xref: /src/sys/dev/pci/virtio.c

/*	$NetBSD: virtio.c,v 1.84 2025/09/06 02:56:18 riastradh Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2020 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 2012 Stefan Fritsch, Alexander Fiveg.
 * Copyright (c) 2010 Minoura Makoto.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: virtio.c,v 1.84 2025/09/06 02:56:18 riastradh Exp $");

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/atomic.h>
#include <sys/bus.h>
#include <sys/device.h>
#include <sys/kmem.h>
#include <sys/module.h>
#include <sys/paravirt_membar.h>

#define VIRTIO_PRIVATE

#include <dev/pci/virtioreg.h> /* XXX: move to non-pci */
#include <dev/pci/virtiovar.h> /* XXX: move to non-pci */

#define MINSEG_INDIRECT		2 /* use indirect if nsegs >= this value */

/*
 * The maximum descriptor size is 2^15. Use that value as the end of
 * descriptor chain terminator since it will never be a valid index
 * in the descriptor table.
 */
#define VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END		32768

/* incomplete list */
static const char *virtio_device_name[] = {
	"unknown (0)",			/*  0 */
	"network",			/*  1 */
	"block",			/*  2 */
	"console",			/*  3 */
	"entropy",			/*  4 */
	"memory balloon",		/*  5 */
	"I/O memory",			/*  6 */
	"remote processor messaging",	/*  7 */
	"SCSI",				/*  8 */
	"9P transport",			/*  9 */
	NULL,				/* 10 */
	NULL,				/* 11 */
	NULL,				/* 12 */
	NULL,				/* 13 */
	NULL,				/* 14 */
	NULL,				/* 15 */
	"GPU",				/* 16 */
};
#define NDEVNAMES	__arraycount(virtio_device_name)

static void	virtio_reset_vq(struct virtio_softc *,
		    struct virtqueue *);

void
virtio_set_status(struct virtio_softc *sc, int status)
{
	sc->sc_ops->set_status(sc, status);
}

/*
 * Reset the device.
 */
/*
 * To reset the device to a known state, do following:
 *	virtio_reset(sc);	     // this will stop the device activity
 *	<dequeue finished requests>; // virtio_dequeue() still can be called
 *	<revoke pending requests in the vqs if any>;
 *	virtio_reinit_start(sc);     // dequeue prohibited
 *	newfeatures = virtio_negotiate_features(sc, requestedfeatures);
 *	<some other initialization>;
 *	virtio_reinit_end(sc);	     // device activated; enqueue allowed
 * Once attached, feature negotiation can only be allowed after virtio_reset.
 */
void
virtio_reset(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	virtio_device_reset(sc);
}

int
virtio_reinit_start(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	int i, r;

	virtio_set_status(sc, VIRTIO_CONFIG_DEVICE_STATUS_ACK);
	virtio_set_status(sc, VIRTIO_CONFIG_DEVICE_STATUS_DRIVER);
	for (i = 0; i < sc->sc_nvqs; i++) {
		int n;
		struct virtqueue *vq = &sc->sc_vqs[i];
		n = sc->sc_ops->read_queue_size(sc, vq->vq_index);
		if (n == 0)	/* vq disappeared */
			continue;
		if (n != vq->vq_num) {
			panic("%s: virtqueue size changed, vq index %d\n",
			    device_xname(sc->sc_dev),
			    vq->vq_index);
		}
		virtio_reset_vq(sc, vq);
		sc->sc_ops->setup_queue(sc, vq->vq_index,
		    vq->vq_dmamap->dm_segs[0].ds_addr);
	}

	r = sc->sc_ops->setup_interrupts(sc, 1);
	if (r != 0)
		goto fail;

	return 0;

fail:
	virtio_set_status(sc, VIRTIO_CONFIG_DEVICE_STATUS_FAILED);

	return 1;
}

void
virtio_reinit_end(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	virtio_set_status(sc, VIRTIO_CONFIG_DEVICE_STATUS_DRIVER_OK);
}

/*
 * Feature negotiation.
 */
void
virtio_negotiate_features(struct virtio_softc *sc, uint64_t guest_features)
{
	if (!(device_cfdata(sc->sc_dev)->cf_flags & 1) &&
	    !(device_cfdata(sc->sc_child)->cf_flags & 1)) /* XXX */
		guest_features |= VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC;
	sc->sc_ops->neg_features(sc, guest_features);
	if (sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_INDIRECT_DESC)
		sc->sc_indirect = true;
	else
		sc->sc_indirect = false;
}


/*
 * Device configuration registers readers/writers
 */
#if 0
#define DPRINTFR(n, fmt, val, index, num) \
	printf("\n%s (", n); \
	for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) \
		printf("%02x ", bus_space_read_1(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, index+i)); \
	printf(") -> "); printf(fmt, val); printf("\n");
#define DPRINTFR2(n, fmt, val_s, val_n) \
	printf("%s ", n); \
	printf("\n        stream "); printf(fmt, val_s); printf(" norm "); printf(fmt, val_n); printf("\n");
#else
#define DPRINTFR(n, fmt, val, index, num)
#define DPRINTFR2(n, fmt, val_s, val_n)
#endif


uint8_t
virtio_read_device_config_1(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;
	uint8_t val;

	val = bus_space_read_1(iot, ioh, index);

	DPRINTFR("read_1", "%02x", val, index, 1);
	return val;
}

uint16_t
virtio_read_device_config_2(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;
	uint16_t val;

	val = bus_space_read_2(iot, ioh, index);
	if (BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_bus_endian)
		val = bswap16(val);

