xref: /src/sys/kern/kern_ktrace.c

/*	$NetBSD: kern_ktrace.c,v 1.177.2.1 2021/04/03 22:29:00 thorpej Exp $	*/

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 2006, 2007, 2008, 2020 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
 * by Andrew Doran.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)kern_ktrace.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 5/14/95
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: kern_ktrace.c,v 1.177.2.1 2021/04/03 22:29:00 thorpej Exp $");

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/kthread.h>
#include <sys/ktrace.h>
#include <sys/kmem.h>
#include <sys/syslog.h>
#include <sys/filedesc.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/callout.h>
#include <sys/kauth.h>

#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/syscallargs.h>

/*
 * TODO:
 *	- need better error reporting?
 *	- userland utility to sort ktrace.out by timestamp.
 *	- keep minimum information in ktrace_entry when rest of alloc failed.
 *	- per trace control of configurable parameters.
 */

struct ktrace_entry {
	TAILQ_ENTRY(ktrace_entry) kte_list;
	struct	ktr_header kte_kth;
	void	*kte_buf;
	size_t	kte_bufsz;
#define	KTE_SPACE		32
	uint8_t kte_space[KTE_SPACE] __aligned(sizeof(register_t));
};

struct ktr_desc {
	TAILQ_ENTRY(ktr_desc) ktd_list;
	int ktd_flags;
#define	KTDF_WAIT		0x0001
#define	KTDF_DONE		0x0002
#define	KTDF_BLOCKING		0x0004
#define	KTDF_INTERACTIVE	0x0008
	int ktd_error;
#define	KTDE_ENOMEM		0x0001
#define	KTDE_ENOSPC		0x0002
	int ktd_errcnt;
	int ktd_ref;			/* # of reference */
	int ktd_qcount;			/* # of entry in the queue */

	/*
	 * Params to control behaviour.
	 */
	int ktd_delayqcnt;		/* # of entry allowed to delay */
	int ktd_wakedelay;		/* delay of wakeup in *tick* */
	int ktd_intrwakdl;		/* ditto, but when interactive */

	file_t *ktd_fp;			/* trace output file */
	lwp_t *ktd_lwp;			/* our kernel thread */
	TAILQ_HEAD(, ktrace_entry) ktd_queue;
	callout_t ktd_wakch;		/* delayed wakeup */
	kcondvar_t ktd_sync_cv;
	kcondvar_t ktd_cv;
};

static void	ktrwrite(struct ktr_desc *, struct ktrace_entry *);
static int	ktrops(lwp_t *, struct proc *, int, int,
		    struct ktr_desc *);
static int	ktrsetchildren(lwp_t *, struct proc *, int, int,
		    struct ktr_desc *);
static int	ktrcanset(lwp_t *, struct proc *);
static int	ktrsamefile(file_t *, file_t *);
static void	ktr_kmem(lwp_t *, int, const void *, size_t);
static void	ktr_io(lwp_t *, int, enum uio_rw, struct iovec *, size_t);

static struct ktr_desc *
		ktd_lookup(file_t *);
static void	ktdrel(struct ktr_desc *);
static void	ktdref(struct ktr_desc *);
static void	ktefree(struct ktrace_entry *);
static void	ktd_logerrl(struct ktr_desc *, int);
static void	ktrace_thread(void *);
static int	ktrderefall(struct ktr_desc *, int);

/*
 * Default values.
 */
#define	KTD_MAXENTRY		1000	/* XXX: tune */
#define	KTD_TIMEOUT		5	/* XXX: tune */
#define	KTD_DELAYQCNT		100	/* XXX: tune */
#define	KTD_WAKEDELAY		5000	/* XXX: tune */
#define	KTD_INTRWAKDL		100	/* XXX: tune */

/*
 * Patchable variables.
 */
int ktd_maxentry = KTD_MAXENTRY;	/* max # of entry in the queue */
int ktd_timeout = KTD_TIMEOUT;		/* timeout in seconds */
int ktd_delayqcnt = KTD_DELAYQCNT;	/* # of entry allowed to delay */
int ktd_wakedelay = KTD_WAKEDELAY;	/* delay of wakeup in *ms* */
int ktd_intrwakdl = KTD_INTRWAKDL;	/* ditto, but when interactive */

kmutex_t ktrace_lock;
int ktrace_on;
static TAILQ_HEAD(, ktr_desc) ktdq = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(ktdq);
static pool_cache_t kte_cache;

static kauth_listener_t ktrace_listener;

static void
ktd_wakeup(struct ktr_desc *ktd)
{

	callout_stop(&ktd->ktd_wakch);
	cv_signal(&ktd->ktd_cv);
}

static void
ktd_callout(void *arg)
{

	mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
	ktd_wakeup(arg);
	mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
}

static void
ktd_logerrl(struct ktr_desc *ktd, int error)
{

	ktd->ktd_error |= error;
	ktd->ktd_errcnt++;
}

#if 0
static void
ktd_logerr(struct proc *p, int error)
{
	struct ktr_desc *ktd;

