xref: /src/sys/kern/kern_synch.c

/*	$NetBSD: kern_synch.c,v 1.183 2007/02/23 16:51:47 ad Exp $	*/

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
 * by Jason R. Thorpe of the Numerical Aerospace Simulation Facility,
 * NASA Ames Research Center, by Charles M. Hannum, and by Andrew Doran.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *	This product includes software developed by the NetBSD
 *	Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
 *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
 *    from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
 * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
 * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
 * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)kern_synch.c	8.9 (Berkeley) 5/19/95
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: kern_synch.c,v 1.183 2007/02/23 16:51:47 ad Exp $");

#include "opt_ddb.h"
#include "opt_kstack.h"
#include "opt_lockdebug.h"
#include "opt_multiprocessor.h"
#include "opt_perfctrs.h"

#define	__MUTEX_PRIVATE

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/callout.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/buf.h>
#if defined(PERFCTRS)
#include <sys/pmc.h>
#endif
#include <sys/signalvar.h>
#include <sys/resourcevar.h>
#include <sys/sched.h>
#include <sys/syscall_stats.h>
#include <sys/kauth.h>
#include <sys/sleepq.h>
#include <sys/lockdebug.h>

#include <uvm/uvm_extern.h>

#include <machine/cpu.h>

int	lbolt;			/* once a second sleep address */
int	rrticks;		/* number of hardclock ticks per roundrobin() */

/*
 * The global scheduler state.
 */
kmutex_t	sched_mutex;		/* global sched state mutex */
struct prochd	sched_qs[RUNQUE_NQS];	/* run queues */
volatile uint32_t sched_whichqs;	/* bitmap of non-empty queues */

void	schedcpu(void *);
void	updatepri(struct lwp *);

void	sched_unsleep(struct lwp *);
void	sched_changepri(struct lwp *, int);

struct callout schedcpu_ch = CALLOUT_INITIALIZER_SETFUNC(schedcpu, NULL);
static unsigned int schedcpu_ticks;

syncobj_t sleep_syncobj = {
	SOBJ_SLEEPQ_SORTED,
	sleepq_unsleep,
	sleepq_changepri
};

syncobj_t sched_syncobj = {
	SOBJ_SLEEPQ_SORTED,
	sched_unsleep,
	sched_changepri
};

/*
 * Force switch among equal priority processes every 100ms.
 * Called from hardclock every hz/10 == rrticks hardclock ticks.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
void
roundrobin(struct cpu_info *ci)
{
	struct schedstate_percpu *spc = &ci->ci_schedstate;

	spc->spc_rrticks = rrticks;

	if (curlwp != NULL) {
		if (spc->spc_flags & SPCF_SEENRR) {
			/*
			 * The process has already been through a roundrobin
			 * without switching and may be hogging the CPU.
			 * Indicate that the process should yield.
			 */
			spc->spc_flags |= SPCF_SHOULDYIELD;
		} else
			spc->spc_flags |= SPCF_SEENRR;
	}
	cpu_need_resched(curcpu());
}

#define	PPQ	(128 / RUNQUE_NQS)	/* priorities per queue */
#define	NICE_WEIGHT 2			/* priorities per nice level */

#define	ESTCPU_SHIFT	11
#define	ESTCPU_MAX	((NICE_WEIGHT * PRIO_MAX - PPQ) << ESTCPU_SHIFT)
#define	ESTCPULIM(e)	min((e), ESTCPU_MAX)