	DPRINTFR("read_2", "%04x", val, index, 2);
	DPRINTFR2("read_2", "%04x",
	    bus_space_read_stream_2(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh,
		index),
	    bus_space_read_2(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, index));
	return val;
}

uint32_t
virtio_read_device_config_4(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;
	uint32_t val;

	val = bus_space_read_4(iot, ioh, index);
	if (BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_bus_endian)
		val = bswap32(val);

	DPRINTFR("read_4", "%08x", val, index, 4);
	DPRINTFR2("read_4", "%08x",
	    bus_space_read_stream_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh,
		index),
	    bus_space_read_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, index));
	return val;
}

/*
 * The Virtio spec explicitly tells that reading and writing 8 bytes are not
 * considered atomic and no triggers may be connected to reading or writing
 * it. We access it using two 32 reads. See virtio spec 4.1.3.1.
 */
uint64_t
virtio_read_device_config_8(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;
	union {
		uint64_t u64;
		uint32_t l[2];
	} v;
	uint64_t val;

	v.l[0] = bus_space_read_4(iot, ioh, index);
	v.l[1] = bus_space_read_4(iot, ioh, index + 4);
	if (sc->sc_bus_endian != sc->sc_struct_endian) {
		v.l[0] = bswap32(v.l[0]);
		v.l[1] = bswap32(v.l[1]);
	}
	val = v.u64;

	if (BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_struct_endian)
		val = bswap64(val);

	DPRINTFR("read_8", "%08"PRIx64, val, index, 8);
	DPRINTFR2("read_8 low ", "%08x",
	    bus_space_read_stream_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh,
		index),
	    bus_space_read_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, index));
	DPRINTFR2("read_8 high ", "%08x",
	    bus_space_read_stream_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh,
		index + 4),
	    bus_space_read_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, index + 4));
	return val;
}

/*
 * In the older virtio spec, device config registers are host endian. On newer
 * they are little endian. Some newer devices however explicitly specify their
 * register to always be little endian. These functions cater for these.
 */
uint16_t
virtio_read_device_config_le_2(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;
	uint16_t val;

	val = bus_space_read_2(iot, ioh, index);
#if !defined(__aarch64__) && !defined(__arm__)
	/*
	 * For big-endian aarch64/armv7, bus endian is always LSB, but
	 * byte-order is automatically swapped by bus_space(9) (see also
	 * comments in virtio_pci.c). Therefore, no need to swap here.
	 */
	if (sc->sc_bus_endian != LITTLE_ENDIAN)
		val = bswap16(val);
#endif

	DPRINTFR("read_le_2", "%04x", val, index, 2);
	DPRINTFR2("read_le_2", "%04x",
	    bus_space_read_stream_2(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, 0),
	    bus_space_read_2(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, 0));
	return val;
}

uint32_t
virtio_read_device_config_le_4(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;
	uint32_t val;

	val = bus_space_read_4(iot, ioh, index);
#if !defined(__aarch64__) && !defined(__arm__)
	/* See virtio_read_device_config_le_2() above. */
	if (sc->sc_bus_endian != LITTLE_ENDIAN)
		val = bswap32(val);
#endif

	DPRINTFR("read_le_4", "%08x", val, index, 4);
	DPRINTFR2("read_le_4", "%08x",
	    bus_space_read_stream_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, 0),
	    bus_space_read_4(sc->sc_devcfg_iot, sc->sc_devcfg_ioh, 0));
	return val;
}

void
virtio_write_device_config_1(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index, uint8_t value)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;

	bus_space_write_1(iot, ioh, index, value);
}

void
virtio_write_device_config_2(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index,
    uint16_t value)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;

	if (BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_bus_endian)
		value = bswap16(value);
	bus_space_write_2(iot, ioh, index, value);
}

void
virtio_write_device_config_4(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index,
    uint32_t value)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;

	if (BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_bus_endian)
		value = bswap32(value);
	bus_space_write_4(iot, ioh, index, value);
}

/*
 * The Virtio spec explicitly tells that reading and writing 8 bytes are not
 * considered atomic and no triggers may be connected to reading or writing
 * it. We access it using two 32 bit writes. For good measure it is stated to
 * always write lsb first just in case of a hypervisor bug. See See virtio
 * spec 4.1.3.1.
 */
void
virtio_write_device_config_8(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index,
    uint64_t value)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;
	union {
		uint64_t u64;
		uint32_t l[2];
	} v;

	if (BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_struct_endian)
		value = bswap64(value);

	v.u64 = value;
	if (sc->sc_bus_endian != sc->sc_struct_endian) {
		v.l[0] = bswap32(v.l[0]);
		v.l[1] = bswap32(v.l[1]);
	}

	if (sc->sc_struct_endian == LITTLE_ENDIAN) {
		bus_space_write_4(iot, ioh, index,     v.l[0]);
		bus_space_write_4(iot, ioh, index + 4, v.l[1]);
	} else {
		bus_space_write_4(iot, ioh, index + 4, v.l[1]);
		bus_space_write_4(iot, ioh, index,     v.l[0]);
	}
}

/*
 * In the older virtio spec, device config registers are host endian. On newer
 * they are little endian. Some newer devices however explicitly specify their
 * register to always be little endian. These functions cater for these.
 */
void
virtio_write_device_config_le_2(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index,
    uint16_t value)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;

	if (sc->sc_bus_endian != LITTLE_ENDIAN)
		value = bswap16(value);
	bus_space_write_2(iot, ioh, index, value);
}

void
virtio_write_device_config_le_4(struct virtio_softc *sc, int index,
    uint32_t value)
{
	bus_space_tag_t	   iot = sc->sc_devcfg_iot;
	bus_space_handle_t ioh = sc->sc_devcfg_ioh;

	if (sc->sc_bus_endian != LITTLE_ENDIAN)
		value = bswap32(value);
	bus_space_write_4(iot, ioh, index, value);
}


