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      3  1.1  christos <head>
      4  1.1  christos <title>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</title>
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     10  1.1  christos <body>
     11  1.1  christos <h1>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</h1>
     12  1.1  christos <p>
     13  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">Time zone</a> and
     14  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
     15  1.1  christos rules are controlled by individual
     16  1.1  christos governments. They are sometimes changed with little notice, and their
     17  1.1  christos histories and planned futures are often recorded only fitfully. Here
     18  1.1  christos is a summary of attempts to organize and record relevant data in this
     19  1.1  christos area.
     20  1.1  christos </p>
     21  1.1  christos <h2 id="tzdb">The <code><abbr title="time zone">tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
     22  1.1  christos <p>
     23  1.1  christos The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
     24  1.1  christos time zone database contains code and data
     25  1.1  christos that represent the history of local time
     26  1.1  christos for many representative locations around the globe.
     27  1.1  christos It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies
     28  1.1  christos to time zone boundaries and daylight saving rules.
     29  1.1  christos This database (known as <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>,
     30  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code>, or <code>zoneinfo</code>)
     31  1.1  christos is used by several implementations,
     32  1.1  christos including
     33  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">the
     34  1.1  christos <abbr title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
     35  1.1  christos C Library</a> (used in
     36  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
     37  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.android.com">Android</a>,
     38  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.freebsd.org">Free<abbr
     39  1.1  christos title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>,
     40  1.1  christos <a href="https://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
     41  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
     42  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os">Chromium OS</a>,
     43  1.1  christos <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>,
     44  1.1  christos <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/"><abbr
     45  1.1  christos title="DJ's GNU Programming Platform">DJGPP</abbr></a>,
     46  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>,
     47  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.mysql.com">MySQL</a>,
     48  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr
     49  1.1  christos title="Web Operating System">webOS</abbr></a>,
     50  1.1  christos <a href="https://ibm.com/aix"><abbr
     51  1.1  christos title="Advanced Interactive eXecutive">AIX</abbr></a>,
     52  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10">BlackBerry 10</a>,
     53  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/ios/"><abbr
     54  1.1  christos title="iPhone OS">iOS</abbr></a>,
     55  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.apple.com/macos/">macOS</a>,
     56  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows">Microsoft Windows</a>,
     57  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.hpe.com/info/openvms">Open<abbr
     58  1.1  christos title="Virtual Memory System">VMS</abbr></a>,
     59  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/index.html">Oracle Database</a>, and
     60  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.oracle.com/solaris">Oracle Solaris</a>.</p>
     61  1.1  christos <p>
     62  1.2  christos Each main entry in the database represents a <dfn>timezone</dfn>
     63  1.2  christos for a set of civil-time clocks that have all agreed since 1970.
     64  1.2  christos Timezones are typically identified by continent or ocean and then by the
     65  1.2  christos name of the largest city within the region containing the clocks.
     66  1.1  christos For example, <code>America/New_York</code>
     67  1.1  christos represents most of the <abbr title="United States">US</abbr> eastern time zone;
     68  1.1  christos <code>America/Phoenix</code> represents most of Arizona, which
     69  1.2  christos uses mountain time without daylight saving time (<abbr>DST</abbr>);
     70  1.1  christos <code>America/Detroit</code> represents most of Michigan, which uses
     71  1.1  christos eastern time but with different <abbr>DST</abbr> rules in 1975;
     72  1.1  christos and other entries represent smaller regions like Starke County,
     73  1.1  christos Indiana, which switched from central to eastern time in 1991
     74  1.1  christos and switched back in 2006.
     75  1.1  christos To use the database on an extended <a
     76  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"><abbr
     77  1.1  christos title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr></a>
     78  1.1  christos implementation set the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code>
     79  1.1  christos environment variable to the location's full name,
     80  1.1  christos e.g., <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
     81  1.1  christos <p>
     82  1.2  christos Associated with each timezone is a history of offsets from
     83  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal
     84  1.1  christos Time</a> (<abbr>UT</abbr>), which is <a
     85  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">Greenwich Mean
     86  1.1  christos Time</a> (<abbr>GMT</abbr>) with days beginning at midnight;
     87  1.2  christos for timestamps after 1960 this is more precisely <a
     88  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
     89  1.1  christos Universal Time</a> (<abbr>UTC</abbr>).
     90  1.1  christos The database also records when daylight saving time was in use,
     91  1.1  christos along with some time zone abbreviations such as <abbr>EST</abbr>
     92  1.1  christos for Eastern Standard Time in the <abbr>US</abbr>.</p>
     93  1.1  christos <h2 id="download">Downloading the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
     94  1.1  christos <p>
     95  1.1  christos The following <a
     96  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">shell</a> commands download
     97  1.1  christos the latest release's two
     98  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)">tarballs</a>
     99  1.1  christos to a <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux or similar host.</p>
    100  1.2  christos <pre><code>mkdir tzdb
    101  1.1  christos cd tzdb
    102  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a> https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzcode-latest.tar.gz
    103  1.1  christos wget https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdata-latest.tar.gz
    104  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">gzip</a> -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">tar</a> -xf -
    105  1.1  christos gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
    106  1.1  christos </code></pre>
    107  1.1  christos <p>Alternatively, the following shell commands download the same
    108  1.1  christos release in a single-tarball format containing extra data
    109  1.1  christos useful for regression testing:</p>
    110  1.2  christos <pre><code>wget <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz">https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdb-latest.tar.lz</a>
    111  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/">lzip</a> -dc tzdb-latest.tar.lz | tar -xf -
    112  1.1  christos </code></pre>
    113  1.1  christos <p>These commands use convenience links to the latest release
    114  1.1  christos of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database hosted by the
    115  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.iana.org/time-zones">Time Zone Database website</a>
    116  1.1  christos of the <a href="https://www.iana.org">Internet Assigned Numbers
    117  1.1  christos Authority (IANA)</a>.
    118  1.1  christos Older releases are in files named
    119  1.1  christos <code>tzcode<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>,
    120  1.1  christos <code>tzdata<var>V</var>.tar.gz</code>, and
    121  1.1  christos <code>tzdb-<var>V</var>.tar.lz</code>,
    122  1.1  christos where <code><var>V</var></code> is the version.
    123  1.1  christos Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by
    124  1.1  christos lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>,
    125  1.1  christos then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp>
    126  1.1  christos through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on).
    127  1.1  christos Since version 2016h, each release has contained a text file named
    128  1.1  christos "<samp>version</samp>" whose first (and currently only) line is the version.
    129  1.1  christos The releases are also available in an
    130  1.1  christos <a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/"><abbr
    131  1.1  christos title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr> directory</a> via a
    132  1.1  christos less-secure protocol.</p>
    133  1.1  christos <p>Alternatively, a development repository of code and data can be
    134  1.1  christos retrieved from <a href="https://github.com">GitHub</a> via the shell
    135  1.1  christos command:</p>
    136  1.2  christos <pre><code><a href="https://git-scm.com">git</a> clone <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz">https://github.com/eggert/tz</a>
    137  1.1  christos </code></pre>
    138  1.1  christos <p>
    139  1.1  christos Since version 2012e, each release has been tagged in development repositories.