/*
 * Constants for digital decay and forget:
 *	90% of (p_estcpu) usage in 5 * loadav time
 *	95% of (p_pctcpu) usage in 60 seconds (load insensitive)
 *          Note that, as ps(1) mentions, this can let percentages
 *          total over 100% (I've seen 137.9% for 3 processes).
 *
 * Note that hardclock updates p_estcpu and p_cpticks independently.
 *
 * We wish to decay away 90% of p_estcpu in (5 * loadavg) seconds.
 * That is, the system wants to compute a value of decay such
 * that the following for loop:
 * 	for (i = 0; i < (5 * loadavg); i++)
 * 		p_estcpu *= decay;
 * will compute
 * 	p_estcpu *= 0.1;
 * for all values of loadavg:
 *
 * Mathematically this loop can be expressed by saying:
 * 	decay ** (5 * loadavg) ~= .1
 *
 * The system computes decay as:
 * 	decay = (2 * loadavg) / (2 * loadavg + 1)
 *
 * We wish to prove that the system's computation of decay
 * will always fulfill the equation:
 * 	decay ** (5 * loadavg) ~= .1
 *
 * If we compute b as:
 * 	b = 2 * loadavg
 * then
 * 	decay = b / (b + 1)
 *
 * We now need to prove two things:
 *	1) Given factor ** (5 * loadavg) ~= .1, prove factor == b/(b+1)
 *	2) Given b/(b+1) ** power ~= .1, prove power == (5 * loadavg)
 *
 * Facts:
 *         For x close to zero, exp(x) =~ 1 + x, since
 *              exp(x) = 0! + x**1/1! + x**2/2! + ... .
 *              therefore exp(-1/b) =~ 1 - (1/b) = (b-1)/b.
 *         For x close to zero, ln(1+x) =~ x, since
 *              ln(1+x) = x - x**2/2 + x**3/3 - ...     -1 < x < 1
 *              therefore ln(b/(b+1)) = ln(1 - 1/(b+1)) =~ -1/(b+1).
 *         ln(.1) =~ -2.30
 *
 * Proof of (1):
 *    Solve (factor)**(power) =~ .1 given power (5*loadav):
 *	solving for factor,
 *      ln(factor) =~ (-2.30/5*loadav), or
 *      factor =~ exp(-1/((5/2.30)*loadav)) =~ exp(-1/(2*loadav)) =
 *          exp(-1/b) =~ (b-1)/b =~ b/(b+1).                    QED
 *
 * Proof of (2):
 *    Solve (factor)**(power) =~ .1 given factor == (b/(b+1)):
 *	solving for power,
 *      power*ln(b/(b+1)) =~ -2.30, or
 *      power =~ 2.3 * (b + 1) = 4.6*loadav + 2.3 =~ 5*loadav.  QED
 *
 * Actual power values for the implemented algorithm are as follows:
 *      loadav: 1       2       3       4
 *      power:  5.68    10.32   14.94   19.55
 */

/* calculations for digital decay to forget 90% of usage in 5*loadav sec */
#define	loadfactor(loadav)	(2 * (loadav))

static fixpt_t
decay_cpu(fixpt_t loadfac, fixpt_t estcpu)
{

	if (estcpu == 0) {
		return 0;
	}

#if !defined(_LP64)
	/* avoid 64bit arithmetics. */
#define	FIXPT_MAX ((fixpt_t)((UINTMAX_C(1) << sizeof(fixpt_t) * CHAR_BIT) - 1))
	if (__predict_true(loadfac <= FIXPT_MAX / ESTCPU_MAX)) {
		return estcpu * loadfac / (loadfac + FSCALE);
	}
#endif /* !defined(_LP64) */

	return (uint64_t)estcpu * loadfac / (loadfac + FSCALE);
}

/*
 * For all load averages >= 1 and max p_estcpu of (255 << ESTCPU_SHIFT),
 * sleeping for at least seven times the loadfactor will decay p_estcpu to
 * less than (1 << ESTCPU_SHIFT).
 *
 * note that our ESTCPU_MAX is actually much smaller than (255 << ESTCPU_SHIFT).
 */
static fixpt_t
decay_cpu_batch(fixpt_t loadfac, fixpt_t estcpu, unsigned int n)
{

	if ((n << FSHIFT) >= 7 * loadfac) {
		return 0;
	}

	while (estcpu != 0 && n > 1) {
		estcpu = decay_cpu(loadfac, estcpu);
		n--;
	}

	return estcpu;
}

/* decay 95% of `p_pctcpu' in 60 seconds; see CCPU_SHIFT before changing */
fixpt_t	ccpu = 0.95122942450071400909 * FSCALE;		/* exp(-1/20) */

/*
 * If `ccpu' is not equal to `exp(-1/20)' and you still want to use the
 * faster/more-accurate formula, you'll have to estimate CCPU_SHIFT below
 * and possibly adjust FSHIFT in "param.h" so that (FSHIFT >= CCPU_SHIFT).
 *
 * To estimate CCPU_SHIFT for exp(-1/20), the following formula was used:
 *	1 - exp(-1/20) ~= 0.0487 ~= 0.0488 == 1 (fixed pt, *11* bits).
 *
 * If you dont want to bother with the faster/more-accurate formula, you
 * can set CCPU_SHIFT to (FSHIFT + 1) which will use a slower/less-accurate
 * (more general) method of calculating the %age of CPU used by a process.
 */
#define	CCPU_SHIFT	11

/*
 * schedcpu:
 *
 *	Recompute process priorities, every hz ticks.
 *
 *	XXXSMP This needs to be reorganised in order to reduce the locking
 *	burden.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
void
schedcpu(void *arg)
{
	fixpt_t loadfac = loadfactor(averunnable.ldavg[0]);
	struct rlimit *rlim;
	struct lwp *l;
	struct proc *p;
	int minslp, clkhz, sig;
	long runtm;

	schedcpu_ticks++;

	mutex_enter(&proclist_mutex);
	PROCLIST_FOREACH(p, &allproc) {
		/*
		 * Increment time in/out of memory and sleep time (if
		 * sleeping).  We ignore overflow; with 16-bit int's
		 * (remember them?) overflow takes 45 days.
		 */
		minslp = 2;
		mutex_enter(&p->p_smutex);
		runtm = p->p_rtime.tv_sec;
		LIST_FOREACH(l, &p->p_lwps, l_sibling) {
			lwp_lock(l);
			runtm += l->l_rtime.tv_sec;
			l->l_swtime++;
			if (l->l_stat == LSSLEEP || l->l_stat == LSSTOP ||
			    l->l_stat == LSSUSPENDED) {
				l->l_slptime++;
				minslp = min(minslp, l->l_slptime);
			} else
				minslp = 0;
			lwp_unlock(l);
		}
		p->p_pctcpu = (p->p_pctcpu * ccpu) >> FSHIFT;