/*
 * data structures endian helpers
 */
uint16_t
virtio_rw16(struct virtio_softc *sc, uint16_t val)
{
	KASSERT(sc);
	return BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_struct_endian ? bswap16(val) : val;
}

uint32_t
virtio_rw32(struct virtio_softc *sc, uint32_t val)
{
	KASSERT(sc);
	return BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_struct_endian ? bswap32(val) : val;
}

uint64_t
virtio_rw64(struct virtio_softc *sc, uint64_t val)
{
	KASSERT(sc);
	return BYTE_ORDER != sc->sc_struct_endian ? bswap64(val) : val;
}


/*
 * Interrupt handler.
 */
static void
virtio_soft_intr(void *arg)
{
	struct virtio_softc *sc = arg;

	KASSERT(sc->sc_intrhand != NULL);

	(*sc->sc_intrhand)(sc);
}

/* set to vq->vq_intrhand in virtio_init_vq_vqdone() */
static int
virtio_vq_done(void *xvq)
{
	struct virtqueue *vq = xvq;

	return vq->vq_done(vq);
}

static int
virtio_vq_intr(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	struct virtqueue *vq;
	int i, r = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < sc->sc_nvqs; i++) {
		vq = &sc->sc_vqs[i];
		if (virtio_vq_is_enqueued(sc, vq) == 1) {
			r |= (*vq->vq_intrhand)(vq->vq_intrhand_arg);
		}
	}

	return r;
}

/*
 * dmamap sync operations for a virtqueue.
 */
static inline void
vq_sync_descs(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{

	/* availoffset == sizeof(vring_desc) * vq_num */
	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap, 0, vq->vq_availoffset,
	    ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_aring_all(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_avail, ring);
	size_t payloadlen = vq->vq_num * sizeof(uint16_t);
	size_t usedlen = 0;

	if (sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX)
		usedlen = sizeof(uint16_t);
	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_availoffset, hdrlen + payloadlen + usedlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_aring_header(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_avail, ring);

	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_availoffset, hdrlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_aring_payload(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_avail, ring);
	size_t payloadlen = vq->vq_num * sizeof(uint16_t);

	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_availoffset + hdrlen, payloadlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_aring_used(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_avail, ring);
	size_t payloadlen = vq->vq_num * sizeof(uint16_t);
	size_t usedlen = sizeof(uint16_t);

	if ((sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) == 0)
		return;
	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_availoffset + hdrlen + payloadlen, usedlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_uring_all(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_used, ring);
	size_t payloadlen = vq->vq_num * sizeof(struct vring_used_elem);
	size_t availlen = 0;

	if (sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX)
		availlen = sizeof(uint16_t);
	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_usedoffset, hdrlen + payloadlen + availlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_uring_header(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_used, ring);

	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_usedoffset, hdrlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_uring_payload(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_used, ring);
	size_t payloadlen = vq->vq_num * sizeof(struct vring_used_elem);

	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_usedoffset + hdrlen, payloadlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_uring_avail(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int ops)
{
	uint16_t hdrlen = offsetof(struct vring_used, ring);
	size_t payloadlen = vq->vq_num * sizeof(struct vring_used_elem);
	size_t availlen = sizeof(uint16_t);

	if ((sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) == 0)
		return;
	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_usedoffset + hdrlen + payloadlen, availlen, ops);
}

static inline void
vq_sync_indirect(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int slot,
    int ops)
{
	int offset = vq->vq_indirectoffset +
	    sizeof(struct vring_desc) * vq->vq_maxnsegs * slot;

	bus_dmamap_sync(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    offset, sizeof(struct vring_desc) * vq->vq_maxnsegs, ops);
}

bool
virtio_vq_is_enqueued(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq)
{

	if (vq->vq_queued) {
		vq->vq_queued = 0;
		vq_sync_aring_all(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTWRITE);
	}

	vq_sync_uring_header(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTREAD);
	if (vq->vq_used_idx == virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_used->idx))
		return 0;
	vq_sync_uring_payload(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTREAD);
	return 1;
}

/*
 * Increase the event index in order to delay interrupts.
 */
int
virtio_postpone_intr(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq,
    uint16_t nslots)
{
	uint16_t	idx, nused;

	idx = vq->vq_used_idx + nslots;

	/* set the new event index: avail_ring->used_event = idx */
	*vq->vq_used_event = virtio_rw16(sc, idx);
	vq_sync_aring_used(vq->vq_owner, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
	vq->vq_queued++;

	nused = (uint16_t)
	    (virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_used->idx) - vq->vq_used_idx);
	KASSERT(nused <= vq->vq_num);

	return nslots < nused;
}

/*
 * Postpone interrupt until 3/4 of the available descriptors have been
 * consumed.
 */
int
virtio_postpone_intr_smart(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
	uint16_t	nslots;

	nslots = (uint16_t)
	    (virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_avail->idx) - vq->vq_used_idx) * 3 / 4;

	return virtio_postpone_intr(sc, vq, nslots);
}

/*
 * Postpone interrupt until all of the available descriptors have been
 * consumed.
 */
int
virtio_postpone_intr_far(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
	uint16_t	nslots;

	nslots = (uint16_t)
	    (virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_avail->idx) - vq->vq_used_idx);

	return virtio_postpone_intr(sc, vq, nslots);
}

/*
 * Start/stop vq interrupt.  No guarantee.
 */
void
virtio_stop_vq_intr(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq)
{

	if (sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) {
		/*
		 * No way to disable the interrupt completely with
		 * RingEventIdx. Instead advance used_event by half the
		 * possible value. This won't happen soon and is far enough in
		 * the past to not trigger a spurious interrupt.
		 */
		*vq->vq_used_event = virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_used_idx + 0x8000);
		vq_sync_aring_used(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
	} else {
		vq->vq_avail->flags |=
		    virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_AVAIL_F_NO_INTERRUPT);
		vq_sync_aring_header(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
	}
	vq->vq_queued++;
}

int
virtio_start_vq_intr(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq)
{

	if (sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) {
		/*
		 * If event index feature is negotiated, enabling interrupts
		 * is done through setting the latest consumed index in the
		 * used_event field
		 */
		*vq->vq_used_event = virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_used_idx);
		vq_sync_aring_used(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
	} else {
		vq->vq_avail->flags &=
		    ~virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_AVAIL_F_NO_INTERRUPT);
		vq_sync_aring_header(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
	}
	vq->vq_queued++;

