">About Daylight
    823  1.20  christos Saving Time  History, rationale, laws &amp; dates</a> and summarized in
    824   1.4  christos <a href="http://seizethedaylight.com/dst/">A Brief
    825   1.4  christos History of Daylight Saving Time</a>.</li>
    826   1.4  christos <li><a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/time-lords">Time
    827   1.4  christos Lords</a> discusses how authoritarians manipulate civil time.</li>
    828  1.20  christos <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/timezone/">Working with Time
    829  1.20  christos and Time Zones</a>
    830   1.1  christos contains guidelines and best practices for software applications that
    831   1.1  christos deal with civil time.</li>
    832  1.16  christos <li><a href="https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm">A History of
    833   1.1  christos the International Date Line</a> tells the story of the most important
    834   1.1  christos time zone boundary.</li>
    835  1.21  christos <li><a href="https://statoids.com/tconcept.html">Basic Time
    836   1.1  christos Zone Concepts</a> discusses terminological issues behind time zones.</li>
    837   1.1  christos </ul>
    838   1.6  christos </section>
    839   1.6  christos 
    840   1.6  christos <section>
    841   1.1  christos <h2 id="national">National histories of legal time</h2>
    842   1.1  christos <dl>
    843   1.1  christos <dt>Australia</dt>
    844  1.20  christos <dd>The Bureau of Meteorology publishes a list of <a
    845   1.1  christos href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">Implementation
    846   1.1  christos Dates of Daylight Savings Time within Australia</a>.</dd>
    847   1.1  christos <dt>Belgium</dt>
    848   1.7  christos <dd>The Royal Observatory of Belgium maintains a table of time in
    849   1.7  christos Belgium (in
    850  1.16  christos <a href="https://robinfo.oma.be/nl/astro-info/tijd/"
    851   1.7  christos hreflang="nl">Dutch</a> and <a
    852  1.16  christos href="https://robinfo.oma.be/fr/astro-info/heure/"
    853   1.7  christos hreflang="fr">French</a>).</dd>
    854   1.1  christos <dt>Brazil</dt>
    855   1.1  christos <dd>The Time Service Department of the National Observatory
    856   1.1  christos records <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html"
    857  1.20  christos hreflang="pt-BR">Brazils daylight saving time decrees (in
    858   1.1  christos Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
    859   1.1  christos <dt>Canada</dt>
    860   1.1  christos <dd>National Research Council Canada publishes current
    861   1.1  christos and some older information about <a
    862   1.6  christos href="https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/canadas-official-time/time-zones-daylight-saving-time">time
    863   1.6  christos zones and daylight saving time</a>.</dd>
    864   1.1  christos <dt>Chile</dt>
    865   1.1  christos <dd>The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy publishes a
    866  1.11  christos <a href="https://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php" hreflang="es">history of
    867  1.20  christos Chiles official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    868   1.3  christos <dt>China</dt>
    869   1.3  christos <dd>The Hong Kong Observatory maintains a
    870   1.7  christos <a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm">history of
    871   1.3  christos  summer time in Hong Kong</a>,
    872  1.20  christos and Macaus Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau maintains a <a
    873   1.7  christos href="https://www.smg.gov.mo/en/subpage/224/page/174">similar
    874   1.3  christos history for Macau</a>.