		/*
		 * Check if the process exceeds its CPU resource allocation.
		 * If over max, kill it.
		 */
		rlim = &p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU];
		sig = 0;
		if (runtm >= rlim->rlim_cur) {
			if (runtm >= rlim->rlim_max)
				sig = SIGKILL;
			else {
				sig = SIGXCPU;
				if (rlim->rlim_cur < rlim->rlim_max)
					rlim->rlim_cur += 5;
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If the process has run for more than autonicetime, reduce
		 * priority to give others a chance.
		 */
		if (autonicetime && runtm > autonicetime && p->p_nice == NZERO
		    && kauth_cred_geteuid(p->p_cred)) {
			mutex_spin_enter(&p->p_stmutex);
			p->p_nice = autoniceval + NZERO;
			resetprocpriority(p);
			mutex_spin_exit(&p->p_stmutex);
		}

		/*
		 * If the process has slept the entire second,
		 * stop recalculating its priority until it wakes up.
		 */
		if (minslp <= 1) {
			/*
			 * p_pctcpu is only for ps.
			 */
			mutex_spin_enter(&p->p_stmutex);
			clkhz = stathz != 0 ? stathz : hz;
#if	(FSHIFT >= CCPU_SHIFT)
			p->p_pctcpu += (clkhz == 100)?
			    ((fixpt_t) p->p_cpticks) << (FSHIFT - CCPU_SHIFT):
			    100 * (((fixpt_t) p->p_cpticks)
			    << (FSHIFT - CCPU_SHIFT)) / clkhz;
#else
			p->p_pctcpu += ((FSCALE - ccpu) *
			    (p->p_cpticks * FSCALE / clkhz)) >> FSHIFT;
#endif
			p->p_cpticks = 0;
			p->p_estcpu = decay_cpu(loadfac, p->p_estcpu);

			LIST_FOREACH(l, &p->p_lwps, l_sibling) {
				lwp_lock(l);
				if (l->l_slptime <= 1 &&
				    l->l_priority >= PUSER)
					resetpriority(l);
				lwp_unlock(l);
			}
			mutex_spin_exit(&p->p_stmutex);
		}

		mutex_exit(&p->p_smutex);
		if (sig) {
			psignal(p, sig);
		}
	}
	mutex_exit(&proclist_mutex);
	uvm_meter();
	wakeup((caddr_t)&lbolt);
	callout_schedule(&schedcpu_ch, hz);
}

/*
 * Recalculate the priority of a process after it has slept for a while.
 */
void
updatepri(struct lwp *l)
{
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	fixpt_t loadfac;

	LOCK_ASSERT(lwp_locked(l, NULL));
	KASSERT(l->l_slptime > 1);

	loadfac = loadfactor(averunnable.ldavg[0]);

	l->l_slptime--; /* the first time was done in schedcpu */
	/* XXX NJWLWP */
	/* XXXSMP occasionally unlocked, should be per-LWP */
	p->p_estcpu = decay_cpu_batch(loadfac, p->p_estcpu, l->l_slptime);
	resetpriority(l);
}

/*
 * During autoconfiguration or after a panic, a sleep will simply lower the
 * priority briefly to allow interrupts, then return.  The priority to be
 * used (safepri) is machine-dependent, thus this value is initialized and
 * maintained in the machine-dependent layers.  This priority will typically
 * be 0, or the lowest priority that is safe for use on the interrupt stack;
 * it can be made higher to block network software interrupts after panics.
 */
int	safepri;

/*
 * OBSOLETE INTERFACE
 *
 * General sleep call.  Suspends the current process until a wakeup is
 * performed on the specified identifier.  The process will then be made
 * runnable with the specified priority.  Sleeps at most timo/hz seconds (0
 * means no timeout).  If pri includes PCATCH flag, signals are checked
 * before and after sleeping, else signals are not checked.  Returns 0 if
 * awakened, EWOULDBLOCK if the timeout expires.  If PCATCH is set and a
 * signal needs to be delivered, ERESTART is returned if the current system
 * call should be restarted if possible, and EINTR is returned if the system
 * call should be interrupted by the signal (return EINTR).
 *
 * The interlock is held until we are on a sleep queue. The interlock will
 * be locked before returning back to the caller unless the PNORELOCK flag
 * is specified, in which case the interlock will always be unlocked upon
 * return.
 */
int
ltsleep(wchan_t ident, int priority, const char *wmesg, int timo,
	volatile struct simplelock *interlock)
{
	struct lwp *l = curlwp;
	sleepq_t *sq;
	int error, catch;