	/*
	 * Ensure we announce to the host side that we are accepting
	 * interrupts _before_ we check whether any pending events had
	 * come over the queue while we weren't accepting interrupts.
	 */
	paravirt_membar_sync();

	vq_sync_uring_header(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTREAD);
	if (vq->vq_used_idx == virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_used->idx))
		return 0;
	vq_sync_uring_payload(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTREAD);
	return 1;
}

/*
 * Initialize vq structure.
 */
/*
 * Reset virtqueue parameters
 */
static void
virtio_reset_vq(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
	struct vring_desc *vds;
	int i, j;
	int vq_size = vq->vq_num;

	memset(vq->vq_vaddr, 0, vq->vq_bytesize);

	/* build the descriptor chain for free slot management */
	vds = vq->vq_desc;
	for (i = 0; i < vq_size - 1; i++) {
		vds[i].next = virtio_rw16(sc, i + 1);
	}
	vds[i].next = virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END);
	vq->vq_free_idx = 0;

	/* build the indirect descriptor chain */
	if (vq->vq_indirect != NULL) {
		struct vring_desc *vd;

		for (i = 0; i < vq_size; i++) {
			vd = vq->vq_indirect;
			vd += vq->vq_maxnsegs * i;
			for (j = 0; j < vq->vq_maxnsegs - 1; j++) {
				vd[j].next = virtio_rw16(sc, j + 1);
			}
		}
	}

	/* enqueue/dequeue status */
	vq->vq_avail_idx = 0;
	vq->vq_used_idx = 0;
	vq->vq_queued = 0;
	vq_sync_uring_all(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREREAD);
	vq->vq_queued++;
}

/* Initialize vq */
void
virtio_init_vq_vqdone(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq,
    int index, int (*vq_done)(struct virtqueue *))
{

	virtio_init_vq(sc, vq, index, virtio_vq_done, vq);
	vq->vq_done = vq_done;
}

void
virtio_init_vq(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int index,
   int (*func)(void *), void *arg)
{

	memset(vq, 0, sizeof(*vq));

	vq->vq_owner = sc;
	vq->vq_num = sc->sc_ops->read_queue_size(sc, index);
	vq->vq_index = index;
	vq->vq_intrhand = func;
	vq->vq_intrhand_arg = arg;
}

/*
 * Allocate/free a vq.
 */
int
virtio_alloc_vq(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq,
    int maxsegsize, int maxnsegs, const char *name)
{
	bus_size_t size_desc, size_avail, size_used, size_indirect;
	bus_size_t allocsize = 0, size_desc_avail;
	int rsegs, r, hdrlen;
	unsigned int vq_num;
#define VIRTQUEUE_ALIGN(n)	roundup(n, VIRTIO_PAGE_SIZE)

	vq_num = vq->vq_num;

	if (vq_num == 0) {
		aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev,
		    "virtqueue not exist, index %d for %s\n",
		    vq->vq_index, name);
		goto err;
	}

	hdrlen = sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX ? 3 : 2;

	size_desc = sizeof(vq->vq_desc[0]) * vq_num;
	size_avail = sizeof(uint16_t) * hdrlen
	    + sizeof(vq->vq_avail[0].ring[0]) * vq_num;
	size_used = sizeof(uint16_t) *hdrlen
	    + sizeof(vq->vq_used[0].ring[0]) * vq_num;
	size_indirect = (sc->sc_indirect && maxnsegs >= MINSEG_INDIRECT) ?
	    sizeof(struct vring_desc) * maxnsegs * vq_num : 0;

	size_desc_avail = VIRTQUEUE_ALIGN(size_desc + size_avail);
	size_used = VIRTQUEUE_ALIGN(size_used);

	allocsize = size_desc_avail + size_used + size_indirect;

	/* alloc and map the memory */
	r = bus_dmamem_alloc(sc->sc_dmat, allocsize, VIRTIO_PAGE_SIZE, 0,
	    &vq->vq_segs[0], 1, &rsegs, BUS_DMA_WAITOK);
	if (r != 0) {
		aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev,
		    "virtqueue %d for %s allocation failed, "
		    "error code %d\n", vq->vq_index, name, r);
		goto err;
	}

	r = bus_dmamem_map(sc->sc_dmat, &vq->vq_segs[0], rsegs, allocsize,
	    &vq->vq_vaddr, BUS_DMA_WAITOK);
	if (r != 0) {
		aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev,
		    "virtqueue %d for %s map failed, "
		    "error code %d\n", vq->vq_index, name, r);
		goto err;
	}

	r = bus_dmamap_create(sc->sc_dmat, allocsize, 1, allocsize, 0,
	    BUS_DMA_WAITOK, &vq->vq_dmamap);
	if (r != 0) {
		aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev,
		    "virtqueue %d for %s dmamap creation failed, "
		    "error code %d\n", vq->vq_index, name, r);
		goto err;
	}

	r = bus_dmamap_load(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap,
	    vq->vq_vaddr, allocsize, NULL, BUS_DMA_WAITOK);
	if (r != 0) {
		aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev,
		    "virtqueue %d for %s dmamap load failed, "
		    "error code %d\n", vq->vq_index, name, r);
		goto err;
	}

	vq->vq_bytesize = allocsize;
	vq->vq_maxsegsize = maxsegsize;
	vq->vq_maxnsegs = maxnsegs;