    140  1.1  christos Untagged commits are less well tested and probably contain
    141  1.1  christos more errors.</p>
    142  1.1  christos <p>
    143  1.1  christos After obtaining the code and data files, see the
    144  1.1  christos <code>README</code> file for what to do next.
    145  1.1  christos The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into
    146  1.2  christos machine-readable binary files, one for each location. The binary files
    147  1.2  christos are in a special timezone information format (<dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>).
    148  1.2  christos The code also lets
    149  1.2  christos you read a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file and interpret timestamps for that
    150  1.1  christos location.</p>
    151  1.1  christos <h2 id="changes">Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    152  1.1  christos <p>
    153  1.1  christos The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data
    154  1.1  christos are by no means authoritative. If you find errors, please
    155  1.1  christos send changes to <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org"><code>tz (a] iana.org</code></a>,
    156  1.1  christos the time zone mailing list. You can also <a
    157  1.1  christos href="https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/tz">subscribe</a> to it
    158  1.1  christos and browse the <a
    159  1.1  christos href="https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/">archive of old
    160  1.1  christos messages</a>.</p>
    161  1.1  christos <p>
    162  1.1  christos If your government plans to change its time zone boundaries or
    163  1.1  christos daylight saving rules, inform <code>tz (a] iana.org</code> well in
    164  1.1  christos advance, as this will coordinate updates to many cell phones,
    165  1.1  christos computers, and other devices around the world. With
    166  1.1  christos less than a year's notice there is a good chance that some
    167  1.1  christos computer-based clocks will operate incorrectly after the change, due
    168  1.1  christos to delays in propagating updates to software and data. The shorter
    169  1.1  christos the notice, the more likely clock problems will arise; see "<a
    170  1.1  christos href="https://codeofmatt.com/2016/04/23/on-the-timing-of-time-zone-changes/">On
    171  1.1  christos the Timing of Time Zone Changes</a>" for examples.
    172  1.1  christos </p>
    173  1.1  christos <p>
    174  1.1  christos Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data are often
    175  1.1  christos propagated to clients via operating system updates, so
    176  1.1  christos client <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data can often be corrected by
    177  1.1  christos applying these updates. With GNU/Linux and similar systems, if your
    178  1.1  christos maintenance provider has not yet adopted the
    179  1.1  christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data, you can often short-circuit
    180  1.1  christos the process by tailoring the generic instructions in
    181  1.1  christos the <code><abbr>tz</abbr> README</code> file and installing the latest
    182  1.1  christos data yourself. System-specific instructions for installing the
    183  1.1  christos latest <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data have also been published
    184  1.1  christos for <a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-aix-olson-time-zone/index.html"><abbr>AIX</abbr></a>,
    185  1.1  christos <a
    186  1.1  christos href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.timezone.data">Android</a>,
    187  1.1  christos <a
    188  1.1  christos href="http://userguide.icu-project.org/datetime/timezone"><abbr
    189  1.1  christos title="International Components for Unicode">ICU</abbr></a>,
    190  1.1  christos <a href="https://developer.ibm.com/javasdk/support/dst/jtzu/"><abbr>IBM</abbr></a>
    191  1.1  christos and <a
    192  1.4  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tzupdater-readme-136440.html">Oracle</a>
    193  1.4  christos Java, <a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/tz_update.html">Joda-Time</a>, <a
    194  1.1  christos href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/time-zone-support.html">MySQL</a>,
    195  1.1  christos and <a
    196  1.1  christos href="https://nodatime.org/userguide/tzdb">Noda Time</a> (see below).
    197  1.1  christos </p>
    198  1.1  christos <p>Sources for the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database are
    199  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"><abbr
    200  1.1  christos title="Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit">UTF-8</abbr></a>
    201  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file">text files</a>
    202  1.1  christos with lines terminated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline"><abbr
    203  1.1  christos title="linefeed">LF</abbr></a>,
    204  1.1  christos which can be modified by common text editors such
    205  1.1  christos as <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>,
    206  1.1  christos <a href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit">gedit</a>, and
    207  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.vim.org">vim</a>.
    208  1.1  christos Specialized source-file editing can be done via the
    209  1.1  christos <a href="https://packagecontrol.io/packages/zoneinfo">Sublime
    210  1.1  christos zoneinfo</a> package for <a
    211  1.1  christos href="https://www.sublimetext.com">Sublime Text</a> and the <a
    212  1.1  christos href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=gilmoreorless.vscode-zoneinfo">VSCode
    213  1.1  christos zoneinfo</a> extension for <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com">Visual
    214  1.1  christos Studio Code</a>.
    215  1.1  christos </p>
    216  1.1  christos <p>
    217  1.1  christos For further information about updates, please see
    218  1.1  christos <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6557">Procedures for
    219  1.1  christos Maintaining the Time Zone Database</a> (Internet <abbr
    220  1.1  christos title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 6557). More detail can be
    221  1.1  christos found in <a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</a>.
    222  1.2  christos <a href="https://a0.github.io/a0-tzmigration/">A0 TimeZone Migration</a>
    223  1.2  christos displays changes between recent <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> versions.
    224  1.1  christos </p>
    225  1.1  christos <h2 id="commentary">Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    226  1.1  christos <ul>
    227  1.1  christos <li>The article
    228  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz database</a> is
    229  1.1  christos an encyclopedic summary.</li>
    230  1.1  christos <li><a href="tz-how-to.html">How to Read the
    231  1.1  christos tz Database Source Files</a> explains the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    232  1.1  christos database format.</li>
    233  1.1  christos <li><a
    234  1.1  christos href="https://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/">A
    235  1.1  christos literary appreciation of the Olson/Zoneinfo/tz database</a> comments on the
    236  1.1  christos database's style.</li>
    237  1.1  christos </ul>
    238  1.1  christos <h2 id="web">Web sites using recent versions of the
    239  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
    240  1.1  christos <p>
    241  1.1  christos These are listed roughly in ascending order of complexity and fanciness.
    242  1.1  christos </p>
    243  1.1  christos <ul>
    244  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://time.is">Time.is</a> shows locations'
    245  1.1  christos time and zones.</li>
    246  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.timejones.com">TimeJones.com</a>,
    247  1.1  christos <a href="https://timezoneconverterapp.com">Time Zone Converter</a> and
    248  1.1  christos <a href="http://worldclock.com">The World Clock</a>
    249  1.1  christos are time zone converters.</li>
    250  1.1  christos <li><a
    251  1.1  christos href="http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a>
    252  1.1  christos lets you see the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> values directly.</li>
    253  1.1  christos <li><a
    254  1.1  christos href="http://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current
    255  1.1  christos Time in 1000 Places</a> uses descriptions of the values.</li>
    256  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://www.timezoneconverter.com/cgi-bin/tzc.tzc">Time Zone
    257  1.1  christos Converter</a>
    258  1.1  christos uses a pulldown menu.</li>
    259  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/TZworld.html">Complete
    260  1.1  christos timezone information for all countries</a> displays tables of DST rules.