	if (sleepq_dontsleep(l)) {
		(void)sleepq_abort(NULL, 0);
		if ((priority & PNORELOCK) != 0)
			simple_unlock(interlock);
		return 0;
	}

	sq = sleeptab_lookup(&sleeptab, ident);
	sleepq_enter(sq, l);

	if (interlock != NULL) {
		LOCK_ASSERT(simple_lock_held(interlock));
		simple_unlock(interlock);
	}

	catch = priority & PCATCH;
	sleepq_block(sq, priority & PRIMASK, ident, wmesg, timo, catch,
	    &sleep_syncobj);
	error = sleepq_unblock(timo, catch);

	if (interlock != NULL && (priority & PNORELOCK) == 0)
		simple_lock(interlock);

	return error;
}

/*
 * General sleep call for situations where a wake-up is not expected.
 */
int
kpause(const char *wmesg, bool intr, int timo, kmutex_t *mtx)
{
	struct lwp *l = curlwp;
	sleepq_t *sq;
	int error;

	if (sleepq_dontsleep(l))
		return sleepq_abort(NULL, 0);

	if (mtx != NULL)
		mutex_exit(mtx);
	sq = sleeptab_lookup(&sleeptab, l);
	sleepq_enter(sq, l);
	sleepq_block(sq, sched_kpri(l), l, wmesg, timo, intr, &sleep_syncobj);
	error = sleepq_unblock(timo, intr);
	if (mtx != NULL)
		mutex_enter(mtx);

	return error;
}

/*
 * OBSOLETE INTERFACE
 *
 * Make all processes sleeping on the specified identifier runnable.
 */
void
wakeup(wchan_t ident)
{
	sleepq_t *sq;

	if (cold)
		return;

	sq = sleeptab_lookup(&sleeptab, ident);
	sleepq_wake(sq, ident, (u_int)-1);
}

/*
 * OBSOLETE INTERFACE
 *
 * Make the highest priority process first in line on the specified
 * identifier runnable.
 */
void
wakeup_one(wchan_t ident)
{
	sleepq_t *sq;

	if (cold)
		return;

	sq = sleeptab_lookup(&sleeptab, ident);
	sleepq_wake(sq, ident, 1);
}


/*
 * General yield call.  Puts the current process back on its run queue and
 * performs a voluntary context switch.  Should only be called when the
 * current process explicitly requests it (eg sched_yield(2) in compat code).
 */
void
yield(void)
{
	struct lwp *l = curlwp;

	KERNEL_UNLOCK_ALL(l, &l->l_biglocks);
	lwp_lock(l);
	if (l->l_stat == LSONPROC) {
		KASSERT(lwp_locked(l, &sched_mutex));
		l->l_priority = l->l_usrpri;
	}
	l->l_nvcsw++;
	mi_switch(l, NULL);
	KERNEL_LOCK(l->l_biglocks, l);
}

/*
 * General preemption call.  Puts the current process back on its run queue
 * and performs an involuntary context switch.
 */
void
preempt(void)
{
	struct lwp *l = curlwp;

	KERNEL_UNLOCK_ALL(l, &l->l_biglocks);
	lwp_lock(l);
	if (l->l_stat == LSONPROC) {
		KASSERT(lwp_locked(l, &sched_mutex));
		l->l_priority = l->l_usrpri;
	}
	l->l_nivcsw++;
	(void)mi_switch(l, NULL);
	KERNEL_LOCK(l->l_biglocks, l);
}

/*
 * The machine independent parts of context switch.  Switch to "new"
 * if non-NULL, otherwise let cpu_switch choose the next lwp.
 *
 * Returns 1 if another process was actually run.
 */
int
mi_switch(struct lwp *l, struct lwp *newl)
{
	struct schedstate_percpu *spc;
	struct timeval tv;
	int retval, oldspl;
	long s, u;

	LOCK_ASSERT(lwp_locked(l, NULL));

#ifdef LOCKDEBUG
	spinlock_switchcheck();
	simple_lock_switchcheck();
#endif
#ifdef KSTACK_CHECK_MAGIC
	kstack_check_magic(l);
#endif

	/*
	 * It's safe to read the per CPU schedstate unlocked here, as all we
	 * are after is the run time and that's guarenteed to have been last
	 * updated by this CPU.
	 */
	KDASSERT(l->l_cpu == curcpu());
	spc = &l->l_cpu->ci_schedstate;

