xref: /src/sys/kern/subr_kmem.c

/*	$NetBSD: subr_kmem.c,v 1.74 2019/03/26 20:05:18 maxv Exp $	*/

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2015 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
 * by Andrew Doran and Maxime Villard.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*-
 * Copyright (c)2006 YAMAMOTO Takashi,
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * Allocator of kernel wired memory. This allocator has some debug features
 * enabled with "option DIAGNOSTIC" and "option DEBUG".
 */

/*
 * KMEM_SIZE: detect alloc/free size mismatch bugs.
 *	Prefix each allocations with a fixed-sized, aligned header and record
 *	the exact user-requested allocation size in it. When freeing, compare
 *	it with kmem_free's "size" argument.
 *
 * This option enabled on DIAGNOSTIC.
 *
 *  |CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|CHUNK|
 *  +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---+-+
 *  |/////|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |   |U|
 *  |/HSZ/|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |   |U|
 *  |/////|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |   |U|
 *  +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---+-+
 *  |Size |    Buffer usable by the caller (requested size)   |Unused\
 */

/*
 * KMEM_GUARD
 *	A kernel with "option DEBUG" has "kmem_guard" debugging feature compiled
 *	in. See the comment below for what kind of bugs it tries to detect. Even
 *	if compiled in, it's disabled by default because it's very expensive.
 *	You can enable it on boot by:
 *		boot -d
 *		db> w kmem_guard_depth 0t30000
 *		db> c
 *
 *	The default value of kmem_guard_depth is 0, which means disabled.
 *	It can be changed by KMEM_GUARD_DEPTH kernel config option.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: subr_kmem.c,v 1.74 2019/03/26 20:05:18 maxv Exp $");

#ifdef _KERNEL_OPT
#include "opt_kmem.h"
#endif

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/callback.h>
#include <sys/kmem.h>
#include <sys/pool.h>
#include <sys/debug.h>
#include <sys/lockdebug.h>
#include <sys/cpu.h>
#include <sys/asan.h>

#include <uvm/uvm_extern.h>
#include <uvm/uvm_map.h>

#include <lib/libkern/libkern.h>

struct kmem_cache_info {
	size_t		kc_size;
	const char *	kc_name;
};

static const struct kmem_cache_info kmem_cache_sizes[] = {
	{  8, "kmem-8" },
	{ 16, "kmem-16" },
	{ 24, "kmem-24" },
	{ 32, "kmem-32" },
	{ 40, "kmem-40" },
	{ 48, "kmem-48" },
	{ 56, "kmem-56" },
	{ 64, "kmem-64" },
	{ 80, "kmem-80" },
	{ 96, "kmem-96" },
	{ 112, "kmem-112" },
	{ 128, "kmem-128" },
	{ 160, "kmem-160" },
	{ 192, "kmem-192" },
	{ 224, "kmem-224" },
	{ 256, "kmem-256" },
	{ 320, "kmem-320" },
	{ 384, "kmem-384" },
	{ 448, "kmem-448" },
	{ 512, "kmem-512" },
	{ 768, "kmem-768" },
	{ 1024, "kmem-1024" },
	{ 0, NULL }
};

static const struct kmem_cache_info kmem_cache_big_sizes[] = {
	{ 2048, "kmem-2048" },
	{ 4096, "kmem-4096" },
	{ 8192, "kmem-8192" },
	{ 16384, "kmem-16384" },
	{ 0, NULL }
};

/*
 * KMEM_ALIGN is the smallest guaranteed alignment and also the
 * smallest allocateable quantum.
 * Every cache size >= CACHE_LINE_SIZE gets CACHE_LINE_SIZE alignment.
 */
#define	KMEM_ALIGN		8
#define	KMEM_SHIFT		3
#define	KMEM_MAXSIZE		1024
#define	KMEM_CACHE_COUNT	(KMEM_MAXSIZE >> KMEM_SHIFT)

static pool_cache_t kmem_cache[KMEM_CACHE_COUNT] __cacheline_aligned;
static size_t kmem_cache_maxidx __read_mostly;

#define	KMEM_BIG_ALIGN		2048
#define	KMEM_BIG_SHIFT		11
#define	KMEM_BIG_MAXSIZE	16384
#define	KMEM_CACHE_BIG_COUNT	(KMEM_BIG_MAXSIZE >> KMEM_BIG_SHIFT)

static pool_cache_t kmem_cache_big[KMEM_CACHE_BIG_COUNT] __cacheline_aligned;
static size_t kmem_cache_big_maxidx __read_mostly;

#if defined(DIAGNOSTIC) && defined(_HARDKERNEL)
#define	KMEM_SIZE
#endif

#if defined(DEBUG) && defined(_HARDKERNEL)
#define	KMEM_SIZE
#define	KMEM_GUARD
static void *kmem_freecheck;
#endif