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&ktrace_lock));

	ktd = p->p_tracep;
	if (ktd == NULL)
		return;

	ktd_logerrl(ktd, error);
}
#endif

static int
ktrace_listener_cb(kauth_cred_t cred, kauth_action_t action, void *cookie,
    void *arg0, void *arg1, void *arg2, void *arg3)
{
	struct proc *p;
	int result;
	enum kauth_process_req req;

	result = KAUTH_RESULT_DEFER;
	p = arg0;

	if (action != KAUTH_PROCESS_KTRACE)
		return result;

	req = (enum kauth_process_req)(uintptr_t)arg1;

	/* Privileged; secmodel should handle these. */
	if (req == KAUTH_REQ_PROCESS_KTRACE_PERSISTENT)
		return result;

	if ((p->p_traceflag & KTRFAC_PERSISTENT) ||
	    (p->p_flag & PK_SUGID))
		return result;

	if (kauth_cred_geteuid(cred) == kauth_cred_getuid(p->p_cred) &&
	    kauth_cred_getuid(cred) == kauth_cred_getsvuid(p->p_cred) &&
	    kauth_cred_getgid(cred) == kauth_cred_getgid(p->p_cred) &&
	    kauth_cred_getgid(cred) == kauth_cred_getsvgid(p->p_cred))
		result = KAUTH_RESULT_ALLOW;

	return result;
}

/*
 * Initialise the ktrace system.
 */
void
ktrinit(void)
{

	mutex_init(&ktrace_lock, MUTEX_DEFAULT, IPL_NONE);
	kte_cache = pool_cache_init(sizeof(struct ktrace_entry), 0, 0, 0,
	    "ktrace", &pool_allocator_nointr, IPL_NONE, NULL, NULL, NULL);

	ktrace_listener = kauth_listen_scope(KAUTH_SCOPE_PROCESS,
	    ktrace_listener_cb, NULL);
}

/*
 * Release a reference.  Called with ktrace_lock held.
 */
static void
ktdrel(struct ktr_desc *ktd)
{

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&ktrace_lock));

	KDASSERT(ktd->ktd_ref != 0);
	KASSERT(ktd->ktd_ref > 0);
	KASSERT(ktrace_on > 0);
	ktrace_on--;
	if (--ktd->ktd_ref <= 0) {
		ktd->ktd_flags |= KTDF_DONE;
		cv_signal(&ktd->ktd_cv);
	}
}

static void
ktdref(struct ktr_desc *ktd)
{

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&ktrace_lock));

	ktd->ktd_ref++;
	ktrace_on++;
}

static struct ktr_desc *
ktd_lookup(file_t *fp)
{
	struct ktr_desc *ktd;

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&ktrace_lock));

	for (ktd = TAILQ_FIRST(&ktdq); ktd != NULL;
	    ktd = TAILQ_NEXT(ktd, ktd_list)) {
		if (ktrsamefile(ktd->ktd_fp, fp)) {
			ktdref(ktd);
			break;
		}
	}

	return (ktd);
}

void
ktraddentry(lwp_t *l, struct ktrace_entry *kte, int flags)
{
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	struct ktr_desc *ktd;
#ifdef DEBUG
	struct timeval t1, t2;
#endif

	mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);

	if (p->p_traceflag & KTRFAC_TRC_EMUL) {
		/* Add emulation trace before first entry for this process */
		p->p_traceflag &= ~KTRFAC_TRC_EMUL;
		mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
		ktrexit(l);
		ktremul();
		(void)ktrenter(l);
		mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
	}

	/* Tracing may have been cancelled. */
	ktd = p->p_tracep;
	if (ktd == NULL)
		goto freekte;

	/*
	 * Bump reference count so that the object will remain while
	 * we are here.  Note that the trace is controlled by other
	 * process.
	 */
	ktdref(ktd);

	if (ktd->ktd_flags & KTDF_DONE)
		goto relktd;

	if (ktd->ktd_qcount > ktd_maxentry) {
		ktd_logerrl(ktd, KTDE_ENOSPC);
		goto relktd;
	}
	TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&ktd->ktd_queue, kte, kte_list);
	ktd->ktd_qcount++;
	if (ktd->ktd_flags & KTDF_BLOCKING)
		goto skip_sync;