    875   1.3  christos Unfortunately the latter is incomplete and has errors.</dd>
    876   1.1  christos <dt>Czech Republic</dt>
    877   1.1  christos <dd><a href="https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas"
    878   1.1  christos hreflang="cs">When daylight saving time starts and ends (in Czech)</a>
    879  1.10  christos summarizes and cites historical <abbr>DST</abbr> regulations.</dd>
    880   1.1  christos <dt>Germany</dt>
    881   1.1  christos <dd>The National Institute for Science and Technology maintains the <a
    882  1.21  christos href="https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/ptb/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany.html">Realisation
    883   1.1  christos of Legal Time in Germany</a>.</dd>
    884   1.1  christos <dt>Israel</dt>
    885  1.17  christos <dd><a
    886  1.17  christos href="https://tz.cs.huji.ac.il">Israel Timezone Files</a>
    887  1.17  christos lists official time-change announcements and laws since 1940,
    888  1.17  christos almost all in Hebrew.</dd>
    889   1.2  christos <dt>Malaysia</dt>
    890   1.2  christos <dd>See Singapore <a href="#Singapore">below</a>.</dd>
    891   1.1  christos <dt>Mexico</dt>
    892   1.1  christos <dd>The Investigation and Analysis Service of the Mexican Library of
    893   1.1  christos Congress has published a <a
    894  1.13  christos href="https://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm"
    895   1.1  christos hreflang="es">history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    896   1.1  christos <dt>Netherlands</dt>
    897  1.16  christos <dd><a href="https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm"
    898   1.1  christos hreflang="nl">Legal time in the Netherlands (in Dutch)</a>
    899   1.1  christos covers the history of local time in the Netherlands from ancient times.</dd>
    900   1.1  christos <dt>New Zealand</dt>
    901   1.1  christos <dd>The Department of Internal Affairs maintains a brief <a
    902  1.21  christos href="https://www.govt.nz/browse/recreation-and-the-environment/daylight-saving/history-of-daylight-saving-in-nz/">History
    903  1.21  christos of Daylight Saving in NZ</a>.</dd>
    904  1.14  christos <dt>Palestine</dt>
    905  1.20  christos <dd>The Ministry of Telecom and Digital Economy publishes a <a
    906  1.20  christos href="https://mtde.gov.ps/home/TimeZone"
    907  1.14  christos hreflang="ar">history of clock changes (in Arabic)</a>.</dd>
    908  1.10  christos <dt>Portugal</dt>
    909  1.10  christos <dd>The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory publishes a
    910  1.10  christos <a href="https://oal.ul.pt/hora-legal/" hreflang="pt">history of
    911  1.10  christos legal time (in Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
    912   1.1  christos <dt>Singapore</dt>
    913   1.1  christos <dd><a id="Singapore"
    914   1.7  christos href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html">Why
    915  1.20  christos is Singapore in the Wrong Time Zone?</a> details the
    916   1.1  christos history of legal time in Singapore and Malaysia.</dd>
    917   1.1  christos <dt>United Kingdom</dt>
    918   1.1  christos <dd><a
    919   1.1  christos href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">History of
    920   1.1  christos legal time in Britain</a> discusses in detail the country
    921   1.6  christos with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.</dd>
    922   1.1  christos <dt>United States</dt>
    923  1.20  christos <dd>The Department of Transportations <a
    924   1.1  christos href="https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings">Recent
    925  1.18  christos Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to
    926  1.18  christos official written time zone boundaries, and its <a
    927  1.18  christos href="https://geodata.bts.gov/datasets/usdot::time-zones/about">Time
    928  1.18  christos Zones dataset</a> maps current boundaries.
    929  1.18  christos These boundaries are only for standard time, so the current map puts
    930  1.18  christos all of Arizona in one time zone even though part of Arizona
    931  1.18  christos observes <abbr>DST</abbr> and part does not.</dd>
    932   1.1  christos <dt>Uruguay</dt>
    933   1.1  christos <dd>The Oceanography, Hydrography, and Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan
    934   1.1  christos Navy (SOHMA) publishes an annual <a
    935  1.13  christos href="https://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac
    936   1.1  christos (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    937   1.1  christos </dl>
    938   1.6  christos </section>
    939   1.6  christos 
    940   1.6  christos <section>
    941   1.7  christos <h2 id="costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</h2>
    942   1.7  christos <p>Various sources argue for and against daylight saving time and time
    943   1.7  christos zone shifts, and many scientific studies have been conducted. This
    944   1.8  christos section summarizes reviews and position statements based on
    945   1.8  christos scientific literature in the area.</p>
    946   1.7  christos <ul>
    947   1.7  christos <li>Carey RN, Sarma KM.
    948   1.7  christos <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/6/e014319.long">Impact of
    949   1.7  christos daylight saving time on road traffic collision risk: a systematic
    950   1.7  christos review</a>.
    951   1.7  christos <em>BMJ Open.</em> 2017;7(6):e014319. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319</a>.