	/*
	 * Compute the amount of time during which the current
	 * process was running.
	 */
	microtime(&tv);
	u = l->l_rtime.tv_usec +
	    (tv.tv_usec - spc->spc_runtime.tv_usec);
	s = l->l_rtime.tv_sec + (tv.tv_sec - spc->spc_runtime.tv_sec);
	if (u < 0) {
		u += 1000000;
		s--;
	} else if (u >= 1000000) {
		u -= 1000000;
		s++;
	}
	l->l_rtime.tv_usec = u;
	l->l_rtime.tv_sec = s;

	/* Count time spent in current system call */
	SYSCALL_TIME_SLEEP(l);

	/*
	 * XXXSMP If we are using h/w performance counters, save context.
	 */
#if PERFCTRS
	if (PMC_ENABLED(l->l_proc)) {
		pmc_save_context(l->l_proc);
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * Acquire the sched_mutex if necessary.  It will be released by
	 * cpu_switch once it has decided to idle, or picked another LWP
	 * to run.
	 */
#if defined(MULTIPROCESSOR) || defined(LOCKDEBUG)
	if (l->l_mutex != &sched_mutex) {
		mutex_spin_enter(&sched_mutex);
		lwp_unlock(l);
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * If on the CPU and we have gotten this far, then we must yield.
	 */
	KASSERT(l->l_stat != LSRUN);
	if (l->l_stat == LSONPROC) {
		KASSERT(lwp_locked(l, &sched_mutex));
		l->l_stat = LSRUN;
		setrunqueue(l);
	}
	uvmexp.swtch++;

	/*
	 * Process is about to yield the CPU; clear the appropriate
	 * scheduling flags.
	 */
	spc->spc_flags &= ~SPCF_SWITCHCLEAR;

	LOCKDEBUG_BARRIER(&sched_mutex, 1);

	/*
	 * Switch to the new current LWP.  When we run again, we'll
	 * return back here.
	 */
	oldspl = MUTEX_SPIN_OLDSPL(l->l_cpu);

	if (newl == NULL || newl->l_back == NULL)
		retval = cpu_switch(l, NULL);
	else {
		KASSERT(lwp_locked(newl, &sched_mutex));
		remrunqueue(newl);
		cpu_switchto(l, newl);
		retval = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * XXXSMP If we are using h/w performance counters, restore context.
	 */
#if PERFCTRS
	if (PMC_ENABLED(l->l_proc)) {
		pmc_restore_context(l->l_proc);
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * We're running again; record our new start time.  We might
	 * be running on a new CPU now, so don't use the cached
	 * schedstate_percpu pointer.
	 */
	SYSCALL_TIME_WAKEUP(l);
	KDASSERT(l->l_cpu == curcpu());
	microtime(&l->l_cpu->ci_schedstate.spc_runtime);
	splx(oldspl);

	return retval;
}

/*
 * Initialize the (doubly-linked) run queues
 * to be empty.
 */
void
rqinit()
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < RUNQUE_NQS; i++)
		sched_qs[i].ph_link = sched_qs[i].ph_rlink =
		    (struct lwp *)&sched_qs[i];

	mutex_init(&sched_mutex, MUTEX_SPIN, IPL_SCHED);
}

static inline void
resched_lwp(struct lwp *l, u_char pri)
{
	struct cpu_info *ci;

	/*
	 * XXXSMP
	 * Since l->l_cpu persists across a context switch,
	 * this gives us *very weak* processor affinity, in
	 * that we notify the CPU on which the process last
	 * ran that it should try to switch.
	 *
	 * This does not guarantee that the process will run on
	 * that processor next, because another processor might
	 * grab it the next time it performs a context switch.
	 *
	 * This also does not handle the case where its last
	 * CPU is running a higher-priority process, but every
	 * other CPU is running a lower-priority process.  There
	 * are ways to handle this situation, but they're not
	 * currently very pretty, and we also need to weigh the
	 * cost of moving a process from one CPU to another.
	 *
	 * XXXSMP
	 * There is also the issue of locking the other CPU's
	 * sched state, which we currently do not do.
	 */
	ci = (l->l_cpu != NULL) ? l->l_cpu : curcpu();
	if (pri < ci->ci_schedstate.spc_curpriority)
		cpu_need_resched(ci);
}

/*
 * Change process state to be runnable, placing it on the run queue if it is
 * in memory, and awakening the swapper if it isn't in memory.
 *
 * Call with the process and LWP locked.  Will return with the LWP unlocked.
 */
void
setrunnable(struct lwp *l)
{
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	sigset_t *ss;

	KASSERT(mutex_owned(&p->p_smutex));
	KASSERT(lwp_locked(l, NULL));

	switch (l->l_stat) {
	case LSSTOP:
		/*
		 * If we're being traced (possibly because someone attached us
		 * while we were stopped), check for a signal from the debugger.
		 */
		if ((p->p_slflag & PSL_TRACED) != 0 && p->p_xstat != 0) {
			if ((sigprop[p->p_xstat] & SA_TOLWP) != 0)
				ss = &l->l_sigpend.sp_set;
			else
				ss = &p->p_sigpend.sp_set;
			sigaddset(ss, p->p_xstat);
			signotify(l);
		}
		p->p_nrlwps++;
		break;
	case LSSUSPENDED:
		l->l_flag &= ~LW_WSUSPEND;
		p->p_nrlwps++;
		break;
	case LSSLEEP:
		KASSERT(l->l_wchan != NULL);
		break;
	default:
		panic("setrunnable: lwp %p state was %d", l, l->l_stat);
	}