    261  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/">The World Clock &ndash;
    262  1.1  christos Worldwide</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li>
    263  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://24timezones.com">24TimeZones</a> has a world
    264  1.1  christos time map and a time converter.</li>
    265  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a>
    266  1.1  christos calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
    267  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and
    268  1.1  christos <a href="http://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li>
    269  1.1  christos </ul>
    270  1.1  christos <h2 id="protocols">Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</h2>
    271  1.1  christos <ul>
    272  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.ietf.org">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>'s
    273  1.1  christos <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/tzdist/charter/">Time Zone Data
    274  1.1  christos Distribution Service (tzdist) working group</a> defined <a
    275  1.1  christos href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7808">TZDIST</a>
    276  1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808), a time zone data distribution service,
    277  1.1  christos along with <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7809">CalDAV</a>
    278  1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809), a calendar access protocol for
    279  1.2  christos transferring time zone data by reference.
    280  1.2  christos The <a href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tzdist-bis">tzdist-bis
    281  1.2  christos mailing list</a> discusses two Internet drafts: <a
    282  1.1  christos id="TZDIST-Geolocate"
    283  1.2  christos href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-murchison-tzdist-geolocate">TZDIST
    284  1.2  christos Geolocate Extension</a> lets a client determine its timezone
    285  1.1  christos from its geographic location using a <a
    286  1.2  christos href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5870">'geo' URI</a>, and
    287  1.2  christos <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-murchison-tzdist-tzif">The
    288  1.2  christos Time Zone Information Format (<abbr>TZif</abbr>)</a> specifies the format of
    289  1.2  christos <abbr>TZif</abbr> data.</li>
    290  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5545">
    291  1.1  christos Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification
    292  1.1  christos (iCalendar)</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445)
    293  1.1  christos covers time zone
    294  1.1  christos data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component.
    295  1.1  christos The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a
    296  1.1  christos variant <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6321">xCal</a>
    297  1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6321) uses
    298  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/XML/"><abbr
    299  1.1  christos title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr></a> format, and a variant
    300  1.1  christos <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7265">jCal</a>
    301  1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7265)
    302  1.1  christos uses <a href="https://www.json.org"><abbr
    303  1.1  christos title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></a> format.</li>
    304  1.1  christos </ul>
    305  1.1  christos <h2 id="compilers">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</h2>
    306  1.1  christos <ul>
    307  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/vzic/">Vzic</a> is a <a
    308  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29">C</a>
    309  1.1  christos program that compiles
    310  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into iCalendar-compatible VTIMEZONE files.
    311  1.1  christos Vzic is freely
    312  1.1  christos available under the <a
    313  1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr>
    314  1.1  christos General Public License (<abbr
    315  1.1  christos title="General Public License">GPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
    316  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/tzical/">tziCal &ndash; tz
    317  1.1  christos database conversion utility</a> is like Vzic, except for the <a
    318  1.1  christos href="https://www.microsoft.com/net">.NET framework</a>
    319  1.1  christos and with a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    320  1.1  christos <li><a
    321  1.4  christos href="https://metacpan.org/release/DateTime-TimeZone">DateTime::TimeZone</a>
    322  1.1  christos contains a script <code>parse_olson</code> that compiles
    323  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into <a href="https://www.perl.org">Perl</a>
    324  1.1  christos modules. It is part of the Perl <a
    325  1.4  christos href="https://github.com/houseabsolute/DateTime.pm/wiki">DateTime Project</a>,
    326  1.4  christos which is freely
    327  1.1  christos available under both the <abbr>GPL</abbr> and the Perl Artistic
    328  1.1  christos License. DateTime::TimeZone also contains a script
    329  1.1  christos <code>tests_from_zdump</code> that generates test cases for each clock
    330  1.1  christos transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li>
    331  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://howardhinnant.github.io/date/tz.html">Time Zone
    332  1.1  christos Database Parser</a> is a
    333  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B">C++</a> parser and
    334  1.1  christos runtime library that is <a
    335  1.1  christos href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/p0355r4.html">moving
    336  1.1  christos forward</a> for inclusion in the next iteration of <a
    337  1.1  christos href="https://isocpp.org/std/the-standard"><em><abbr
    338  1.1  christos title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr>
    339  1.1  christos International Standard ISO/IEC 14882:2017(E) &ndash; Programming
    340  1.1  christos Language C++</em></a>.
    341  1.1  christos It is freely available under the
    342  1.1  christos <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    343  1.1  christos <li><a id="ICU" href="http://site.icu-project.org">International Components for
    344  1.1  christos Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a
    345  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29">Java</a>
    346  1.1  christos libraries for internationalization that
    347  1.1  christos has a compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source
    348  1.1  christos and from <abbr title="Common Locale Data Repository">CLDR</abbr> data
    349  1.1  christos (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>)
    350  1.1  christos into an <abbr>ICU</abbr>-specific format.
    351  1.1  christos <abbr>ICU</abbr> is freely available under a
    352  1.1  christos <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    353  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://github.com/lau/tzdata">Tzdata</a> package for
    354  1.1  christos the <a href="https://elixir-lang.org">Elixir</a> language downloads
    355  1.1  christos and compiles tz source and exposes <abbr
    356  1.1  christos title="Application Program Interface">API</abbr>s for use. It is
    357  1.1  christos freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    358  1.1  christos <li>Java-based compilers and libraries include:
    359  1.1  christos <ul>
    360  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    361  1.4  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tzupdater-readme-136440.html">TZUpdater
    362  1.1  christos tool</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into the format used by
    363  1.1  christos Oracle Java.</li>
    364  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    365  1.4  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/jf14-date-time-2125367.html">Java
    366  1.4  christos SE <code>java.time</code> <abbr>API</abbr></a> in Java 8 and later
    367  1.4  christos can be supplemented by <a
    368  1.4  christos href="https://www.threeten.org/threeten-extra/">ThreeTen-Extra</a>,
    369  1.1  christos which is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    370  1.4  christos <li><a href="https://www.joda.org/joda-time/">Joda-Time &ndash; Java date
    371  1.1  christos and time <abbr>API</abbr></a> contains a class
    372  1.1  christos <code>org.joda.time.tz.ZoneInfoCompiler</code> that compiles
    373  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format. It inspired
    374  1.1  christos Java 8 <code>java.time</code>, which its users should migrate to once
    375  1.1  christos they can assume Java 8 or later. It is available under the <a
    376  1.1  christos href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License</a>.</li>
    377  1.4  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4A">Time4A: Advanced date and
    378  1.4  christos time library for Android</a> and
    379  1.4  christos <a href="https://github.com/MenoData/Time4J/">Time4J: Advanced date,
    380  1.4  christos time and interval library for Java</a> compile
    381  1.4  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a binary format.