	if (flags & KTA_WAITOK &&
	    (/* flags & KTA_LARGE */0 || ktd->ktd_flags & KTDF_WAIT ||
	    ktd->ktd_qcount > ktd_maxentry >> 1))
		/*
		 * Sync with writer thread since we're requesting rather
		 * big one or many requests are pending.
		 */
		do {
			ktd->ktd_flags |= KTDF_WAIT;
			ktd_wakeup(ktd);
#ifdef DEBUG
			getmicrouptime(&t1);
#endif
			if (cv_timedwait(&ktd->ktd_sync_cv, &ktrace_lock,
			    ktd_timeout * hz) != 0) {
				ktd->ktd_flags |= KTDF_BLOCKING;
				/*
				 * Maybe the writer thread is blocking
				 * completely for some reason, but
				 * don't stop target process forever.
				 */
				log(LOG_NOTICE, "ktrace timeout\n");
				break;
			}
#ifdef DEBUG
			getmicrouptime(&t2);
			timersub(&t2, &t1, &t2);
			if (t2.tv_sec > 0)
				log(LOG_NOTICE,
				    "ktrace long wait: %lld.%06ld\n",
				    (long long)t2.tv_sec, (long)t2.tv_usec);
#endif
		} while (p->p_tracep == ktd &&
		    (ktd->ktd_flags & (KTDF_WAIT | KTDF_DONE)) == KTDF_WAIT);
	else {
		/* Schedule delayed wakeup */
		if (ktd->ktd_qcount > ktd->ktd_delayqcnt)
			ktd_wakeup(ktd);	/* Wakeup now */
		else if (!callout_pending(&ktd->ktd_wakch))
			callout_reset(&ktd->ktd_wakch,
			    ktd->ktd_flags & KTDF_INTERACTIVE ?
			    ktd->ktd_intrwakdl : ktd->ktd_wakedelay,
			    ktd_callout, ktd);
	}

skip_sync:
	ktdrel(ktd);
	mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
	ktrexit(l);
	return;

relktd:
	ktdrel(ktd);

freekte:
	mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
	ktefree(kte);
	ktrexit(l);
}

static void
ktefree(struct ktrace_entry *kte)
{

	if (kte->kte_buf != kte->kte_space)
		kmem_free(kte->kte_buf, kte->kte_bufsz);
	pool_cache_put(kte_cache, kte);
}

/*
 * "deep" compare of two files for the purposes of clearing a trace.
 * Returns true if they're the same open file, or if they point at the
 * same underlying vnode/socket.
 */

static int
ktrsamefile(file_t *f1, file_t *f2)
{

	return ((f1 == f2) ||
	    ((f1 != NULL) && (f2 != NULL) &&
		(f1->f_type == f2->f_type) &&
		(f1->f_data == f2->f_data)));
}

void
ktrderef(struct proc *p)
{
	struct ktr_desc *ktd = p->p_tracep;

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&ktrace_lock));

	p->p_traceflag = 0;
	if (ktd == NULL)
		return;
	p->p_tracep = NULL;

	cv_broadcast(&ktd->ktd_sync_cv);
	ktdrel(ktd);
}

void
ktradref(struct proc *p)
{
	struct ktr_desc *ktd = p->p_tracep;

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&ktrace_lock));

	ktdref(ktd);
}

static int
ktrderefall(struct ktr_desc *ktd, int auth)
{
	lwp_t *curl = curlwp;
	struct proc *p;
	int error = 0;

	mutex_enter(&proc_lock);
	PROCLIST_FOREACH(p, &allproc) {
		if (p->p_tracep != ktd)
			continue;
		mutex_enter(p->p_lock);
		mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
		if (p->p_tracep == ktd) {
			if (!auth || ktrcanset(curl, p))
				ktrderef(p);
			else
				error = EPERM;
		}
		mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
		mutex_exit(p->p_lock);
	}
	mutex_exit(&proc_lock);

	return error;
}

int
ktealloc(struct ktrace_entry **ktep, void **bufp, lwp_t *l, int type,
	 size_t sz)
{
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_header *kth;
	void *buf;

	if (ktrenter(l))
		return EAGAIN;

	kte = pool_cache_get(kte_cache, PR_WAITOK);
	if (sz > sizeof(kte->kte_space)) {
		buf = kmem_alloc(sz, KM_SLEEP);
	} else
		buf = kte->kte_space;

	kte->kte_bufsz = sz;
	kte->kte_buf = buf;

	kth = &kte->kte_kth;
	(void)memset(kth, 0, sizeof(*kth));
	kth->ktr_len = sz;
	kth->ktr_type = type;
	kth->ktr_pid = p->p_pid;
	memcpy(kth->ktr_comm, p->p_comm, MAXCOMLEN);
	kth->ktr_version = KTRFAC_VERSION(p->p_traceflag);
	kth->ktr_lid = l->l_lid;
	nanotime(&kth->ktr_ts);