    952   1.7  christos This reviews research literature and concludes that the evidence
    953   1.7  christos neither supports nor refutes road safety benefits from
    954   1.7  christos shifts in time zones.</li>
    955   1.7  christos <li>Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D.
    956  1.20  christos Does daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis.
    957  1.20  christos <em>Energy J.</em> 2018;39(2):3561.
    958   1.7  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav">10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>.
    959  1.20  christos This analyzes research literature and concludes, Electricity savings
    960   1.7  christos are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while
    961  1.20  christos subtropical regions consume more electricity because of <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
    962  1.20  christos <li>Neumann P, von Blanckenburg K. <a
    963  1.20  christos href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0961463X241310562">What
    964  1.20  christos time will it be? A comprehensive literature review on daylight saving time</a>.
    965  1.21  christos <em>Time Soc</em>. 2025;34(4):684745.
    966  1.20  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X241310562">10.1177/0961463X241310562</a>.
    967  1.21  christos This reviews <abbr>DST</abbr>s effects on electricity, health, crime, road
    968  1.21  christos safety, and the economy, focusing on research since 2010, and concludes that
    969  1.21  christos year-round standard time is preferable overall.</li>
    970  1.21  christos <li>Romigi A, Franco V, Scoditti E <em>et al</em>.
    971  1.21  christos The effects of daylight saving time and clock time transitions on sleep and
    972  1.21  christos sleepiness: a systematic review. <em>Sleep Med Rev.</em> 2025;84:102161. doi:<a
    973  1.21  christos href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102161">10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102161</a>.
    974  1.21  christos This reviews <abbr>DST</abbr> and <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions,
    975  1.21  christos and concludes that they both harm sleep, health and behavior.</li>
    976  1.20  christos </ul>
    977  1.20  christos 
    978  1.20  christos <p>The following medical societies have taken positions on the
    979  1.20  christos advisability of clock shifts:</p>
    980  1.20  christos 
    981  1.20  christos <ul>
    982  1.20  christos <li>In 2022 the American Medical Association issued a
    983  1.21  christos <a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/ama-press-releases/ama-calls-permanent-standard-time">statement
    984  1.20  christos supporting permanent standard time</a> on health grounds.</li>
    985  1.20  christos <li>Crawford MR, Winnebeck EC, von Schantz M <em>et al</em>.
    986  1.20  christos <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsr.14352">The
    987  1.20  christos British Sleep Society position statement on Daylight Saving Time in the UK</a>.
    988  1.20  christos <em>J Sleep Res.</em> 2025;34(3):e14352.
    989  1.20  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14352">10.1111/jsr.14352</a>.
    990  1.21  christos This recommends that the UK abolish <abbr>DST</abbr> for health reasons.</li>
    991  1.16  christos <li>Malow BA. <a
    992  1.16  christos href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/45/12/zsac236/6717940">It is time
    993  1.16  christos to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent
    994  1.16  christos standard time in the United States:
    995  1.16  christos a Sleep Research Society position statement</a>.
    996  1.15  christos <em>Sleep.</em> 2022;45(12):zsac236.
    997  1.15  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac236">10.1093/sleep/zsac236</a>.
    998  1.21  christos The Sleep Research Society
    999  1.20  christos advocates permanent standard time due to its health benefits.</li>
   1000  1.15  christos <li>Rishi MA, Cheng JY, Strang AR <em>et al</em>.
   1001  1.15  christos <a href="https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/10.5664/jcsm.10898">Permanent standard time
   1002  1.15  christos is the optimal choice for health and safety:
   1003   1.8  christos an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement</a>.
   1004  1.20  christos <em>J Clin Sleep Med.</em> 2024;20(1):121125.
   1005  1.15  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.10898">10.5664/jcsm.10898</a>.
   1006  1.15  christos The AASM argues for permanent standard time due to health and safety risks
   1007  1.15  christos and economic costs of both <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions and
   1008  1.15  christos permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
   1009  1.13  christos <li>Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ <em>et al</em>.
   1010  1.16  christos <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0748730419854197">Why
   1011  1.13  christos should we abolish Daylight Saving Time?</a>
   1012  1.20  christos <em>J Biol Rhythms.</em> 2019;34(3):227230.
   1013  1.13  christos doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419854197">10.1177/0748730419854197</a>.