    382  1.4  christos Time4A is available under the Apache License and Time4J is
    383  1.1  christos available under the <a
    384  1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr> Lesser
    385  1.1  christos General Public License (<abbr title="Lesser General Public
    386  1.1  christos License">LGPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
    387  1.1  christos <li><abbr>ICU</abbr> (mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>) contains compilers and
    388  1.1  christos Java-based libraries.</li>
    389  1.1  christos </ul>
    390  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://nodatime.org">Noda Time &ndash; Date and
    391  1.1  christos time <abbr>API</abbr> for .NET</a>
    392  1.4  christos is like Joda-Time and Time4J, but for the .NET framework instead of Java.
    393  1.4  christos It is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    394  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-based
    395  1.1  christos compilers and libraries include:
    396  1.1  christos <ul>
    397  1.1  christos <li><a
    398  1.1  christos href="https://github.com/kshetline/compact-time-zone-generator">CompactTimeZoneGenerator</a>
    399  1.1  christos compiles time zone data into a compact form designed for
    400  1.1  christos JavaScript. It is freely available under a combination of
    401  1.1  christos the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license and the Apache License.</li>
    402  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://momentjs.com/timezone/">Moment Timezone</a> is a
    403  1.1  christos plugin for the <a href="https://momentjs.com">Moment.js</a> date
    404  1.1  christos manipulation library. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr>
    405  1.1  christos license.</li>
    406  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/mde/timezone-js">TimezoneJS.Date</a>'s
    407  1.1  christos <abbr>API</abbr> is upward compatible with standard JavaScript
    408  1.1  christos Dates. It is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    409  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/sproutsocial/walltime-js">Walltime-js</a>
    410  1.1  christos translates <abbr>UT</abbr> to local time. It is freely available under
    411  1.1  christos the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    412  1.1  christos </ul>
    413  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/JuliaTime/">JuliaTime</a> contains a
    414  1.1  christos compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    415  1.1  christos <a href="https://julialang.org/">Julia</a>. It is freely available
    416  1.1  christos under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    417  1.2  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/pavkam/tzdb">Delphi/<abbr
    418  1.2  christos title="Free Pascal Compiler">FPC</abbr> Time Zone Database</a>
    419  1.2  christos compiles from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    420  1.2  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Pascal">Object Pascal</a>
    421  1.2  christos as compiled by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(IDE)">Delphi</a>
    422  1.2  christos and <a
    423  1.2  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Pascal"><abbr>FPC</abbr></a>.
    424  1.2  christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    425  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://pytz.sourceforge.net">pytz &ndash; World Timezone
    426  1.1  christos Definitions for Python</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    427  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.python.org">Python</a>.
    428  1.1  christos It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    429  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://tzinfo.github.io">TZInfo &ndash;
    430  1.1  christos Ruby Timezone Library</a>
    431  1.1  christos compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
    432  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
    433  1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    434  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="http://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
    435  1.1  christos Library</a> is
    436  1.1  christos a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
    437  1.1  christos library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time
    438  1.1  christos zone repository whose format
    439  1.1  christos is either proprietary or an <abbr>XML</abbr>-encoded
    440  1.1  christos representation.</li>
    441  1.1  christos <li><a id="Tcl" href="https://tcl.tk">Tcl</a>
    442  1.1  christos contains a developer-oriented parser that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    443  1.1  christos source into text files, along with a runtime that can read those
    444  1.1  christos files. Tcl is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style
    445  1.1  christos license.</li>
    446  1.1  christos </ul>
    447  1.2  christos <h2 id="TZif">Other <abbr>TZif</abbr> readers</h2>
    448  1.1  christos <ul>
    449  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    450  1.1  christos href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"><abbr>GNU</abbr> C
    451  1.1  christos Library</a>
    452  1.1  christos has an independent, thread-safe implementation of
    453  1.2  christos a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.
    454  1.1  christos This library is freely available under the LGPL
    455  1.1  christos and is widely used in <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux systems.</li>
    456  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.gnome.org">GNOME</a>'s
    457  1.1  christos <a href="https://developer.gnome.org/glib/">GLib</a> has
    458  1.2  christos a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in C that
    459  1.1  christos creates a <code>GTimeZone</code> object representing sets
    460  1.1  christos of <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets.
    461  1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
    462  1.1  christos <li>The
    463  1.1  christos <a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bde/wiki">BDE Standard Library</a>'s
    464  1.1  christos <code>baltzo::TimeZoneUtil</code> component contains a C++
    465  1.2  christos implementation of a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader. It is freely available under
    466  1.1  christos the Apache License.</li>
    467  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/google/cctz">CCTZ</a> is a simple C++
    468  1.1  christos library that translates between <abbr>UT</abbr> and civil time and
    469  1.2  christos can read <abbr>TZif</abbr> files. It is freely available under the Apache
    470  1.1  christos License.</li>
    471  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://bmsi.com/java/#TZ">ZoneInfo.java</a>
    472  1.2  christos is a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in Java.
    473  1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
    474  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/derickr/timelib">Timelib</a> is a C
    475  1.2  christos library that reads <abbr>TZif</abbr> files and converts
    476  1.2  christos timestamps from one time zone or format to another.
    477  1.1  christos It is used by <a href="https://secure.php.net"><abbr
    478  1.1  christos title="PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor">PHP</abbr></a>,
    479  1.1  christos <a href="https://hhvm.com"><abbr title="HipHop Virtual Machine">HHVM</abbr></a>,
    480  1.1  christos and <a href="https://www.mongodb.com">MongoDB</a>.
    481  1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    482  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/bigeasy/timezone">Timezone</a> is a
    483  1.1  christos JavaScript library that supports date arithmetic that is time zone
    484  1.1  christos aware. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    485  1.1  christos <li>Tcl, mentioned <a href="#Tcl">above</a>, also contains a
    486  1.2  christos <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader.</li>
    487  1.4  christos <li><a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile">
    488  1.1  christos DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile</a>
    489  1.2  christos is a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file reader written in Perl.
    490  1.1  christos It is freely available under the same terms as Perl
    491  1.1  christos (dual <abbr>GPL</abbr> and Artistic license).</li>
    492  1.1  christos <li>The
    493  1.1  christos public-domain <a href="https://github.com/dbaron/tz.js">tz.js</a>
    494  1.1  christos library contains a Python tool that
    495  1.2  christos converts <abbr>TZif</abbr> data into
    496  1.1  christos <abbr>JSON</abbr>-format data suitable for use
    497  1.1  christos in its JavaScript library for time zone conversion. Dates before 1970
    498  1.1  christos are not supported.</li>
    499  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    500  1.1  christos href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-olson">timezone-olson</a>
    501  1.1  christos package contains <a href="https://www.haskell.org">Haskell</a> code that
    502  1.2  christos parses and uses <abbr>TZif</abbr> data. It is freely
    503  1.1  christos available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
    504  1.1  christos </ul>
    505  1.1  christos <h2 id="software">Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</h2>
    506  1.1  christos <ul>
    507  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://foxclocks.org">FoxClocks</a>
    508  1.1  christos is an extension for <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Google
    509  1.1  christos Chrome</a> and for <a
    510  1.1  christos href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Tech/Toolkit_API">Mozilla
    511  1.1  christos Toolkit</a> applications like <a
    512  1.1  christos href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">Firefox</a> and <a
    513  1.1  christos href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/">Thunderbird</a>.