#define VIRTIO_PTR(base, offset)	(void *)((intptr_t)(base) + (offset))
	/* initialize vring pointers */
	vq->vq_desc = VIRTIO_PTR(vq->vq_vaddr, 0);
	vq->vq_availoffset = size_desc;
	vq->vq_avail = VIRTIO_PTR(vq->vq_vaddr, vq->vq_availoffset);
	vq->vq_used_event = VIRTIO_PTR(vq->vq_avail,
	    offsetof(struct vring_avail, ring[vq_num]));
	vq->vq_usedoffset = size_desc_avail;
	vq->vq_used = VIRTIO_PTR(vq->vq_vaddr, vq->vq_usedoffset);
	vq->vq_avail_event = VIRTIO_PTR(vq->vq_used,
	    offsetof(struct vring_used, ring[vq_num]));

	if (size_indirect > 0) {
		vq->vq_indirectoffset = size_desc_avail + size_used;
		vq->vq_indirect = VIRTIO_PTR(vq->vq_vaddr,
		    vq->vq_indirectoffset);
	}
#undef VIRTIO_PTR

	vq->vq_descx = kmem_zalloc(sizeof(vq->vq_descx[0]) * vq_num,
	    KM_SLEEP);

	mutex_init(&vq->vq_freedesc_lock, MUTEX_SPIN, sc->sc_ipl);
	mutex_init(&vq->vq_aring_lock, MUTEX_SPIN, sc->sc_ipl);
	mutex_init(&vq->vq_uring_lock, MUTEX_SPIN, sc->sc_ipl);

	virtio_reset_vq(sc, vq);

	aprint_verbose_dev(sc->sc_dev,
	    "allocated %" PRIuBUSSIZE " byte for virtqueue %d for %s, "
	    "size %d\n", allocsize, vq->vq_index, name, vq_num);
	if (size_indirect > 0)
		aprint_verbose_dev(sc->sc_dev,
		    "using %" PRIuBUSSIZE " byte (%d entries) indirect "
		    "descriptors\n", size_indirect, maxnsegs * vq_num);

	return 0;

err:
	sc->sc_ops->setup_queue(sc, vq->vq_index, 0);
	if (vq->vq_dmamap)
		bus_dmamap_destroy(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap);
	if (vq->vq_vaddr)
		bus_dmamem_unmap(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_vaddr, allocsize);
	if (vq->vq_segs[0].ds_addr)
		bus_dmamem_free(sc->sc_dmat, &vq->vq_segs[0], 1);
	memset(vq, 0, sizeof(*vq));

	return -1;
}

int
virtio_free_vq(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq)
{
	uint16_t s;
	size_t i;

	if (vq->vq_vaddr == NULL)
		return 0;

	/* device must be already deactivated */
	/* confirm the vq is empty */
	s = vq->vq_free_idx;
	i = 0;
	while (s != virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END)) {
		s = vq->vq_desc[s].next;
		i++;
	}
	if (i != vq->vq_num) {
		printf("%s: freeing non-empty vq, index %d\n",
		    device_xname(sc->sc_dev), vq->vq_index);
		return EBUSY;
	}

	/* tell device that there's no virtqueue any longer */
	sc->sc_ops->setup_queue(sc, vq->vq_index, 0);

	vq_sync_aring_all(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTWRITE);

	kmem_free(vq->vq_descx, sizeof(vq->vq_descx[0]) * vq->vq_num);
	bus_dmamap_unload(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap);
	bus_dmamap_destroy(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_dmamap);
	bus_dmamem_unmap(sc->sc_dmat, vq->vq_vaddr, vq->vq_bytesize);
	bus_dmamem_free(sc->sc_dmat, &vq->vq_segs[0], 1);
	mutex_destroy(&vq->vq_freedesc_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&vq->vq_uring_lock);
	mutex_destroy(&vq->vq_aring_lock);
	memset(vq, 0, sizeof(*vq));

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Free descriptor management.
 */
static int
vq_alloc_slot_locked(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq,
    size_t nslots)
{
	struct vring_desc *vd;
	uint16_t head, tail;
	size_t i;

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&vq->vq_freedesc_lock));

	head = tail = virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_free_idx);
	for (i = 0; i < nslots - 1; i++) {
		if (tail == VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END)
			return VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END;

		vd = &vq->vq_desc[tail];
		vd->flags = virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_NEXT);
		tail = virtio_rw16(sc, vd->next);
	}

	if (tail == VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END)
		return VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END;

	vd = &vq->vq_desc[tail];
	vd->flags = virtio_rw16(sc, 0);
	vq->vq_free_idx = vd->next;

	return head;
}
static uint16_t
vq_alloc_slot(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, size_t nslots)
{
	uint16_t rv;

	mutex_enter(&vq->vq_freedesc_lock);
	rv = vq_alloc_slot_locked(sc, vq, nslots);
	mutex_exit(&vq->vq_freedesc_lock);

	return rv;
}

static void
vq_free_slot(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, uint16_t slot)
{
	struct vring_desc *vd;
	uint16_t s;

	mutex_enter(&vq->vq_freedesc_lock);
	vd = &vq->vq_desc[slot];
	while ((vd->flags & virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_NEXT)) != 0) {
		s = virtio_rw16(sc, vd->next);
		vd = &vq->vq_desc[s];
	}
	vd->next = vq->vq_free_idx;
	vq->vq_free_idx = virtio_rw16(sc, slot);
	mutex_exit(&vq->vq_freedesc_lock);
}