   1014  1.15  christos The Society for Research on Biological Rhythms
   1015  1.18  christos opposes <abbr>DST</abbr> changes and permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>,
   1016  1.18  christos and advocates that governments adopt
   1017  1.20  christos permanent Standard Time for the health and safety of their citizens.</li>
   1018   1.7  christos </ul>
   1019   1.7  christos </section>
   1020   1.7  christos 
   1021   1.7  christos <section>
   1022   1.1  christos <h2 id="precision">Precision timekeeping</h2>
   1023   1.1  christos <ul>
   1024   1.1  christos <li><a
   1025   1.1  christos href="http://leapsecond.com/hpan/an1289.pdf">The
   1026   1.1  christos Science of Timekeeping</a> is a thorough introduction
   1027   1.1  christos to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li>
   1028   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0">The Science of
   1029  1.14  christos Time 2016</a> contains several freely readable papers.</li>
   1030  1.13  christos <li><a href="https://www.ntp.org"><abbr
   1031   1.1  christos title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr>: The Network
   1032   1.1  christos Time Protocol</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5905)
   1033   1.1  christos discusses how to synchronize clocks of
   1034   1.1  christos Internet hosts.</li>
   1035   1.2  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi18/nsdi18-geng.pdf"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huygens</span></a>
   1036   1.2  christos family of software algorithms can achieve accuracy to a few tens of
   1037   1.2  christos nanoseconds in scalable server farms without special hardware.</li>
   1038   1.1  christos <li>The <a
   1039  1.21  christos href="https://www.nist.gov/el/intelligent-systems-division-73500/ieee-1588">Precision
   1040   1.1  christos Time Protocol</a> (<abbr
   1041   1.1  christos title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> 1588)
   1042   1.2  christos can achieve submicrosecond clock accuracy on a local area network
   1043   1.2  christos with special-purpose hardware.</li>
   1044   1.1  christos <li><a
   1045  1.23  christos href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4833/">Timezone
   1046   1.1  christos Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
   1047   1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833)
   1048   1.1  christos specifies a <a
   1049   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
   1050   1.1  christos option for a server to configure
   1051  1.20  christos a clients time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
   1052  1.11  christos <li><a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html">Time
   1053  1.11  christos Scales</a> describes astronomical time scales like
   1054   1.1  christos <abbr title="Terrestrial Dynamic Time">TDT</abbr>,
   1055   1.1  christos <abbr title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">TCG</abbr>, and
   1056   1.1  christos <abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
   1057   1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.iau.org"><abbr
   1058  1.20  christos title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>s <a
   1059  1.13  christos href="https://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
   1060   1.1  christos title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
   1061   1.1  christos collection contains C and <a
   1062   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
   1063   1.1  christos code for converting among time scales like
   1064   1.1  christos <abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>,
   1065   1.1  christos <abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and
   1066  1.13  christos <abbr>UTC</abbr>. It is freely available under the
   1067  1.21  christos <a href="https://www.iausofa.org/terms-and-conditions">SOFA license</a>.</li>
   1068   1.1  christos <li><a
   1069   1.1  christos href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Mars24 Sunclock
   1070  1.20  christos  Time on Mars</a> describes Airy Mean Time (<abbr>AMT</abbr>) and the
   1071   1.1  christos diverse local time
   1072   1.1  christos scales used by each landed mission on Mars.</li>
   1073   1.1  christos <li><a href="http://leapsecond.com">LeapSecond.com</a> is
   1074   1.1  christos dedicated not only to leap seconds but to precise time and frequency
   1075   1.1  christos in general. It covers the state of the art in amateur timekeeping, and
   1076   1.1  christos how the art has progressed over the past few decades.</li>
   1077   1.7  christos <li>The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of <a
   1078   1.7  christos href="https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I/">Standard-frequency
   1079  1.20  christos and time-signal emissions</a>, International Telecommunication Union 
   1080   1.7  christos Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002).</li>
   1081   1.1  christos <li><a
   1082   1.1  christos href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html"><abbr
   1083   1.1  christos title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">IERS</abbr>
   1084   1.1  christos Bulletins</a> contains official publications of the International
   1085   1.1  christos Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which decides when leap
   1086  1.20  christos seconds occur.