    514  1.1  christos It displays multiple clocks in the application window, and has a mapping
    515  1.1  christos interface to <a href="https://www.google.com/earth/">Google Earth</a>.
    516  1.1  christos It is freely available under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    517  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://golang.org">Go programming language</a>
    518  1.1  christos implementations contain a copy of a 32-bit subset of a recent
    519  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
    520  1.1  christos Go-specific format.</li>
    521  1.1  christos <li><a
    522  1.1  christos href="http://users.skynet.be/Peter.Verthez/projects/intclock/">International
    523  1.1  christos clock (intclock)</a> is a clock that displays multiple time zones on
    524  1.1  christos <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux and similar systems. It is freely available
    525  1.1  christos under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    526  1.1  christos <li>Microsoft Windows 8.1
    527  1.1  christos and later has <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data and <abbr>CLDR</abbr>
    528  1.3  christos data (mentioned <a href="#CLDR">below</a>) used by the
    529  1.3  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Runtime">Windows Runtime</a> /
    530  1.3  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a> classes
    531  1.3  christos <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/uwp/api/Windows.Globalization.DateTimeFormatting.DateTimeFormatter"><code>DateTimeFormatter</code></a> and
    532  1.3  christos <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/uwp/api/windows.globalization.calendar"><code>Calendar</code></a>.
    533  1.1  christos <a id="System.TimeZoneInfo"
    534  1.1  christos href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/bclteam/2007/06/07/exploring-windows-time-zones-with-system-timezoneinfo-josh-free/">Exploring
    535  1.1  christos Windows Time Zones with <code>System.TimeZoneInfo</code></a> describes
    536  1.1  christos the older, proprietary method of Microsoft Windows 2000 and later,
    537  1.1  christos which stores time zone data in the
    538  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry">Windows Registry</a>. The
    539  1.1  christos <a
    540  1.1  christos href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/zone_tzid.html">Zone &rarr;
    541  1.1  christos Tzid table</a> or <a
    542  1.1  christos href="https://unicode.org/repos/cldr/trunk/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml"><abbr>XML</abbr>
    543  1.1  christos file</a> of the <abbr>CLDR</abbr> data maps proprietary zone IDs
    544  1.1  christos to <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> names.
    545  1.3  christos These mappings can be performed programmatically via the <a href="https://github.com/mj1856/TimeZoneConverter">TimeZoneConverter</a> .NET library,
    546  1.3  christos or the ICU Java and C++ libraries mentioned <a href="#ICU">above</a>.
    547  1.1  christos <li><a
    548  1.1  christos href="https://www.oracle.com/java/index.html">Oracle
    549  1.1  christos Java</a> contains a copy of a subset of a recent
    550  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
    551  1.1  christos Java-specific format.</li>
    552  1.2  christos <li><a href="https://relativedata.com/page/Time-Zone-Master">Time Zone
    553  1.1  christos Master</a> is a Microsoft Windows clock program that can automatically
    554  1.4  christos download, compile and use <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> releases.
    555  1.4  christos The Basic version is free.</li>
    556  1.1  christos <li><a
    557  1.1  christos href="http://veladg.com/velaterra.html">VelaTerra</a> is
    558  1.1  christos a macOS program. Its developers
    559  1.1  christos <a href="http://veladg.com/tzoffer.html">offer free
    560  1.1  christos licenses</a> to <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> contributors.</li>
    561  1.1  christos </ul>
    562  1.1  christos <h2 id="other-dbs">Other time zone databases</h2>
    563  1.1  christos <ul>
    564  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.astro.com/atlas">Time-zone Atlas</a>
    565  1.4  christos is Astrodienst's Web version of Shanks and Pottenger's out-of-print
    566  1.4  christos time zone history atlases
    567  1.4  christos <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468828649">for the US</a> and
    568  1.4  christos <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76950459">for the world</a>,
    569  1.4  christos now published in <a
    570  1.1  christos href="https://astrocom.com/astrology-products/software/acs-atlas-software">software</a>
    571  1.1  christos form by <a href="https://astrocom.com">ACS-Starcrafts</a>.
    572  1.4  christos Although these extensive atlases
    573  1.4  christos <a href="https://astrologynewsservice.com/opinion/how-astrologers-contributed-to-the-information-age-a-brief-history-of-time/">were
    574  1.4  christos sources for much of the older <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</a>,
    575  1.4  christos they are unreliable as Shanks appears to have
    576  1.1  christos guessed many <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets and transitions. The atlases cite no
    577  1.1  christos sources and do not indicate which entries are guesswork.</li>
    578  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has a database in
    579  1.1  christos its own <code>tztab</code>(4) format.</li>
    580  1.1  christos <li>Microsoft Windows has proprietary data mentioned
    581  1.1  christos <a href="#System.TimeZoneInfo">above</a>.</li>
    582  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimeserver.com">World Time Server</a>
    583  1.1  christos is another time zone database.</li>
    584  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    585  1.1  christos href="https://www.iata.org/publications/store/Pages/standard-schedules-information.aspx">Standard
    586  1.1  christos Schedules Information Manual</a> of the
    587  1.1  christos International Air Transport Association
    588  1.1  christos gives current time zone rules for airports served by commercial aviation.</li>
    589  1.1  christos </ul>
    590  1.1  christos <h2 id="maps">Maps</h2>
    591  1.1  christos <ul>
    592  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.cia.gov/index.html">United States Central
    593  1.1  christos Intelligence Agency (<abbr
    594  1.1  christos title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</abbr>)</a> publishes a <a
    595  1.1  christos href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/standard_time_zones_of_the_world.pdf">time
    596  1.1  christos zone map</a>; the
    597  1.1  christos <a
    598  1.1  christos href="https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world.html">Perry&ndash;Casta&ntilde;eda
    599  1.1  christos Library Map Collection</a>
    600  1.1  christos of the University of Texas at Austin has copies of
    601  1.1  christos recent editions.
    602  1.1  christos The pictorial quality is good,
    603  1.1  christos but the maps do not indicate daylight saving time,
    604  1.1  christos and parts of the data are a few years out of date.</li>
    605  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.worldtimezone.com">Current time around the world
    606  1.1  christos and standard time zones map of the world</a>
    607  1.1  christos has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.
    608  1.1  christos The maps' pictorial quality is not quite as good as the
    609  1.1  christos <abbr>CIA</abbr>'s
    610  1.1  christos but the maps are more up to date.</li>
    611  1.1  christos <li><a
    612  1.1  christos href="https://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
    613  1.1  christos much is time wrong around the world?</a> maps the difference between
    614  1.1  christos mean solar and standard time, highlighting areas such as western China
    615  1.1  christos where the two differ greatly. It's a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
    616  1.1  christos </ul>
    617  1.1  christos <h2 id="boundaries">Time zone boundaries</h2>
    618  1.2  christos <p>Geographical boundaries between timezones are available
    619  1.1  christos from several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolocation">geolocation</a>
    620  1.1  christos services and other sources.</p>
    621  1.1  christos <ul>
    622  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/evansiroky/timezone-boundary-builder">Timezone
    623  1.1  christos Boundary Builder</a> extracts
    624  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org">Open Street Map</a> data to build
    625  1.2  christos boundaries of <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones.