	*ktep = kte;
	*bufp = buf;

	return 0;
}

void
ktesethdrlen(struct ktrace_entry *kte, size_t l)
{
	kte->kte_kth.ktr_len = l;
}

void
ktr_syscall(register_t code, const register_t args[], int narg)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_syscall *ktp;
	register_t *argp;
	size_t len;
	u_int i;

	if (!KTRPOINT(p, KTR_SYSCALL))
		return;

	len = sizeof(struct ktr_syscall) + narg * sizeof argp[0];

	if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&ktp, l, KTR_SYSCALL, len))
		return;

	ktp->ktr_code = code;
	ktp->ktr_argsize = narg * sizeof argp[0];
	argp = (register_t *)(ktp + 1);
	for (i = 0; i < narg; i++)
		*argp++ = args[i];

	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

void
ktr_sysret(register_t code, int error, register_t *retval)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_sysret *ktp;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_SYSRET))
		return;

	if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&ktp, l, KTR_SYSRET,
	    sizeof(struct ktr_sysret)))
		return;

	ktp->ktr_code = code;
	ktp->ktr_eosys = 0;			/* XXX unused */
	ktp->ktr_error = error;
	ktp->ktr_retval = retval && error == 0 ? retval[0] : 0;
	ktp->ktr_retval_1 = retval && error == 0 ? retval[1] : 0;

	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

void
ktr_namei(const char *path, size_t pathlen)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_NAMEI))
		return;

	ktr_kmem(l, KTR_NAMEI, path, pathlen);
}

void
ktr_namei2(const char *eroot, size_t erootlen,
	  const char *path, size_t pathlen)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	void *buf;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_NAMEI))
		return;

	if (ktealloc(&kte, &buf, l, KTR_NAMEI, erootlen + pathlen))
		return;
	memcpy(buf, eroot, erootlen);
	buf = (char *)buf + erootlen;
	memcpy(buf, path, pathlen);
	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

void
ktr_emul(void)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	const char *emul = l->l_proc->p_emul->e_name;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_EMUL))
		return;

	ktr_kmem(l, KTR_EMUL, emul, strlen(emul));
}

void
ktr_execarg(const void *bf, size_t len)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_EXEC_ARG))
		return;

	ktr_kmem(l, KTR_EXEC_ARG, bf, len);
}

void
ktr_execenv(const void *bf, size_t len)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_EXEC_ENV))
		return;

	ktr_kmem(l, KTR_EXEC_ENV, bf, len);
}

void
ktr_execfd(int fd, u_int dtype)
{
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_execfd* ktp;

	lwp_t *l = curlwp;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_EXEC_FD))
		return;

	if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&ktp, l, KTR_EXEC_FD, sizeof(*ktp)))
		return;

	ktp->ktr_fd = fd;
	ktp->ktr_dtype = dtype;
	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

static void
ktr_kmem(lwp_t *l, int type, const void *bf, size_t len)
{
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	void *buf;

	if (ktealloc(&kte, &buf, l, type, len))
		return;
	memcpy(buf, bf, len);
	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

static void
ktr_io(lwp_t *l, int fd, enum uio_rw rw, struct iovec *iov, size_t len)
{
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_genio *ktp;
	size_t resid = len, cnt, buflen;
	char *cp;

 next:
	buflen = uimin(PAGE_SIZE, resid + sizeof(struct ktr_genio));

	if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&ktp, l, KTR_GENIO, buflen))
		return;

	ktp->ktr_fd = fd;
	ktp->ktr_rw = rw;

	cp = (void *)(ktp + 1);
	buflen -= sizeof(struct ktr_genio);
	kte->kte_kth.ktr_len = sizeof(struct ktr_genio);

	while (buflen > 0) {
		cnt = uimin(iov->iov_len, buflen);
		if (copyin(iov->iov_base, cp, cnt) != 0)
			goto out;
		kte->kte_kth.ktr_len += cnt;
		cp += cnt;
		buflen -= cnt;
		resid -= cnt;
		iov->iov_len -= cnt;
		if (iov->iov_len == 0)
			iov++;
		else
			iov->iov_base = (char *)iov->iov_base + cnt;
	}

	/*
	 * Don't push so many entry at once.  It will cause kmem map
	 * shortage.
	 */
	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK | KTA_LARGE);
	if (resid > 0) {
		if (preempt_needed()) {
			(void)ktrenter(l);
			preempt();
			ktrexit(l);
		}

		goto next;
	}

	return;

out:
	ktefree(kte);
	ktrexit(l);
}

void
ktr_genio(int fd, enum uio_rw rw, const void *addr, size_t len, int error)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	struct iovec iov;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_GENIO) || error != 0)
		return;
	iov.iov_base = __UNCONST(addr);
	iov.iov_len = len;
	ktr_io(l, fd, rw, &iov, len);
}

void
ktr_geniov(int fd, enum uio_rw rw, struct iovec *iov, size_t len, int error)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_GENIO) || error != 0)
		return;
	ktr_io(l, fd, rw, iov, len);
}

void
ktr_mibio(int fd, enum uio_rw rw, const void *addr, size_t len, int error)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	struct iovec iov;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_MIB) || error != 0)
		return;
	iov.iov_base = __UNCONST(addr);
	iov.iov_len = len;
	ktr_io(l, fd, rw, &iov, len);
}