   1087  1.20  christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data support leap seconds
   1088  1.20  christos via an optional <code>"right"</code> configuration where a computers internal
   1089   1.9  christos <code>time_t</code> integer clock counts every <abbr>TAI</abbr> second,
   1090  1.20  christos as opposed to the default <code>"posix"</code> configuration
   1091   1.9  christos where the internal clock ignores leap seconds.
   1092   1.9  christos The two configurations agree for timestamps starting with 1972-01-01 00:00:00
   1093   1.9  christos <abbr>UTC</abbr> (<code>time_t</code> 63&thinsp;072&thinsp;000) and diverge for
   1094   1.9  christos timestamps starting with <code>time_t</code> 78&thinsp;796&thinsp;800,
   1095   1.9  christos which corresponds to the first leap second
   1096  1.20  christos 1972-06-30 23:59:60 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the <code>"right"</code> configuration,
   1097   1.9  christos and to
   1098  1.20  christos 1972-07-01 00:00:00 <abbr>UTC</abbr> in the <code>"posix"</code> configuration.
   1099   1.9  christos In practice the two configurations also agree for timestamps before
   1100   1.9  christos 1972 even though the historical situation is messy, partly because
   1101   1.9  christos neither <abbr>UTC</abbr> nor <abbr>TAI</abbr>
   1102  1.14  christos is well-defined for sufficiently old timestamps.</li>
   1103  1.17  christos <li><a href="https://kb.meinbergglobal.com/kb/time_sync/ntp/configuration/ntp_leap_second_file">The
   1104  1.17  christos <abbr>NTP</abbr> Leap Second File</a> covers the text file
   1105  1.17  christos <code>leap-seconds.list</code>, which lists the currently known leap seconds.
   1106  1.17  christos The <abbr>IERS</abbr> maintains this file, and a copy is distributed by
   1107  1.17  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> for use by <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementations like
   1108  1.17  christos <a href="https://www.ntp.org">classic
   1109  1.17  christos <code><abbr title="Network Time Protocol Daemon">ntpd</abbr></code></a>
   1110  1.17  christos and <a href="https://ntpsec.org">NTPsec</a>.
   1111  1.17  christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database also distributes leap second
   1112  1.17  christos information in a differently-formatted <code>leapseconds</code> text file,
   1113  1.20  christos as well as in the <code>"right"</code> configuration in binary form; for
   1114  1.17  christos example, <code>right/UTC</code> can be used
   1115  1.17  christos by <a href="https://chrony-project.org"><code>chrony</code></a>,
   1116  1.17  christos another <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementation.</li>
   1117   1.1  christos <li><a href="https://developers.google.com/time/smear">Leap Smear</a>
   1118   1.1  christos discusses how to gradually adjust <abbr>POSIX</abbr> clocks near a
   1119   1.1  christos leap second so that they disagree with <abbr>UTC</abbr> by at most a
   1120   1.1  christos half second, even though every <abbr>POSIX</abbr> minute has exactly
   1121   1.4  christos sixty seconds. This approach works with the default <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
   1122  1.20  christos <code>"posix"</code> configuration, is <a
   1123  1.21  christos href="https://gitlab.com/NTPsec/ntpsec/-/blob/master/docs/leapsmear.adoc">supported</a>
   1124  1.23  christos by the <abbr>NTP</abbr> implementations mentioned above, <a
   1125  1.12  christos href="https://github.com/google/unsmear">supports</a> conversion between
   1126  1.12  christos <abbr>UTC</abbr> and smeared <abbr>POSIX</abbr> timestamps, and is used by major
   1127   1.7  christos cloud service providers. However, according to
   1128  1.23  christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">3.7.1 of
   1129   1.7  christos Network Time Protocol Best Current Practices</a>
   1130   1.7  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8633), leap smearing is not suitable for
   1131   1.9  christos applications requiring accurate <abbr>UTC</abbr> or civil time,
   1132   1.7  christos and is intended for use only in single, well-controlled environments.</li>
   1133   1.1  christos <li>The <a
   1134  1.22  christos href="https://groups.io/g/LEAPSECS">LEAPSECS List</a> covers <a
   1135  1.21  christos href="https://gge.ext.unb.ca/Resources/gpsworld.november99.pdf">McCarthy
   1136  1.20  christos and Klepczynskis 1999 proposal to discontinue leap seconds</a>,
   1137   1.1  christos discussed further in
   1138   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf">The
   1139   1.1  christos leap second: its history and possible future</a>.