    626  1.1  christos Its code is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license, and
    627  1.1  christos its data entries are freely available under the
    628  1.1  christos <a href="https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/">Open Data Commons
    629  1.1  christos Open Database License</a>. The maps' borders appear to be quite accurate.</li>
    630  1.1  christos <li>Programmatic interfaces that map geographical coordinates via tz_world to
    631  1.2  christos <code><abbr>tzdb</abbr></code> timezones include:
    632  1.1  christos <ul>
    633  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/mj1856/GeoTimeZone">GeoTimeZone</a> is
    634  1.1  christos written in <a
    635  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)">C#</a>
    636  1.1  christos and is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
    637  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://github.com/bradfitz/latlong">latlong package</a>
    638  1.1  christos is written in Go and is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
    639  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://github.com/drtimcooper/LatLongToTimezone">LatLongToTimezone</a>,
    640  1.1  christos in both Java and
    641  1.1  christos <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)">Swift</a>
    642  1.1  christos form, is freely available under the MIT license.</li>
    643  1.1  christos <li>For <a href="https://nodejs.org/en/">Node.js</a>,
    644  1.1  christos the <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/geo-tz">geo-tz module</a>
    645  1.1  christos is freely available under the MIT license, and
    646  1.1  christos the <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/tz-lookup">tz-lookup module</a>
    647  1.1  christos is in the public domain.</li>
    648  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    649  1.1  christos href="https://github.com/MrMinimal64/timezonefinder">timezonefinder</a>
    650  1.1  christos library for Python is freely available under the MIT license.
    651  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    652  1.1  christos href="https://github.com/gunyarakun/timezone_finder">timezone_finder</a>
    653  1.1  christos library for Ruby is freely available under the MIT license.</li>
    654  1.1  christos </ul></li>
    655  1.1  christos <li>Free access via a network API, if you register a key, is provided by
    656  1.4  christos the <a
    657  1.4  christos href="https://www.geonames.org/export/web-services.html#timezone">GeoNames
    658  1.4  christos Timezone web service</a>, the <a
    659  1.4  christos href="https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/timezone/intro">Google
    660  1.4  christos Maps Time Zone API</a>, and
    661  1.1  christos the <a href="https://timezonedb.com">Time Zone Database &amp; API</a>.
    662  1.1  christos Commercial network API access is provided
    663  1.1  christos by <a href="https://askgeo.com">AskGeo</a>
    664  1.1  christos and <a href="https://www.geogarage.com/blog/news-1/post/geogarage-time-zone-api-31">GeoGarage</a>.
    665  1.1  christos </li>
    666  1.1  christos <li>"<a
    667  1.1  christos href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16086962/how-to-get-a-time-zone-from-a-location-using-latitude-and-longitude-coordinates/16086964">How
    668  1.1  christos to get a time zone from a location using latitude and longitude
    669  1.1  christos coordinates?</a>" discusses other geolocation possibilities.</li>
    670  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://statoids.com/statoids.html">Administrative
    671  1.1  christos Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")</a> lists
    672  1.1  christos political subdivision data related to time zones.</li>
    673  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/Multizones.html">Time
    674  1.1  christos zone boundaries for multizone countries</a> summarizes legal
    675  1.1  christos boundaries between time zones within countries.</li>
    676  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software
    677  1.1  christos &ndash; GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
    678  1.1  christos world time zone boundaries distributed under the
    679  1.1  christos <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
    680  1.1  christos <li>A ship within the <a
    681  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters">territorial
    682  1.1  christos waters</a> of any nation uses that nation's time. In international
    683  1.1  christos waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15&deg; apart, except that
    684  1.1  christos <abbr>UT</abbr>&minus;12 and <abbr>UT</abbr>+12 are each 7.5&deg;
    685  1.1  christos wide and are separated by
    686  1.1  christos the 180&deg; meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is
    687  1.1  christos for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ship's
    688  1.1  christos clocks any time after entering a new time zone; midnight changes are
    689  1.1  christos common.</li>
    690  1.1  christos </ul>
    691  1.1  christos <h2 id="civil">Civil time concepts and history</h2>
    692  1.1  christos <ul>
    693  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time">A
    694  1.1  christos Walk through Time</a>
    695  1.1  christos surveys the evolution of timekeeping.</li>
    696  1.4  christos <li>The history of daylight saving time is surveyed in <a
    697  1.4  christos href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/">About Daylight
    698  1.4  christos Saving Time &ndash; History, rationale, laws &amp; dates</a> and summarized in
    699  1.4  christos <a href="http://seizethedaylight.com/dst/">A Brief
    700  1.4  christos History of Daylight Saving Time</a>.</li>
    701  1.4  christos <li><a href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/time-lords">Time
    702  1.4  christos Lords</a> discusses how authoritarians manipulate civil time.</li>
    703  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/timezone/">Working with Time Zones</a>
    704  1.1  christos contains guidelines and best practices for software applications that
    705  1.1  christos deal with civil time.</li>
    706  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm">A History of
    707  1.1  christos the International Date Line</a> tells the story of the most important
    708  1.1  christos time zone boundary.</li>
    709  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://statoids.com/tconcept.html">Basic Time
    710  1.1  christos Zone Concepts</a> discusses terminological issues behind time zones.</li>
    711  1.1  christos </ul>
    712  1.1  christos <h2 id="national">National histories of legal time</h2>
    713  1.1  christos <dl>
    714  1.1  christos <dt>Australia</dt>
    715  1.1  christos <dd>The Parliamentary Library has commissioned a <a
    716  1.1  christos href="https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2009-10/10rp10.pdf">research
    717  1.1  christos paper on daylight saving time in Australia</a>.
    718  1.1  christos The Bureau of Meteorology publishes a list of <a
    719  1.1  christos href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">Implementation
    720  1.1  christos Dates of Daylight Savings Time within Australia</a>.</dd>
    721  1.1  christos <dt>Belgium</dt>
    722  1.1  christos <dd>The Royal Observatory of Belgium maintains a table of <a
    723  1.4  christos href="https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html"
    724  1.1  christos hreflang="nl">time in Belgium (in Dutch)</a>.</dd>
    725  1.1  christos <dt>Brazil</dt>
    726  1.1  christos <dd>The Time Service Department of the National Observatory
    727  1.1  christos records <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html"
    728  1.1  christos hreflang="pt-BR">Brazil's daylight saving time decrees (in
    729  1.1  christos Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
    730  1.1  christos <dt>Canada</dt>
    731  1.1  christos <dd>National Research Council Canada publishes current
    732  1.1  christos and some older information about <a
    733  1.1  christos href="https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html">time
    734  1.1  christos zones &amp; daylight saving time</a>.</dd>
    735  1.1  christos <dt>Chile</dt>
    736  1.1  christos <dd>The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy publishes a
    737  1.4  christos <a href="https://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html" hreflang="es">history of
    738  1.1  christos Chile's official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    739  1.3  christos <dt>China</dt>
    740  1.3  christos <dd>The Hong Kong Observatory maintains a
    741  1.3  christos <a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm">history of
    742  1.3  christos  summer time in Hong Kong</a>,
    743  1.3  christos and Macau's Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau maintains a <a
    744  1.3  christos href="http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm">similar
    745  1.3  christos history for Macau</a>.