void
ktr_psig(int sig, sig_t action, const sigset_t *mask,
	 const ksiginfo_t *ksi)
{
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	struct {
		struct ktr_psig	kp;
		siginfo_t	si;
	} *kbuf;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_PSIG))
		return;

	if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&kbuf, l, KTR_PSIG, sizeof(*kbuf)))
		return;

	kbuf->kp.signo = (char)sig;
	kbuf->kp.action = action;
	kbuf->kp.mask = *mask;

	if (ksi) {
		kbuf->kp.code = KSI_TRAPCODE(ksi);
		(void)memset(&kbuf->si, 0, sizeof(kbuf->si));
		kbuf->si._info = ksi->ksi_info;
		kte->kte_kth.ktr_len = sizeof(*kbuf);
	} else {
		kbuf->kp.code = 0;
		kte->kte_kth.ktr_len = sizeof(struct ktr_psig);
	}

	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

void
ktr_csw(int out, int user)
{
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_csw *kc;

	if (!KTRPOINT(p, KTR_CSW))
		return;

	/*
	 * Don't record context switches resulting from blocking on
	 * locks; it's too easy to get duff results.
	 */
	if (l->l_syncobj == &mutex_syncobj || l->l_syncobj == &rw_syncobj)
		return;

	/*
	 * We can't sleep if we're already going to sleep (if original
	 * condition is met during sleep, we hang up).
	 *
	 * XXX This is not ideal: it would be better to maintain a pool
	 * of ktes and actually push this to the kthread when context
	 * switch happens, however given the points where we are called
	 * from that is difficult to do.
	 */
	if (out) {
		if (ktrenter(l))
			return;

		nanotime(&l->l_ktrcsw);
		l->l_pflag |= LP_KTRCSW;
		if (user)
			l->l_pflag |= LP_KTRCSWUSER;
		else
			l->l_pflag &= ~LP_KTRCSWUSER;

		ktrexit(l);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * On the way back in, we need to record twice: once for entry, and
	 * once for exit.
	 */
	if ((l->l_pflag & LP_KTRCSW) != 0) {
		struct timespec *ts;
		l->l_pflag &= ~LP_KTRCSW;

		if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&kc, l, KTR_CSW, sizeof(*kc)))
			return;

		kc->out = 1;
		kc->user = ((l->l_pflag & LP_KTRCSWUSER) != 0);

		ts = &l->l_ktrcsw;
		switch (KTRFAC_VERSION(p->p_traceflag)) {
		case 0:
			kte->kte_kth.ktr_otv.tv_sec = ts->tv_sec;
			kte->kte_kth.ktr_otv.tv_usec = ts->tv_nsec / 1000;
			break;
		case 1:
			kte->kte_kth.ktr_ots.tv_sec = ts->tv_sec;
			kte->kte_kth.ktr_ots.tv_nsec = ts->tv_nsec;
			break;
		case 2:
			kte->kte_kth.ktr_ts.tv_sec = ts->tv_sec;
			kte->kte_kth.ktr_ts.tv_nsec = ts->tv_nsec;
			break;
		default:
			break;
		}

		ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
	}

	if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&kc, l, KTR_CSW, sizeof(*kc)))
		return;

	kc->out = 0;
	kc->user = user;

	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

bool
ktr_point(int fac_bit)
{
	return curlwp->l_proc->p_traceflag & fac_bit;
}

int
ktruser(const char *id, void *addr, size_t len, int ustr)
{
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_user *ktp;
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	void *user_dta;
	int error;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_USER))
		return 0;

	if (len > KTR_USER_MAXLEN)
		return ENOSPC;

	error = ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&ktp, l, KTR_USER, sizeof(*ktp) + len);
	if (error != 0)
		return error;

	if (ustr) {
		if (copyinstr(id, ktp->ktr_id, KTR_USER_MAXIDLEN, NULL) != 0)
			ktp->ktr_id[0] = '\0';
	} else
		strncpy(ktp->ktr_id, id, KTR_USER_MAXIDLEN);
	ktp->ktr_id[KTR_USER_MAXIDLEN-1] = '\0';

	user_dta = (void *)(ktp + 1);
	if ((error = copyin(addr, user_dta, len)) != 0)
		kte->kte_kth.ktr_len = 0;

	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
	return error;
}

void
ktr_kuser(const char *id, const void *addr, size_t len)
{
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	struct ktr_user *ktp;
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;
	int error;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_USER))
		return;

	if (len > KTR_USER_MAXLEN)
		return;

	error = ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&ktp, l, KTR_USER, sizeof(*ktp) + len);
	if (error != 0)
		return;

	strlcpy(ktp->ktr_id, id, KTR_USER_MAXIDLEN);

	memcpy(ktp + 1, addr, len);