/*
 * Enqueue several dmamaps as a single request.
 */
/*
 * Typical usage:
 *  <queue size> number of followings are stored in arrays
 *  - command blocks (in dmamem) should be pre-allocated and mapped
 *  - dmamaps for command blocks should be pre-allocated and loaded
 *  - dmamaps for payload should be pre-allocated
 *      r = virtio_enqueue_prep(sc, vq, &slot);		// allocate a slot
 *	if (r)		// currently 0 or EAGAIN
 *		return r;
 *	r = bus_dmamap_load(dmat, dmamap_payload[slot], data, count, ..);
 *	if (r) {
 *		virtio_enqueue_abort(sc, vq, slot);
 *		return r;
 *	}
 *	r = virtio_enqueue_reserve(sc, vq, slot,
 *	    dmamap_payload[slot]->dm_nsegs + 1);
 *							// ^ +1 for command
 *	if (r) {	// currently 0 or EAGAIN
 *		bus_dmamap_unload(dmat, dmamap_payload[slot]);
 *		return r;				// do not call abort()
 *	}
 *	<setup and prepare commands>
 *	bus_dmamap_sync(dmat, dmamap_cmd[slot],... BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
 *	bus_dmamap_sync(dmat, dmamap_payload[slot],...);
 *	virtio_enqueue(sc, vq, slot, dmamap_cmd[slot], false);
 *	virtio_enqueue(sc, vq, slot, dmamap_payload[slot], iswrite);
 *	virtio_enqueue_commit(sc, vq, slot, true);
 */

/*
 * enqueue_prep: allocate a slot number
 */
int
virtio_enqueue_prep(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int *slotp)
{
	uint16_t slot;

	KASSERT(sc->sc_child_state == VIRTIO_CHILD_ATTACH_FINISHED);
	KASSERT(slotp != NULL);

	slot = vq_alloc_slot(sc, vq, 1);
	if (slot == VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END)
		return EAGAIN;

	*slotp = slot;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * enqueue_reserve: allocate remaining slots and build the descriptor chain.
 */
int
virtio_enqueue_reserve(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq,
    int slot, int nsegs)
{
	struct vring_desc *vd;
	struct vring_desc_extra *vdx;
	int i;

	KASSERT(1 <= nsegs);
	KASSERT(nsegs <= vq->vq_num);

	vdx = &vq->vq_descx[slot];
	vd = &vq->vq_desc[slot];

	KASSERT((vd->flags & virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_NEXT)) == 0);

	if ((vq->vq_indirect != NULL) &&
	    (nsegs >= MINSEG_INDIRECT) &&
	    (nsegs <= vq->vq_maxnsegs))
		vdx->use_indirect = true;
	else
		vdx->use_indirect = false;

	if (vdx->use_indirect) {
		uint64_t addr;

		addr = vq->vq_dmamap->dm_segs[0].ds_addr
		    + vq->vq_indirectoffset;
		addr += sizeof(struct vring_desc)
		    * vq->vq_maxnsegs * slot;

		vd->addr  = virtio_rw64(sc, addr);
		vd->len   = virtio_rw32(sc, sizeof(struct vring_desc) * nsegs);
		vd->flags = virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_INDIRECT);

		vd = &vq->vq_indirect[vq->vq_maxnsegs * slot];
		vdx->desc_base = vd;
		vdx->desc_free_idx = 0;

		for (i = 0; i < nsegs - 1; i++) {
			vd[i].flags = virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_NEXT);
		}
		vd[i].flags  = virtio_rw16(sc, 0);
	} else {
		if (nsegs > 1) {
			uint16_t s;

			s = vq_alloc_slot(sc, vq, nsegs - 1);
			if (s == VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END) {
				vq_free_slot(sc, vq, slot);
				return EAGAIN;
			}
			vd->next = virtio_rw16(sc, s);
			vd->flags = virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_NEXT);
		}

		vdx->desc_base = &vq->vq_desc[0];
		vdx->desc_free_idx = slot;
	}

	return 0;
}

/*
 * enqueue: enqueue a single dmamap.
 */
int
virtio_enqueue(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int slot,
    bus_dmamap_t dmamap, bool write)
{
	struct vring_desc *vds;
	struct vring_desc_extra *vdx;
	uint16_t s;
	int i;

	KASSERT(dmamap->dm_nsegs > 0);

	vdx = &vq->vq_descx[slot];
	vds = vdx->desc_base;
	s = vdx->desc_free_idx;

	KASSERT(vds != NULL);

	for (i = 0; i < dmamap->dm_nsegs; i++) {
		KASSERT(s != VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END);

		vds[s].addr = virtio_rw64(sc, dmamap->dm_segs[i].ds_addr);
		vds[s].len  = virtio_rw32(sc, dmamap->dm_segs[i].ds_len);
		if (!write)
			vds[s].flags |= virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_WRITE);

		if ((vds[s].flags & virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_NEXT)) == 0) {
			s = VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END;
		} else {
			s = virtio_rw16(sc, vds[s].next);
		}
	}

	vdx->desc_free_idx = s;

	return 0;
}

int
virtio_enqueue_p(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int slot,
    bus_dmamap_t dmamap, bus_addr_t start, bus_size_t len,
    bool write)
{
	struct vring_desc_extra *vdx;
	struct vring_desc *vds;
	uint16_t s;

	vdx = &vq->vq_descx[slot];
	vds = vdx->desc_base;
	s = vdx->desc_free_idx;