	/*
	 * If the LWP was sleeping interruptably, then it's OK to start it
	 * again.  If not, mark it as still sleeping.
	 */
	if (l->l_wchan != NULL) {
		l->l_stat = LSSLEEP;
		/* lwp_unsleep() will release the lock. */
		lwp_unsleep(l);
		return;
	}

	LOCK_ASSERT(lwp_locked(l, &sched_mutex));

	/*
	 * If the LWP is still on the CPU, mark it as LSONPROC.  It may be
	 * about to call mi_switch(), in which case it will yield.
	 *
	 * XXXSMP Will need to change for preemption.
	 */
#ifdef MULTIPROCESSOR
	if (l->l_cpu->ci_curlwp == l) {
#else
	if (l == curlwp) {
#endif
		l->l_stat = LSONPROC;
		l->l_slptime = 0;
		lwp_unlock(l);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Set the LWP runnable.  If it's swapped out, we need to wake the swapper
	 * to bring it back in.  Otherwise, enter it into a run queue.
	 */
	if (l->l_slptime > 1)
		updatepri(l);
	l->l_stat = LSRUN;
	l->l_slptime = 0;

	if (l->l_flag & LW_INMEM) {
		setrunqueue(l);
		resched_lwp(l, l->l_priority);
		lwp_unlock(l);
	} else {
		lwp_unlock(l);
		uvm_kick_scheduler();
	}
}

/*
 * Compute the priority of a process when running in user mode.
 * Arrange to reschedule if the resulting priority is better
 * than that of the current process.
 */
void
resetpriority(struct lwp *l)
{
	unsigned int newpriority;
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;

	/* XXXSMP LOCK_ASSERT(mutex_owned(&p->p_stmutex)); */
	LOCK_ASSERT(lwp_locked(l, NULL));

	if ((l->l_flag & LW_SYSTEM) != 0)
		return;

	newpriority = PUSER + (p->p_estcpu >> ESTCPU_SHIFT) +
	    NICE_WEIGHT * (p->p_nice - NZERO);
	newpriority = min(newpriority, MAXPRI);
	lwp_changepri(l, newpriority);
}

/*
 * Recompute priority for all LWPs in a process.
 */
void
resetprocpriority(struct proc *p)
{
	struct lwp *l;

	LOCK_ASSERT(mutex_owned(&p->p_stmutex));

	LIST_FOREACH(l, &p->p_lwps, l_sibling) {
		lwp_lock(l);
		resetpriority(l);
		lwp_unlock(l);
	}
}

/*
 * We adjust the priority of the current process.  The priority of a process
 * gets worse as it accumulates CPU time.  The CPU usage estimator (p_estcpu)
 * is increased here.  The formula for computing priorities (in kern_synch.c)
 * will compute a different value each time p_estcpu increases. This can
 * cause a switch, but unless the priority crosses a PPQ boundary the actual
 * queue will not change.  The CPU usage estimator ramps up quite quickly
 * when the process is running (linearly), and decays away exponentially, at
 * a rate which is proportionally slower when the system is busy.  The basic
 * principle is that the system will 90% forget that the process used a lot
 * of CPU time in 5 * loadav seconds.  This causes the system to favor
 * processes which haven't run much recently, and to round-robin among other
 * processes.
 */

void
schedclock(struct lwp *l)
{
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;

	mutex_spin_enter(&p->p_stmutex);
	p->p_estcpu = ESTCPULIM(p->p_estcpu + (1 << ESTCPU_SHIFT));
	lwp_lock(l);
	resetpriority(l);
	mutex_spin_exit(&p->p_stmutex);
	if ((l->l_flag & LW_SYSTEM) == 0 && l->l_priority >= PUSER)
		l->l_priority = l->l_usrpri;
	lwp_unlock(l);
}

/*
 * suspendsched:
 *
 *	Convert all non-L_SYSTEM LSSLEEP or LSRUN LWPs to LSSUSPENDED.
 */
void
suspendsched(void)
{
#ifdef MULTIPROCESSOR
	CPU_INFO_ITERATOR cii;
	struct cpu_info *ci;
#endif
	struct lwp *l;
	struct proc *p;

	/*
	 * We do this by process in order not to violate the locking rules.
	 */
	mutex_enter(&proclist_mutex);
	PROCLIST_FOREACH(p, &allproc) {
		mutex_enter(&p->p_smutex);

		if ((p->p_flag & PK_SYSTEM) != 0) {
			mutex_exit(&p->p_smutex);
			continue;
		}

		p->p_stat = SSTOP;