	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

void
ktr_mib(const int *name, u_int namelen)
{
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	int *namep;
	size_t size;
	lwp_t *l = curlwp;

	if (!KTRPOINT(l->l_proc, KTR_MIB))
		return;

	size = namelen * sizeof(*name);

	if (ktealloc(&kte, (void *)&namep, l, KTR_MIB, size))
		return;

	(void)memcpy(namep, name, namelen * sizeof(*name));

	ktraddentry(l, kte, KTA_WAITOK);
}

/* Interface and common routines */

int
ktrace_common(lwp_t *curl, int ops, int facs, int pid, file_t **fpp)
{
	struct proc *p;
	struct pgrp *pg;
	struct ktr_desc *ktd = NULL, *nktd;
	file_t *fp = *fpp;
	int ret = 0;
	int error = 0;
	int descend;

	descend = ops & KTRFLAG_DESCEND;
	facs = facs & ~((unsigned) KTRFAC_PERSISTENT);

	(void)ktrenter(curl);

	switch (KTROP(ops)) {

	case KTROP_CLEARFILE:
		/*
		 * Clear all uses of the tracefile
		 */
		mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
		ktd = ktd_lookup(fp);
		mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
		if (ktd == NULL)
			goto done;
		error = ktrderefall(ktd, 1);
		goto done;

	case KTROP_SET:
		mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
		ktd = ktd_lookup(fp);
		mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
		if (ktd == NULL) {
			nktd = kmem_alloc(sizeof(*nktd), KM_SLEEP);
			TAILQ_INIT(&nktd->ktd_queue);
			callout_init(&nktd->ktd_wakch, CALLOUT_MPSAFE);
			cv_init(&nktd->ktd_cv, "ktrwait");
			cv_init(&nktd->ktd_sync_cv, "ktrsync");
			nktd->ktd_flags = 0;
			nktd->ktd_qcount = 0;
			nktd->ktd_error = 0;
			nktd->ktd_errcnt = 0;
			nktd->ktd_delayqcnt = ktd_delayqcnt;
			nktd->ktd_wakedelay = mstohz(ktd_wakedelay);
			nktd->ktd_intrwakdl = mstohz(ktd_intrwakdl);
			nktd->ktd_ref = 0;
			nktd->ktd_fp = fp;
			mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
			ktdref(nktd);
			mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);

			/*
			 * XXX: not correct.  needs an way to detect
			 * whether ktruss or ktrace.
			 */
			if (fp->f_type == DTYPE_PIPE)
				nktd->ktd_flags |= KTDF_INTERACTIVE;

			mutex_enter(&fp->f_lock);
			fp->f_count++;
			mutex_exit(&fp->f_lock);
			error = kthread_create(PRI_NONE, KTHREAD_MPSAFE, NULL,
			    ktrace_thread, nktd, &nktd->ktd_lwp, "ktrace");
			if (error != 0) {
				kmem_free(nktd, sizeof(*nktd));
				nktd = NULL;
				mutex_enter(&fp->f_lock);
				fp->f_count--;
				mutex_exit(&fp->f_lock);
				goto done;
			}

			mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
			ktd = ktd_lookup(fp);
			if (ktd != NULL) {
				ktdrel(nktd);
				nktd = NULL;
			} else {
				TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&ktdq, nktd, ktd_list);
				ktd = nktd;
			}
			mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
		}
		break;

	case KTROP_CLEAR:
		break;
	}

	/*
	 * need something to (un)trace (XXX - why is this here?)
	 */
	if (!facs) {
		error = EINVAL;
		*fpp = NULL;
		goto done;
	}

	/*
	 * do it
	 */
	mutex_enter(&proc_lock);
	if (pid < 0) {
		/*
		 * by process group
		 */
		pg = pgrp_find(-pid);
		if (pg == NULL)
			error = ESRCH;
		else {
			LIST_FOREACH(p, &pg->pg_members, p_pglist) {
				if (descend)
					ret |= ktrsetchildren(curl, p, ops,
					    facs, ktd);
				else
					ret |= ktrops(curl, p, ops, facs,
					    ktd);
			}
		}

	} else {
		/*
		 * by pid
		 */
		p = proc_find(pid);
		if (p == NULL)
			error = ESRCH;
		else if (descend)
			ret |= ktrsetchildren(curl, p, ops, facs, ktd);
		else
			ret |= ktrops(curl, p, ops, facs, ktd);
	}
	mutex_exit(&proc_lock);
	if (error == 0 && !ret)
		error = EPERM;
	*fpp = NULL;
done:
	if (ktd != NULL) {
		mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
		if (error != 0) {
			/*
			 * Wakeup the thread so that it can be die if we
			 * can't trace any process.
			 */
			ktd_wakeup(ktd);
		}
		if (KTROP(ops) == KTROP_SET || KTROP(ops) == KTROP_CLEARFILE)
			ktdrel(ktd);
		mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
	}
	ktrexit(curl);
	return (error);
}