#if defined(KMEM_SIZE)
struct kmem_header {
	size_t		size;
} __aligned(KMEM_ALIGN);
#define	SIZE_SIZE	sizeof(struct kmem_header)
static void kmem_size_set(void *, size_t);
static void kmem_size_check(void *, size_t);
#else
#define	SIZE_SIZE	0
#define	kmem_size_set(p, sz)	/* nothing */
#define	kmem_size_check(p, sz)	/* nothing */
#endif

#if defined(KMEM_GUARD)
#ifndef KMEM_GUARD_DEPTH
#define KMEM_GUARD_DEPTH 0
#endif
struct kmem_guard {
	u_int		kg_depth;
	intptr_t *	kg_fifo;
	u_int		kg_rotor;
	vmem_t *	kg_vmem;
};
static bool kmem_guard_init(struct kmem_guard *, u_int, vmem_t *);
static void *kmem_guard_alloc(struct kmem_guard *, size_t, bool);
static void kmem_guard_free(struct kmem_guard *, size_t, void *);
int kmem_guard_depth = KMEM_GUARD_DEPTH;
static bool kmem_guard_enabled;
static struct kmem_guard kmem_guard;
#endif /* defined(KMEM_GUARD) */

CTASSERT(KM_SLEEP == PR_WAITOK);
CTASSERT(KM_NOSLEEP == PR_NOWAIT);

/*
 * kmem_intr_alloc: allocate wired memory.
 */

void *
kmem_intr_alloc(size_t requested_size, km_flag_t kmflags)
{
#ifdef KASAN
	const size_t origsize = requested_size;
#endif
	size_t allocsz, index;
	size_t size;
	pool_cache_t pc;
	uint8_t *p;

	KASSERT(requested_size > 0);

	KASSERT((kmflags & KM_SLEEP) || (kmflags & KM_NOSLEEP));
	KASSERT(!(kmflags & KM_SLEEP) || !(kmflags & KM_NOSLEEP));

#ifdef KMEM_GUARD
	if (kmem_guard_enabled) {
		return kmem_guard_alloc(&kmem_guard, requested_size,
		    (kmflags & KM_SLEEP) != 0);
	}
#endif

	kasan_add_redzone(&requested_size);
	size = kmem_roundup_size(requested_size);
	allocsz = size + SIZE_SIZE;

	if ((index = ((allocsz -1) >> KMEM_SHIFT))
	    < kmem_cache_maxidx) {
		pc = kmem_cache[index];
	} else if ((index = ((allocsz - 1) >> KMEM_BIG_SHIFT))
	    < kmem_cache_big_maxidx) {
		pc = kmem_cache_big[index];
	} else {
		int ret = uvm_km_kmem_alloc(kmem_va_arena,
		    (vsize_t)round_page(size),
		    ((kmflags & KM_SLEEP) ? VM_SLEEP : VM_NOSLEEP)
		     | VM_INSTANTFIT, (vmem_addr_t *)&p);
		if (ret) {
			return NULL;
		}
		FREECHECK_OUT(&kmem_freecheck, p);
		return p;
	}

	p = pool_cache_get(pc, kmflags);

	if (__predict_true(p != NULL)) {
		FREECHECK_OUT(&kmem_freecheck, p);
		kmem_size_set(p, requested_size);
		p += SIZE_SIZE;
		kasan_mark(p, origsize, size);
		return p;
	}
	return p;
}

/*
 * kmem_intr_zalloc: allocate zeroed wired memory.
 */

void *
kmem_intr_zalloc(size_t size, km_flag_t kmflags)
{
	void *p;

	p = kmem_intr_alloc(size, kmflags);
	if (p != NULL) {
		memset(p, 0, size);
	}
	return p;
}

/*
 * kmem_intr_free: free wired memory allocated by kmem_alloc.
 */

void
kmem_intr_free(void *p, size_t requested_size)
{
	size_t allocsz, index;
	size_t size;
	pool_cache_t pc;

	KASSERT(p != NULL);
	KASSERT(requested_size > 0);