    746  1.3  christos Unfortunately the latter is incomplete and has errors.</dd>
    747  1.1  christos <dt>Czech Republic</dt>
    748  1.1  christos <dd><a href="https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas"
    749  1.1  christos hreflang="cs">When daylight saving time starts and ends (in Czech)</a>
    750  1.1  christos summarizes and cites historical DST regulations.</dd>
    751  1.1  christos <dt>Germany</dt>
    752  1.1  christos <dd>The National Institute for Science and Technology maintains the <a
    753  1.1  christos href="https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany.html">Realisation
    754  1.1  christos of Legal Time in Germany</a>.</dd>
    755  1.1  christos <dt>Israel</dt>
    756  1.1  christos <dd>The Interior Ministry periodically issues <a
    757  1.1  christos href="ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements"
    758  1.1  christos hreflang="he">announcements (in Hebrew)</a>.</dd>
    759  1.1  christos <dt>Italy</dt>
    760  1.1  christos <dd>The National Institute of Metrological Research maintains a
    761  1.4  christos <a href="http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml" hreflang="it">table
    762  1.4  christos of civil time (in Italian)</a>.</dd>
    763  1.2  christos <dt>Malaysia</dt>
    764  1.2  christos <dd>See Singapore <a href="#Singapore">below</a>.</dd>
    765  1.1  christos <dt>Mexico</dt>
    766  1.1  christos <dd>The Investigation and Analysis Service of the Mexican Library of
    767  1.1  christos Congress has published a <a
    768  1.1  christos href="http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm"
    769  1.1  christos hreflang="es">history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    770  1.1  christos <dt>Netherlands</dt>
    771  1.1  christos <dd><a href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm"
    772  1.1  christos hreflang="nl">Legal time in the Netherlands (in Dutch)</a>
    773  1.1  christos covers the history of local time in the Netherlands from ancient times.</dd>
    774  1.1  christos <dt>New Zealand</dt>
    775  1.1  christos <dd>The Department of Internal Affairs maintains a brief <a
    776  1.1  christos href="https://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History">History of
    777  1.1  christos Daylight Saving</a>. The privately-maintained <a
    778  1.1  christos href="http://astrologyschool.com/nztime.html">History of New Zealand
    779  1.1  christos time</a> has more details.</dd>
    780  1.1  christos <dt>Singapore</dt>
    781  1.1  christos <dd><a id="Singapore"
    782  1.1  christos href="http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html">Why
    783  1.1  christos is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?</a> details the
    784  1.1  christos history of legal time in Singapore and Malaysia.</dd>
    785  1.1  christos <dt>United Kingdom</dt>
    786  1.1  christos <dd><a
    787  1.1  christos href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">History of
    788  1.1  christos legal time in Britain</a> discusses in detail the country
    789  1.1  christos with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.
    790  1.1  christos The National Physical Laboratory also maintains an <a
    791  1.1  christos href="http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/what-is-time/archive-of-summer-time-dates">Archive
    792  1.1  christos of Summer time dates</a>.</dd>
    793  1.1  christos <dt>United States</dt>
    794  1.1  christos <dd>The Department of Transportation's <a
    795  1.1  christos href="https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings">Recent
    796  1.1  christos Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to time zone boundaries.</dd>
    797  1.1  christos <dt>Uruguay</dt>
    798  1.1  christos <dd>The Oceanography, Hydrography, and Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan
    799  1.1  christos Navy (SOHMA) publishes an annual <a
    800  1.1  christos href="http://www.armada.mil.uy/Pagina/institucion/dimat/sohma/almanaque.html" hreflang="es">almanac
    801  1.1  christos (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
    802  1.1  christos </dl>
    803  1.1  christos <h2 id="precision">Precision timekeeping</h2>
    804  1.1  christos <ul>
    805  1.1  christos <li><a
    806  1.1  christos href="http://leapsecond.com/hpan/an1289.pdf">The
    807  1.1  christos Science of Timekeeping</a> is a thorough introduction
    808  1.1  christos to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li>
    809  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0">The Science of
    810  1.1  christos Time 2016</a> contains several freely-readable papers.</li>
    811  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://www.ntp.org"><abbr
    812  1.1  christos title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr>: The Network
    813  1.1  christos Time Protocol</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5905)
    814  1.1  christos discusses how to synchronize clocks of
    815  1.1  christos Internet hosts.</li>
    816  1.2  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/nsdi18/nsdi18-geng.pdf"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huygens</span></a>
    817  1.2  christos family of software algorithms can achieve accuracy to a few tens of
    818  1.2  christos nanoseconds in scalable server farms without special hardware.</li>
    819  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    820  1.1  christos href="https://www.nist.gov/intelligent-systems-division/ieee-1588">Precision
    821  1.1  christos Time Protocol</a> (<abbr
    822  1.1  christos title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> 1588)
    823  1.2  christos can achieve submicrosecond clock accuracy on a local area network
    824  1.2  christos with special-purpose hardware.</li>
    825  1.1  christos <li><a
    826  1.1  christos href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4833">Timezone
    827  1.1  christos Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
    828  1.1  christos (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833)
    829  1.1  christos specifies a <a
    830  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
    831  1.1  christos option for a server to configure
    832  1.1  christos a client's time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
    833  1.1  christos <li><a
    834  1.1  christos href="https://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/times.html">Astronomical
    835  1.1  christos Times</a> explains more abstruse astronomical time scales like
    836  1.1  christos <abbr title="Terrestrial Dynamic Time">TDT</abbr>,
    837  1.1  christos <abbr title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">TCG</abbr>, and
    838  1.1  christos <abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
    839  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html">Time
    840  1.1  christos Scales</a> goes into more detail, particularly for historical variants.</li>
    841  1.1  christos <li>The <a href="https://www.iau.org"><abbr
    842  1.1  christos title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>'s <a
    843  1.1  christos href="http://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
    844  1.1  christos title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
    845  1.1  christos collection contains C and <a
    846  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
    847  1.1  christos code for converting among time scales like
    848  1.1  christos <abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>,
    849  1.1  christos <abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and
    850  1.1  christos <abbr>UTC</abbr>.</li>
    851  1.1  christos <li><a
    852  1.1  christos href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Mars24 Sunclock
    853  1.1  christos &ndash; Time on Mars</a> describes Airy Mean Time (<abbr>AMT</abbr>) and the
    854  1.1  christos diverse local time
    855  1.1  christos scales used by each landed mission on Mars.</li>
    856  1.1  christos <li><a href="http://leapsecond.com">LeapSecond.com</a> is
    857  1.1  christos dedicated not only to leap seconds but to precise time and frequency
    858  1.1  christos in general. It covers the state of the art in amateur timekeeping, and
    859  1.1  christos how the art has progressed over the past few decades.</li>
    860  1.1  christos <li><a
    861  1.1  christos href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html"><abbr
    862  1.1  christos title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">IERS</abbr>
    863  1.1  christos Bulletins</a> contains official publications of the International
    864  1.1  christos Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which decides when leap
    865  1.4  christos seconds occur. The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data support leap seconds
    866  1.1  christos via an optional "<code>right</code>" configuration, as opposed to the
    867  1.1  christos default "<code>posix</code>" configuration.</li>
    868  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://developers.google.com/time/smear">Leap Smear</a>
    869  1.1  christos discusses how to gradually adjust <abbr>POSIX</abbr> clocks near a
    870  1.1  christos leap second so that they disagree with <abbr>UTC</abbr> by at most a
    871  1.1  christos half second, even though every <abbr>POSIX</abbr> minute has exactly
    872  1.4  christos sixty seconds. This approach works with the default <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    873  1.1  christos "<code>posix</code>" configuration, is <a
    874  1.1  christos href="http://bk1.ntp.org/ntp-stable/README.leapsmear">supported</a> by
    875  1.1  christos the <abbr>NTP</abbr> reference implementation, and is used by major
    876  1.1  christos cloud service providers.</li>
    877  1.1  christos <li>The <a
    878  1.1  christos href="https://pairlist6.pair.net/mailman/listinfo/leapsecs">Leap
    879  1.1  christos Second Discussion List</a> covers <a
    880  1.1  christos href="https://www2.unb.ca/gge/Resources/gpsworld.november99.pdf">McCarthy
    881  1.1  christos and Klepczynski's 1999 proposal to discontinue leap seconds</a>,
    882  1.1  christos discussed further in
    883  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf">The
    884  1.1  christos leap second: its history and possible future</a>.