		LIST_FOREACH(l, &p->p_lwps, l_sibling) {
			if (l == curlwp)
				continue;

			lwp_lock(l);

			/*
			 * Set L_WREBOOT so that the LWP will suspend itself
			 * when it tries to return to user mode.  We want to
			 * try and get to get as many LWPs as possible to
			 * the user / kernel boundary, so that they will
			 * release any locks that they hold.
			 */
			l->l_flag |= (LW_WREBOOT | LW_WSUSPEND);

			if (l->l_stat == LSSLEEP &&
			    (l->l_flag & LW_SINTR) != 0) {
				/* setrunnable() will release the lock. */
				setrunnable(l);
				continue;
			}

			lwp_unlock(l);
		}

		mutex_exit(&p->p_smutex);
	}
	mutex_exit(&proclist_mutex);

	/*
	 * Kick all CPUs to make them preempt any LWPs running in user mode.
	 * They'll trap into the kernel and suspend themselves in userret().
	 */
	sched_lock(0);
#ifdef MULTIPROCESSOR
	for (CPU_INFO_FOREACH(cii, ci))
		cpu_need_resched(ci);
#else
	cpu_need_resched(curcpu());
#endif
	sched_unlock(0);
}

/*
 * scheduler_fork_hook:
 *
 *	Inherit the parent's scheduler history.
 */
void
scheduler_fork_hook(struct proc *parent, struct proc *child)
{

	LOCK_ASSERT(mutex_owned(&parent->p_smutex));

	child->p_estcpu = child->p_estcpu_inherited = parent->p_estcpu;
	child->p_forktime = schedcpu_ticks;
}

/*
 * scheduler_wait_hook:
 *
 *	Chargeback parents for the sins of their children.
 */
void
scheduler_wait_hook(struct proc *parent, struct proc *child)
{
	fixpt_t loadfac = loadfactor(averunnable.ldavg[0]);
	fixpt_t estcpu;

	/* XXX Only if parent != init?? */

	mutex_spin_enter(&parent->p_stmutex);
	estcpu = decay_cpu_batch(loadfac, child->p_estcpu_inherited,
	    schedcpu_ticks - child->p_forktime);
	if (child->p_estcpu > estcpu)
		parent->p_estcpu =
		    ESTCPULIM(parent->p_estcpu + child->p_estcpu - estcpu);
	mutex_spin_exit(&parent->p_stmutex);
}

/*
 * sched_kpri:
 *
 *	Scale a priority level to a kernel priority level, usually
 *	for an LWP that is about to sleep.
 */
int
sched_kpri(struct lwp *l)
{
	/*
	 * Scale user priorities (127 -> 50) up to kernel priorities
	 * in the range (49 -> 8).  Reserve the top 8 kernel priorities
	 * for high priority kthreads.  Kernel priorities passed in
	 * are left "as is".  XXX This is somewhat arbitrary.
	 */
	static const uint8_t kpri_tab[] = {
		 0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,
		 8,   9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,
		16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,
		24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31,
		32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,
		40,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45,  46,  47,
		48,  49,   8,   8,   9,   9,  10,  10,
		11,  11,  12,  12,  13,  14,  14,  15,
		15,  16,  16,  17,  17,  18,  18,  19,
		20,  20,  21,  21,  22,  22,  23,  23,
		24,  24,  25,  26,  26,  27,  27,  28,
		28,  29,  29,  30,  30,  31,  32,  32,
		33,  33,  34,  34,  35,  35,  36,  36,
		37,  38,  38,  39,  39,  40,  40,  41,
		41,  42,  42,  43,  44,  44,  45,  45,
		46,  46,  47,  47,  48,  48,  49,  49,
	};

	return kpri_tab[l->l_usrpri];
}

/*
 * sched_unsleep:
 *
 *	The is called when the LWP has not been awoken normally but instead
 *	interrupted: for example, if the sleep timed out.  Because of this,
 *	it's not a valid action for running or idle LWPs.
 */
void
sched_unsleep(struct lwp *l)
{

	lwp_unlock(l);
	panic("sched_unsleep");
}

/*
 * sched_changepri:
 *
 *	Adjust the priority of an LWP.
 */
void
sched_changepri(struct lwp *l, int pri)
{

	LOCK_ASSERT(lwp_locked(l, &sched_mutex));

	l->l_usrpri = pri;

	if (l->l_priority < PUSER)
		return;
	if (l->l_stat != LSRUN || (l->l_flag & LW_INMEM) == 0 ||
	    (l->l_priority / PPQ) == (pri / PPQ)) {
		l->l_priority = pri;
		return;
	}

	remrunqueue(l);
	l->l_priority = pri;
	setrunqueue(l);
	resched_lwp(l, pri);
}

/*
 * Low-level routines to access the run queue.  Optimised assembler
 * routines can override these.
 */