/*
 * fktrace system call
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
int
sys_fktrace(struct lwp *l, const struct sys_fktrace_args *uap,
    register_t *retval)
{
	/* {
		syscallarg(int) fd;
		syscallarg(int) ops;
		syscallarg(int) facs;
		syscallarg(int) pid;
	} */
	file_t *fp;
	int error, fd;

	fd = SCARG(uap, fd);
	if ((fp = fd_getfile(fd)) == NULL)
		return (EBADF);
	if ((fp->f_flag & FWRITE) == 0)
		error = EBADF;
	else
		error = ktrace_common(l, SCARG(uap, ops),
		    SCARG(uap, facs), SCARG(uap, pid), &fp);
	fd_putfile(fd);
	return error;
}

static int
ktrops(lwp_t *curl, struct proc *p, int ops, int facs,
    struct ktr_desc *ktd)
{
	int vers = ops & KTRFAC_VER_MASK;
	int error = 0;

	mutex_enter(p->p_lock);
	mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);

	if (!ktrcanset(curl, p))
		goto out;

	switch (vers) {
	case KTRFACv0:
	case KTRFACv1:
	case KTRFACv2:
		break;
	default:
		error = EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	if (KTROP(ops) == KTROP_SET) {
		if (p->p_tracep != ktd) {
			/*
			 * if trace file already in use, relinquish
			 */
			ktrderef(p);
			p->p_tracep = ktd;
			ktradref(p);
		}
		p->p_traceflag |= facs;
		if (kauth_authorize_process(curl->l_cred, KAUTH_PROCESS_KTRACE,
		    p, KAUTH_ARG(KAUTH_REQ_PROCESS_KTRACE_PERSISTENT), NULL,
		    NULL) == 0)
			p->p_traceflag |= KTRFAC_PERSISTENT;
	} else {
		/* KTROP_CLEAR */
		if (((p->p_traceflag &= ~facs) & KTRFAC_MASK) == 0) {
			/* no more tracing */
			ktrderef(p);
		}
	}

	if (p->p_traceflag)
		p->p_traceflag |= vers;
	/*
	 * Emit an emulation record, every time there is a ktrace
	 * change/attach request.
	 */
	if (KTRPOINT(p, KTR_EMUL))
		p->p_traceflag |= KTRFAC_TRC_EMUL;

	p->p_trace_enabled = trace_is_enabled(p);
#ifdef __HAVE_SYSCALL_INTERN
	(*p->p_emul->e_syscall_intern)(p);
#endif

 out:
	mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);
	mutex_exit(p->p_lock);

	return error ? 0 : 1;
}

static int
ktrsetchildren(lwp_t *curl, struct proc *top, int ops, int facs,
    struct ktr_desc *ktd)
{
	struct proc *p;
	int ret = 0;

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&proc_lock));

	p = top;
	for (;;) {
		ret |= ktrops(curl, p, ops, facs, ktd);
		/*
		 * If this process has children, descend to them next,
		 * otherwise do any siblings, and if done with this level,
		 * follow back up the tree (but not past top).
		 */
		if (LIST_FIRST(&p->p_children) != NULL) {
			p = LIST_FIRST(&p->p_children);
			continue;
		}
		for (;;) {
			if (p == top)
				return (ret);
			if (LIST_NEXT(p, p_sibling) != NULL) {
				p = LIST_NEXT(p, p_sibling);
				break;
			}
			p = p->p_pptr;
		}
	}
	/*NOTREACHED*/
}

static void
ktrwrite(struct ktr_desc *ktd, struct ktrace_entry *kte)
{
	size_t hlen;
	struct uio auio;
	struct iovec aiov[64], *iov;
	struct ktrace_entry *top = kte;
	struct ktr_header *kth;
	file_t *fp = ktd->ktd_fp;
	int error;
next:
	auio.uio_iov = iov = &aiov[0];
	auio.uio_offset = 0;
	auio.uio_rw = UIO_WRITE;
	auio.uio_resid = 0;
	auio.uio_iovcnt = 0;
	UIO_SETUP_SYSSPACE(&auio);
	do {
		struct timespec ts;
		lwpid_t lid;
		kth = &kte->kte_kth;

		hlen = sizeof(struct ktr_header);
		switch (kth->ktr_version) {
		case 0:
			ts = kth->ktr_time;

			kth->ktr_otv.tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
			kth->ktr_otv.tv_usec = ts.tv_nsec / 1000;
			kth->ktr_unused = NULL;
			hlen -= sizeof(kth->_v) -
			    MAX(sizeof(kth->_v._v0), sizeof(kth->_v._v1));
			break;
		case 1:
			ts = kth->ktr_time;
			lid = kth->ktr_lid;