   1140   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/"><abbr>UTC</abbr>
   1141   1.1  christos might be redefined
   1142   1.1  christos without Leap Seconds</a> gives pointers on this
   1143  1.14  christos contentious issue.
   1144  1.22  christos The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)
   1145  1.16  christos <a href="https://www.bipm.org/en/cgpm-2022/resolution-4">decided in 2022</a>
   1146  1.17  christos to discontinue the use of leap seconds by 2035, and requested that no
   1147  1.17  christos discontinuous adjustments be made to UTC for at least a century.
   1148  1.16  christos The World Radiocommunication Conference <a
   1149  1.16  christos href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.15-2023-PDF-E.pdf">resolved
   1150  1.22  christos in 2023</a> to cooperate with this process. A draft <a
   1151  1.22  christos href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/d/guest/cgpm-2026-draft-resolutions">Resolution
   1152  1.22  christos C to make continuous UTC effective on 2027-05-20</a>,
   1153  1.22  christos and thereby discontinue leap seconds,
   1154  1.22  christos has been scheduled for the 28th CGPM starting 2026-10-13 in Paris.
   1155  1.22  christos One proposal to implement this
   1156  1.20  christos would replace leap seconds with seven 13-second leap smears occurring once per
   1157  1.17  christos decade until 2100, with leap smears after that gradually increasing in size.
   1158  1.20  christos See:
   1159  1.20  christos <ul>
   1160  1.22  christos <li>Levine J. <a href="https://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/3242.pdf">A
   1161  1.20  christos proposal to change the leap-second adjustments to
   1162  1.20  christos coordinated universal time</a>. <em>Metrologia.</em> 2024;61(5):055002. doi:<a
   1163  1.22  christos href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266">10.1088/1681-7575/ad6266</a>
   1164  1.22  christos with followups in doi:<a
   1165  1.22  christos href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ade314">10.1088/1681-7575/ade314</a>
   1166  1.22  christos and doi:<a
   1167  1.22  christos href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ade315">10.1088/1681-7575/ade315</a>.</li>
   1168  1.20  christos </ul>
   1169  1.17  christos However, there is still no consensus on whether this is the best way
   1170  1.17  christos to replace leap seconds.
   1171  1.14  christos </li>
   1172   1.1  christos </ul>
   1173   1.6  christos </section>
   1174   1.6  christos 
   1175   1.6  christos <section>
   1176   1.1  christos <h2 id="notation">Time notation</h2>
   1177   1.1  christos <ul>
   1178  1.13  christos <li>The <a id="CLDR" href="https://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
   1179   1.1  christos Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time
   1180   1.1  christos zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it
   1181  1.20  christos contains French translations for Eastern European Summer Time,
   1182  1.20  christos <abbr title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</abbr>, and Bucharest. Its
   1183   1.1  christos <a href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/by_type/">by-type
   1184   1.1  christos charts</a> show these values for many locales. Data values are available in
   1185   1.1  christos both <abbr title="Locale Data Markup Language">LDML</abbr>
   1186   1.1  christos (an <abbr>XML</abbr> format) and <abbr>JSON</abbr>.
   1187   1.1  christos <li>
   1188   1.1  christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">A summary of
   1189   1.6  christos the international standard date and time notation</a> covers
   1190   1.1  christos <a
   1191   1.6  christos href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70907.html"><em><abbr
   1192   1.6  christos title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr>
   1193  1.20  christos 8601-1:2019  Date and time  Representations for information
   1194  1.20  christos interchange  Part 1: Basic rules</em></a>.</li>
   1195   1.1  christos <li>
   1196   1.6  christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema/#dateTime"><abbr>XML</abbr>
   1197  1.20  christos Schema: Datatypes  dateTime</a> specifies a format inspired by
   1198   1.1  christos <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 that is in common use in <abbr>XML</abbr> data.</li>
   1199  1.23  christos <li><a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5322#section-3.3">3.3 of
   1200   1.1  christos Internet Message Format</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5322)
   1201   1.1  christos specifies the time notation used in email and <a
   1202   1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"><abbr>HTTP</abbr></a>
   1203   1.1  christos headers.</li>
   1204   1.1  christos <li>
   1205  1.23  christos <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339/">Date and Time
   1206   1.1  christos on the Internet: Timestamps</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 3339)
   1207  1.17  christos specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 profile for use in new Internet protocols.