#ifndef __HAVE_MD_RUNQUEUE

/*
 * On some architectures, it's faster to use a MSB ordering for the priorites
 * than the traditional LSB ordering.
 */
#ifdef __HAVE_BIGENDIAN_BITOPS
#define	RQMASK(n) (0x80000000 >> (n))
#else
#define	RQMASK(n) (0x00000001 << (n))
#endif

/*
 * The primitives that manipulate the run queues.  whichqs tells which
 * of the 32 queues qs have processes in them.  Setrunqueue puts processes
 * into queues, remrunqueue removes them from queues.  The running process is
 * on no queue, other processes are on a queue related to p->p_priority,
 * divided by 4 actually to shrink the 0-127 range of priorities into the 32
 * available queues.
 */
#ifdef RQDEBUG
static void
checkrunqueue(int whichq, struct lwp *l)
{
	const struct prochd * const rq = &sched_qs[whichq];
	struct lwp *l2;
	int found = 0;
	int die = 0;
	int empty = 1;
	for (l2 = rq->ph_link; l2 != (const void*) rq; l2 = l2->l_forw) {
		if (l2->l_stat != LSRUN) {
			printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: lwp %p state (%d) "
			    " != LSRUN\n", whichq, l2, l2->l_stat);
		}
		if (l2->l_back->l_forw != l2) {
			printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: lwp %p back-qptr (%p) "
			    "corrupt %p\n", whichq, l2, l2->l_back,
			    l2->l_back->l_forw);
			die = 1;
		}
		if (l2->l_forw->l_back != l2) {
			printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: lwp %p forw-qptr (%p) "
			    "corrupt %p\n", whichq, l2, l2->l_forw,
			    l2->l_forw->l_back);
			die = 1;
		}
		if (l2 == l)
			found = 1;
		empty = 0;
	}
	if (empty && (sched_whichqs & RQMASK(whichq)) != 0) {
		printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: bit set for empty run-queue %p\n",
		    whichq, rq);
		die = 1;
	} else if (!empty && (sched_whichqs & RQMASK(whichq)) == 0) {
		printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: bit clear for non-empty "
		    "run-queue %p\n", whichq, rq);
		die = 1;
	}
	if (l != NULL && (sched_whichqs & RQMASK(whichq)) == 0) {
		printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: bit clear for active lwp %p\n",
		    whichq, l);
		die = 1;
	}
	if (l != NULL && empty) {
		printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: empty run-queue %p with "
		    "active lwp %p\n", whichq, rq, l);
		die = 1;
	}
	if (l != NULL && !found) {
		printf("checkrunqueue[%d]: lwp %p not in runqueue %p!",
		    whichq, l, rq);
		die = 1;
	}
	if (die)
		panic("checkrunqueue: inconsistency found");
}
#endif /* RQDEBUG */

void
setrunqueue(struct lwp *l)
{
	struct prochd *rq;
	struct lwp *prev;
	const int whichq = l->l_priority / PPQ;

	LOCK_ASSERT(lwp_locked(l, &sched_mutex));

#ifdef RQDEBUG
	checkrunqueue(whichq, NULL);
#endif
#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
	if (l->l_back != NULL || l->l_stat != LSRUN)
		panic("setrunqueue");
#endif
	sched_whichqs |= RQMASK(whichq);
	rq = &sched_qs[whichq];
	prev = rq->ph_rlink;
	l->l_forw = (struct lwp *)rq;
	rq->ph_rlink = l;
	prev->l_forw = l;
	l->l_back = prev;
#ifdef RQDEBUG
	checkrunqueue(whichq, l);
#endif
}

/*
 * XXXSMP When LWP dispatch (cpu_switch()) is changed to use remrunqueue(),
 * drop of the effective priority level from kernel to user needs to be
 * moved here from userret().  The assignment in userret() is currently
 * done unlocked.
 */
void
remrunqueue(struct lwp *l)
{
	struct lwp *prev, *next;
	const int whichq = l->l_priority / PPQ;

	LOCK_ASSERT(lwp_locked(l, &sched_mutex));

#ifdef RQDEBUG
	checkrunqueue(whichq, l);
#endif

#if defined(DIAGNOSTIC)
	if (((sched_whichqs & RQMASK(whichq)) == 0) || l->l_back == NULL) {
		/* Shouldn't happen - interrupts disabled. */
		panic("remrunqueue: bit %d not set", whichq);
	}
#endif
	prev = l->l_back;
	l->l_back = NULL;
	next = l->l_forw;
	prev->l_forw = next;
	next->l_back = prev;
	if (prev == next)
		sched_whichqs &= ~RQMASK(whichq);
#ifdef RQDEBUG
	checkrunqueue(whichq, NULL);
#endif
}

#undef RQMASK
#endif /* !defined(__HAVE_MD_RUNQUEUE) */