			kth->ktr_ots.tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
			kth->ktr_ots.tv_nsec = ts.tv_nsec;
			kth->ktr_olid = lid;
			hlen -= sizeof(kth->_v) -
			    MAX(sizeof(kth->_v._v0), sizeof(kth->_v._v1));
			break;
		}
		iov->iov_base = (void *)kth;
		iov++->iov_len = hlen;
		auio.uio_resid += hlen;
		auio.uio_iovcnt++;
		if (kth->ktr_len > 0) {
			iov->iov_base = kte->kte_buf;
			iov++->iov_len = kth->ktr_len;
			auio.uio_resid += kth->ktr_len;
			auio.uio_iovcnt++;
		}
	} while ((kte = TAILQ_NEXT(kte, kte_list)) != NULL &&
	    auio.uio_iovcnt < sizeof(aiov) / sizeof(aiov[0]) - 1);

again:
	error = (*fp->f_ops->fo_write)(fp, &fp->f_offset, &auio,
	    fp->f_cred, FOF_UPDATE_OFFSET);
	switch (error) {

	case 0:
		if (auio.uio_resid > 0)
			goto again;
		if (kte != NULL)
			goto next;
		break;

	case EWOULDBLOCK:
		kpause("ktrzzz", false, 1, NULL);
		goto again;

	default:
		/*
		 * If error encountered, give up tracing on this
		 * vnode.  Don't report EPIPE as this can easily
		 * happen with fktrace()/ktruss.
		 */
#ifndef DEBUG
		if (error != EPIPE)
#endif
			log(LOG_NOTICE,
			    "ktrace write failed, errno %d, tracing stopped\n",
			    error);
		(void)ktrderefall(ktd, 0);
	}

	while ((kte = top) != NULL) {
		top = TAILQ_NEXT(top, kte_list);
		ktefree(kte);
	}
}

static void
ktrace_thread(void *arg)
{
	struct ktr_desc *ktd = arg;
	file_t *fp = ktd->ktd_fp;
	struct ktrace_entry *kte;
	int ktrerr, errcnt;

	mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
	for (;;) {
		kte = TAILQ_FIRST(&ktd->ktd_queue);
		if (kte == NULL) {
			if (ktd->ktd_flags & KTDF_WAIT) {
				ktd->ktd_flags &= ~(KTDF_WAIT | KTDF_BLOCKING);
				cv_broadcast(&ktd->ktd_sync_cv);
			}
			if (ktd->ktd_ref == 0)
				break;
			cv_wait(&ktd->ktd_cv, &ktrace_lock);
			continue;
		}
		TAILQ_INIT(&ktd->ktd_queue);
		ktd->ktd_qcount = 0;
		ktrerr = ktd->ktd_error;
		errcnt = ktd->ktd_errcnt;
		ktd->ktd_error = ktd->ktd_errcnt = 0;
		mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);

		if (ktrerr) {
			log(LOG_NOTICE,
			    "ktrace failed, fp %p, error 0x%x, total %d\n",
			    fp, ktrerr, errcnt);
		}
		ktrwrite(ktd, kte);
		mutex_enter(&ktrace_lock);
	}

	TAILQ_REMOVE(&ktdq, ktd, ktd_list);

	callout_halt(&ktd->ktd_wakch, &ktrace_lock);
	callout_destroy(&ktd->ktd_wakch);
	mutex_exit(&ktrace_lock);

	/*
	 * ktrace file descriptor can't be watched (are not visible to
	 * userspace), so no kqueue stuff here
	 * XXX: The above comment is wrong, because the fktrace file
	 * descriptor is available in userland.
	 */
	closef(fp);

	cv_destroy(&ktd->ktd_sync_cv);
	cv_destroy(&ktd->ktd_cv);

	kmem_free(ktd, sizeof(*ktd));

	kthread_exit(0);
}

/*
 * Return true if caller has permission to set the ktracing state
 * of target.  Essentially, the target can't possess any
 * more permissions than the caller.  KTRFAC_PERSISTENT signifies that
 * the tracing will persist on sugid processes during exec; it is only
 * settable by a process with appropriate credentials.
 *
 * TODO: check groups.  use caller effective gid.
 */
static int
ktrcanset(lwp_t *calll, struct proc *targetp)
{
	KASSERT(mutex_owned(targetp->p_lock));
	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&ktrace_lock));

	if (kauth_authorize_process(calll->l_cred, KAUTH_PROCESS_KTRACE,
	    targetp, NULL, NULL, NULL) == 0)
		return (1);

	return (0);
}

/*
 * Put user defined entry to ktrace records.
 */
int
sys_utrace(struct lwp *l, const struct sys_utrace_args *uap, register_t *retval)
{
	/* {
		syscallarg(const char *) label;
		syscallarg(void *) addr;
		syscallarg(size_t) len;
	} */

	return ktruser(SCARG(uap, label), SCARG(uap, addr),
	    SCARG(uap, len), 1);
}