	KASSERT(s != VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END);
	KASSERT(vds != NULL);
	KASSERT(dmamap->dm_nsegs == 1); /* XXX */
	KASSERT(dmamap->dm_segs[0].ds_len > start);
	KASSERT(dmamap->dm_segs[0].ds_len >= start + len);

	vds[s].addr = virtio_rw64(sc, dmamap->dm_segs[0].ds_addr + start);
	vds[s].len  = virtio_rw32(sc, len);
	if (!write)
		vds[s].flags |= virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_WRITE);

	if ((vds[s].flags & virtio_rw16(sc, VRING_DESC_F_NEXT)) == 0) {
		s = VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END;
	} else {
		s = virtio_rw16(sc, vds[s].next);
	}

	vdx->desc_free_idx = s;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * enqueue_commit: add it to the aring.
 */
int
virtio_enqueue_commit(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int slot,
    bool notifynow)
{

	if (slot < 0) {
		mutex_enter(&vq->vq_aring_lock);
		goto notify;
	}

	vq_sync_descs(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
	if (vq->vq_descx[slot].use_indirect)
		vq_sync_indirect(sc, vq, slot, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);

	mutex_enter(&vq->vq_aring_lock);
	vq->vq_avail->ring[(vq->vq_avail_idx++) % vq->vq_num] =
	    virtio_rw16(sc, slot);

notify:
	if (notifynow) {
		uint16_t o, n, t;
		uint16_t flags;

		o = virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_avail->idx) - 1;
		n = vq->vq_avail_idx;

		/*
		 * Prepare for `device->CPU' (host->guest) transfer
		 * into the buffer.  This must happen before we commit
		 * the vq->vq_avail->idx update to ensure we're not
		 * still using the buffer in case program-prior loads
		 * or stores in it get delayed past the store to
		 * vq->vq_avail->idx.
		 */
		vq_sync_uring_all(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREREAD);

		/* ensure payload is published, then avail idx */
		vq_sync_aring_payload(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
		vq->vq_avail->idx = virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_avail_idx);
		vq_sync_aring_header(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_PREWRITE);
		vq->vq_queued++;

		/*
		 * Ensure we publish the avail idx _before_ we check whether
		 * the host needs to notified.
		 */
		paravirt_membar_sync();

		if (sc->sc_active_features & VIRTIO_F_RING_EVENT_IDX) {
			vq_sync_uring_avail(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTREAD);
			t = virtio_rw16(sc, *vq->vq_avail_event) + 1;
			if ((uint16_t) (n - t) < (uint16_t) (n - o))
				sc->sc_ops->kick(sc, vq->vq_index);
		} else {
			vq_sync_uring_header(sc, vq, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTREAD);
			flags = virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_used->flags);
			if (!(flags & VRING_USED_F_NO_NOTIFY))
				sc->sc_ops->kick(sc, vq->vq_index);
		}
	}
	mutex_exit(&vq->vq_aring_lock);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * enqueue_abort: rollback.
 */
int
virtio_enqueue_abort(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int slot)
{
	struct vring_desc_extra *vdx;

	vdx = &vq->vq_descx[slot];
	vdx->desc_free_idx = VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END;
	vdx->desc_base = NULL;

	vq_free_slot(sc, vq, slot);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Dequeue a request.
 */
/*
 * dequeue: dequeue a request from uring; dmamap_sync for uring is
 *	    already done in the interrupt handler.
 */
int
virtio_dequeue(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq,
    int *slotp, int *lenp)
{
	uint16_t slot, usedidx;

	if (vq->vq_used_idx == virtio_rw16(sc, vq->vq_used->idx))
		return ENOENT;
	mutex_enter(&vq->vq_uring_lock);
	usedidx = vq->vq_used_idx++;
	mutex_exit(&vq->vq_uring_lock);
	usedidx %= vq->vq_num;
	slot = virtio_rw32(sc, vq->vq_used->ring[usedidx].id);

	if (vq->vq_descx[slot].use_indirect)
		vq_sync_indirect(sc, vq, slot, BUS_DMASYNC_POSTWRITE);

	if (slotp)
		*slotp = slot;
	if (lenp)
		*lenp = virtio_rw32(sc, vq->vq_used->ring[usedidx].len);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * dequeue_commit: complete dequeue; the slot is recycled for future use.
 *                 if you forget to call this the slot will be leaked.
 */
int
virtio_dequeue_commit(struct virtio_softc *sc, struct virtqueue *vq, int slot)
{
	struct vring_desc_extra *vdx;

	vdx = &vq->vq_descx[slot];
	vdx->desc_base = NULL;
	vdx->desc_free_idx = VRING_DESC_CHAIN_END;

	vq_free_slot(sc, vq, slot);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Attach a child, fill all the members.
 */
void
virtio_child_attach_start(struct virtio_softc *sc, device_t child, int ipl,
    uint64_t req_features, const char *feat_bits)
{
	char buf[1024];

	KASSERT(sc->sc_child == NULL);
	KASSERT(sc->sc_child_state == VIRTIO_NO_CHILD);

	sc->sc_child = child;
	sc->sc_ipl = ipl;

	virtio_negotiate_features(sc, req_features);
	snprintb(buf, sizeof(buf), feat_bits, sc->sc_active_features);
	aprint_normal(": features: %s\n", buf);
	aprint_naive("\n");
}

int
virtio_child_attach_finish(struct virtio_softc *sc,
    struct virtqueue *vqs, size_t nvqs,
    virtio_callback config_change,
    int req_flags)
{
	size_t i;
	int r;