    885  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/"><abbr>UTC</abbr>
    886  1.1  christos might be redefined
    887  1.1  christos without Leap Seconds</a> gives pointers on this
    888  1.1  christos contentious issue, which was active until 2015 and could become active
    889  1.1  christos again.</li>
    890  1.1  christos </ul>
    891  1.1  christos <h2 id="notation">Time notation</h2>
    892  1.1  christos <ul>
    893  1.1  christos <li>The <a id="CLDR" href="http://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
    894  1.1  christos Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time
    895  1.1  christos zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it
    896  1.1  christos contains French translations for "Eastern European Summer Time",
    897  1.1  christos "<abbr title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</abbr>", and
    898  1.1  christos "Bucharest". Its
    899  1.1  christos <a href="https://unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/by_type/">by-type
    900  1.1  christos charts</a> show these values for many locales. Data values are available in
    901  1.1  christos both <abbr title="Locale Data Markup Language">LDML</abbr>
    902  1.1  christos (an <abbr>XML</abbr> format) and <abbr>JSON</abbr>.
    903  1.1  christos <li>
    904  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">A summary of
    905  1.1  christos the international standard date and time notation</a> is a good
    906  1.1  christos summary of
    907  1.1  christos <a
    908  1.1  christos href="https://www.iso.org/standard/40874.html"><em><abbr>ISO</abbr>
    909  1.1  christos 8601:2004 &ndash; Data elements and interchange formats &ndash; Information
    910  1.1  christos interchange &ndash; Representation of dates and times</em></a>.</li>
    911  1.1  christos <li>
    912  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#dateTime"><abbr>XML</abbr>
    913  1.1  christos Schema: Datatypes &ndash; dateTime</a> specifies a format inspired by
    914  1.1  christos <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 that is in common use in <abbr>XML</abbr> data.</li>
    915  1.1  christos <li><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322#section-3.3">&sect;3.3 of
    916  1.1  christos Internet Message Format</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5322)
    917  1.1  christos specifies the time notation used in email and <a
    918  1.1  christos href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"><abbr>HTTP</abbr></a>
    919  1.1  christos headers.</li>
    920  1.1  christos <li>
    921  1.1  christos <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339">Date and Time
    922  1.1  christos on the Internet: Timestamps</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 3339)
    923  1.1  christos specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601
    924  1.1  christos profile for use in new Internet
    925  1.1  christos protocols.</li>
    926  1.1  christos <li>
    927  1.1  christos <a href="https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/">Date &amp; Time
    928  1.1  christos Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time
    929  1.1  christos formats.</li>
    930  1.1  christos <li>Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique
    931  1.1  christos identifiers for <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets as they are ambiguous in
    932  1.1  christos practice. For example, in English-speaking North America
    933  1.1  christos "<abbr>CST</abbr>" denotes 6 hours behind <abbr>UT</abbr>,
    934  1.1  christos but in China it denotes 8 hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr>,
    935  1.1  christos and French-speaking North Americans prefer
    936  1.1  christos "<abbr title="Heure Normale du Centre">HNC</abbr>" to
    937  1.1  christos "<abbr>CST</abbr>". The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
    938  1.2  christos database contains English abbreviations for many timestamps;
    939  1.1  christos unfortunately some of these abbreviations were merely the database maintainers'
    940  1.1  christos inventions, and these have been removed when possible.</li>
    941  1.1  christos <li>Numeric time zone abbreviations typically count hours east of
    942  1.1  christos <abbr>UT</abbr>, e.g., +09 for Japan and
    943  1.1  christos &minus;10 for Hawaii. However, the <abbr>POSIX</abbr>
    944  1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> environment variable uses the opposite convention.
    945  1.1  christos For example, one might use <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr
    946  1.1  christos title="Japan Standard Time">JST</abbr>-9"</code> and
    947  1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr title="Hawaii Standard Time">HST</abbr>10"</code>
    948  1.1  christos for Japan and Hawaii, respectively. If the
    949  1.1  christos <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is available, it is usually better to use
    950  1.1  christos settings like <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Asia/Tokyo"</code> and
    951  1.1  christos <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Pacific/Honolulu"</code> instead, as this should avoid
    952  1.2  christos confusion, handle old timestamps better, and insulate you better from
    953  1.1  christos any future changes to the rules. One should never set
    954  1.1  christos <abbr>POSIX</abbr> <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> to a value like
    955  1.1  christos <code>"GMT-9"</code>, though, since this would incorrectly imply that
    956  1.1  christos local time is nine hours ahead of <abbr>UT</abbr> and the time zone
    957  1.1  christos is called "<abbr>GMT</abbr>".</li>
    958  1.1  christos </ul>
    959  1.1  christos <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
    960  1.1  christos <ul>
    961  1.1  christos <li><a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data</a></li>
    962  1.1  christos <li><a href="tz-art.html">Time and the Arts</a></li>
    963  1.1  christos </ul>
    964  1.1  christos <hr>
    965  1.1  christos <address>
    966  1.1  christos This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
    967  1.1  christos 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
    968  1.1  christos <br>
    969  1.1  christos Please send corrections to this web page to the
    970  1.1  christos <a href="mailto:tz (a] iana.org">time zone mailing list</a>.
    971  1.1  christos </address>
    972  1.1  christos </body>
    973  1.1  christos </html>
    974