   1208  1.23  christos An extension, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9557/">Date
   1209  1.17  christos and Time on the Internet: Timestamps with Additional Information</a>
   1210  1.17  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 9557) extends this profile
   1211  1.17  christos to let you specify the <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezone of a timestamp
   1212  1.20  christos via suffixes like <code>[Asia/Tokyo]</code>.
   1213   1.1  christos <li>
   1214   1.7  christos <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130042457/https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/">Date &amp; Time
   1215   1.1  christos Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time
   1216   1.1  christos formats.</li>
   1217   1.1  christos <li>Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique
   1218   1.1  christos identifiers for <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets as they are ambiguous in
   1219   1.1  christos practice. For example, in English-speaking North America
   1220  1.20  christos <abbr>CST</abbr> denotes 6 hours behind <abbr>UT</abbr>,
   1221   1.1  christos but in China it denotes 8 hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr>,
   1222   1.1  christos and French-speaking North Americans prefer
   1223  1.20  christos <abbr title="Heure Normale du Centre">HNC</abbr> to
   1224  1.20  christos <abbr>CST</abbr>. The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
   1225   1.2  christos database contains English abbreviations for many timestamps;
   1226  1.20  christos unfortunately some of these abbreviations were merely the database maintainers
   1227   1.1  christos inventions, and these have been removed when possible.</li>
   1228   1.1  christos <li>Numeric time zone abbreviations typically count hours east of
   1229   1.1  christos <abbr>UT</abbr>, e.g., +09 for Japan and
   1230  1.20  christos 10 for Hawaii. However, <abbr>POSIX</abbr> proleptic
   1231  1.17  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> settings use the opposite convention.
   1232   1.1  christos For example, one might use <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr
   1233   1.1  christos title="Japan Standard Time">JST</abbr>-9"</code> and
   1234   1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr title="Hawaii Standard Time">HST</abbr>10"</code>
   1235   1.1  christos for Japan and Hawaii, respectively. If the
   1236   1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is available, it is usually better to use
   1237   1.1  christos settings like <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Asia/Tokyo"</code> and
   1238   1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Pacific/Honolulu"</code> instead, as this should avoid
   1239   1.2  christos confusion, handle old timestamps better, and insulate you better from
   1240   1.1  christos any future changes to the rules. One should never set
   1241   1.1  christos <abbr>POSIX</abbr> <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> to a value like
   1242   1.1  christos <code>"GMT-9"</code>, though, since this would incorrectly imply that
   1243   1.1  christos local time is nine hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr> and the time zone
   1244  1.20  christos is called <abbr>GMT</abbr>.</li>
   1245   1.1  christos </ul>
   1246   1.6  christos </section>
   1247   1.6  christos 
   1248   1.6  christos <section>
   1249   1.1  christos <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
   1250   1.1  christos <ul>
   1251   1.7  christos <li><a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the
   1252   1.7  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data</a></li>
   1253  1.23  christos <li><a href="tz-art.html">Time and the arts</a></li>
   1254   1.1  christos </ul>
   1255   1.6  christos </section>
   1256   1.6  christos 
   1257   1.6  christos <footer>
   1258   1.1  christos <hr>
   1259   1.1  christos This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
   1260   1.1  christos 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
   1261   1.1  christos <br>
   1262   1.1  christos Please send corrections to this web page to the
   1263   1.1  christos <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org">time zone mailing list</a>.
   1264  1.20  christos The mailing list and its archives are public,
   1265  1.20  christos so please do not send confidential information.
   1266   1.6  christos </footer>
   1267   1.1  christos </body>
   1268   1.1  christos </html>
   1269