#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
	KASSERT(nvqs > 0);
#define VIRTIO_ASSERT_FLAGS	(VIRTIO_F_INTR_SOFTINT | VIRTIO_F_INTR_PERVQ)
	KASSERT((req_flags & VIRTIO_ASSERT_FLAGS) != VIRTIO_ASSERT_FLAGS);
#undef VIRTIO_ASSERT_FLAGS

	for (i = 0; i < nvqs; i++){
		KASSERT(vqs[i].vq_index == i);
		KASSERT(vqs[i].vq_intrhand != NULL);
		KASSERT(vqs[i].vq_done == NULL ||
		    vqs[i].vq_intrhand == virtio_vq_done);
	}
#endif


	sc->sc_vqs = vqs;
	sc->sc_nvqs = nvqs;
	sc->sc_config_change = config_change;
	sc->sc_intrhand = virtio_vq_intr;
	sc->sc_flags = req_flags;

	/* set the vq address */
	for (i = 0; i < nvqs; i++) {
		sc->sc_ops->setup_queue(sc, vqs[i].vq_index,
		    vqs[i].vq_dmamap->dm_segs[0].ds_addr);
	}

	r = sc->sc_ops->alloc_interrupts(sc);
	if (r != 0) {
		aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev,
		    "failed to allocate interrupts\n");
		goto fail;
	}

	r = sc->sc_ops->setup_interrupts(sc, 0);
	if (r != 0) {
		aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev, "failed to setup interrupts\n");
		goto fail;
	}

	KASSERT(sc->sc_soft_ih == NULL);
	if (sc->sc_flags & VIRTIO_F_INTR_SOFTINT) {
		u_int flags = SOFTINT_NET;
		if (sc->sc_flags & VIRTIO_F_INTR_MPSAFE)
			flags |= SOFTINT_MPSAFE;

		sc->sc_soft_ih = softint_establish(flags, virtio_soft_intr,
		    sc);
		if (sc->sc_soft_ih == NULL) {
			sc->sc_ops->free_interrupts(sc);
			aprint_error_dev(sc->sc_dev,
			    "failed to establish soft interrupt\n");
			goto fail;
		}
	}

	sc->sc_child_state = VIRTIO_CHILD_ATTACH_FINISHED;
	virtio_set_status(sc, VIRTIO_CONFIG_DEVICE_STATUS_DRIVER_OK);
	return 0;

fail:
	if (sc->sc_soft_ih) {
		softint_disestablish(sc->sc_soft_ih);
		sc->sc_soft_ih = NULL;
	}

	sc->sc_ops->free_interrupts(sc);

	virtio_set_status(sc, VIRTIO_CONFIG_DEVICE_STATUS_FAILED);
	return 1;
}

void
virtio_child_detach(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{

	/* already detached */
	if (sc->sc_child == NULL)
		return;


	virtio_device_reset(sc);

	sc->sc_ops->free_interrupts(sc);

	if (sc->sc_soft_ih) {
		softint_disestablish(sc->sc_soft_ih);
		sc->sc_soft_ih = NULL;
	}

	sc->sc_vqs = NULL;
	sc->sc_child = NULL;
}

void
virtio_child_attach_failed(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	virtio_child_detach(sc);

	virtio_set_status(sc, VIRTIO_CONFIG_DEVICE_STATUS_FAILED);

	sc->sc_child_state = VIRTIO_CHILD_ATTACH_FAILED;
}

bus_dma_tag_t
virtio_dmat(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	return sc->sc_dmat;
}

device_t
virtio_child(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	return sc->sc_child;
}

int
virtio_intrhand(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	return (*sc->sc_intrhand)(sc);
}

uint64_t
virtio_features(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	return sc->sc_active_features;
}

bool
virtio_version_1(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	return sc->sc_version_1;
}

int
virtio_attach_failed(struct virtio_softc *sc)
{
	device_t self = sc->sc_dev;

	/* no error if its not connected, but its failed */
	if (sc->sc_childdevid == 0)
		return 1;

	if (sc->sc_child == NULL) {
		switch (sc->sc_child_state) {
		case VIRTIO_CHILD_ATTACH_FAILED:
			aprint_error_dev(self,
			    "virtio configuration failed\n");
			break;
		case VIRTIO_NO_CHILD:
			aprint_error_dev(self,
			    "no matching child driver; not configured\n");
			break;
		default:
			/* sanity check */
			aprint_error_dev(self,
			    "virtio internal error, "
			    "child driver is not configured\n");
			break;
		}

		return 1;
	}

	/* sanity check */
	if (sc->sc_child_state != VIRTIO_CHILD_ATTACH_FINISHED) {
		aprint_error_dev(self, "virtio internal error, child driver "
		    "signaled OK but didn't initialize interrupts\n");
		return 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

void
virtio_print_device_type(device_t self, int id, int revision)
{
	aprint_normal_dev(self, "%s device (id %d, rev. 0x%02x)\n",
	    (id < NDEVNAMES ? virtio_device_name[id] : "Unknown"),
	    id,
	    revision);
}


MODULE(MODULE_CLASS_DRIVER, virtio, NULL);

#ifdef _MODULE
#include "ioconf.c"
#endif

static int
virtio_modcmd(modcmd_t cmd, void *opaque)
{
	int error = 0;

#ifdef _MODULE
	switch (cmd) {
	case MODULE_CMD_INIT:
		error = config_init_component(cfdriver_ioconf_virtio,
		    cfattach_ioconf_virtio, cfdata_ioconf_virtio);
		break;
	case MODULE_CMD_FINI:
		error = config_fini_component(cfdriver_ioconf_virtio,
		    cfattach_ioconf_virtio, cfdata_ioconf_virtio);
		break;
	default:
		error = ENOTTY;
		break;
	}
#endif

	return error;
}