#ifdef KMEM_GUARD
	if (kmem_guard_enabled) {
		kmem_guard_free(&kmem_guard, requested_size, p);
		return;
	}
#endif

	kasan_add_redzone(&requested_size);
	size = kmem_roundup_size(requested_size);
	allocsz = size + SIZE_SIZE;

	if ((index = ((allocsz -1) >> KMEM_SHIFT))
	    < kmem_cache_maxidx) {
		pc = kmem_cache[index];
	} else if ((index = ((allocsz - 1) >> KMEM_BIG_SHIFT))
	    < kmem_cache_big_maxidx) {
		pc = kmem_cache_big[index];
	} else {
		FREECHECK_IN(&kmem_freecheck, p);
		uvm_km_kmem_free(kmem_va_arena, (vaddr_t)p,
		    round_page(size));
		return;
	}

	kasan_mark(p, size, size);

	p = (uint8_t *)p - SIZE_SIZE;
	kmem_size_check(p, requested_size);
	FREECHECK_IN(&kmem_freecheck, p);
	LOCKDEBUG_MEM_CHECK(p, size);

	pool_cache_put(pc, p);
}

/* ---- kmem API */

/*
 * kmem_alloc: allocate wired memory.
 * => must not be called from interrupt context.
 */

void *
kmem_alloc(size_t size, km_flag_t kmflags)
{
	void *v;

	KASSERTMSG((!cpu_intr_p() && !cpu_softintr_p()),
	    "kmem(9) should not be used from the interrupt context");
	v = kmem_intr_alloc(size, kmflags);
	KASSERT(v || (kmflags & KM_NOSLEEP) != 0);
	return v;
}

/*
 * kmem_zalloc: allocate zeroed wired memory.
 * => must not be called from interrupt context.
 */

void *
kmem_zalloc(size_t size, km_flag_t kmflags)
{
	void *v;

	KASSERTMSG((!cpu_intr_p() && !cpu_softintr_p()),
	    "kmem(9) should not be used from the interrupt context");
	v = kmem_intr_zalloc(size, kmflags);
	KASSERT(v || (kmflags & KM_NOSLEEP) != 0);
	return v;
}

/*
 * kmem_free: free wired memory allocated by kmem_alloc.
 * => must not be called from interrupt context.
 */

void
kmem_free(void *p, size_t size)
{
	KASSERT(!cpu_intr_p());
	KASSERT(!cpu_softintr_p());
	kmem_intr_free(p, size);
}

static size_t
kmem_create_caches(const struct kmem_cache_info *array,
    pool_cache_t alloc_table[], size_t maxsize, int shift, int ipl)
{
	size_t maxidx = 0;
	size_t table_unit = (1 << shift);
	size_t size = table_unit;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; array[i].kc_size != 0 ; i++) {
		const char *name = array[i].kc_name;
		size_t cache_size = array[i].kc_size;
		struct pool_allocator *pa;
		int flags = 0;
		pool_cache_t pc;
		size_t align;

		if ((cache_size & (CACHE_LINE_SIZE - 1)) == 0)
			align = CACHE_LINE_SIZE;
		else if ((cache_size & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) == 0)
			align = PAGE_SIZE;
		else
			align = KMEM_ALIGN;

		if (cache_size < CACHE_LINE_SIZE)
			flags |= PR_NOTOUCH;

		/* check if we reached the requested size */
		if (cache_size > maxsize || cache_size > PAGE_SIZE) {
			break;
		}
		if ((cache_size >> shift) > maxidx) {
			maxidx = cache_size >> shift;
		}

		if ((cache_size >> shift) > maxidx) {
			maxidx = cache_size >> shift;
		}

		pa = &pool_allocator_kmem;
		pc = pool_cache_init(cache_size, align, 0, flags,
		    name, pa, ipl, NULL, NULL, NULL);

		while (size <= cache_size) {
			alloc_table[(size - 1) >> shift] = pc;
			size += table_unit;
		}
	}
	return maxidx;
}

void
kmem_init(void)
{
#ifdef KMEM_GUARD
	kmem_guard_enabled = kmem_guard_init(&kmem_guard, kmem_guard_depth,
	    kmem_va_arena);
#endif
	kmem_cache_maxidx = kmem_create_caches(kmem_cache_sizes,
	    kmem_cache, KMEM_MAXSIZE, KMEM_SHIFT, IPL_VM);
	kmem_cache_big_maxidx = kmem_create_caches(kmem_cache_big_sizes,
	    kmem_cache_big, PAGE_SIZE, KMEM_BIG_SHIFT, IPL_VM);
}

size_t
kmem_roundup_size(size_t size)
{
	return (size + (KMEM_ALIGN - 1)) & ~(KMEM_ALIGN - 1);
}

/*
 * Used to dynamically allocate string with kmem accordingly to format.
 */
char *
kmem_asprintf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	int size __diagused, len;
	va_list va;
	char *str;

	va_start(va, fmt);
	len = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, va);
	va_end(va);

	str = kmem_alloc(len + 1, KM_SLEEP);

	va_start(va, fmt);
	size = vsnprintf(str, len + 1, fmt, va);
	va_end(va);

	KASSERT(size == len);

	return str;
}

char *
kmem_strdupsize(const char *str, size_t *lenp, km_flag_t flags)
{
	size_t len = strlen(str) + 1;
	char *ptr = kmem_alloc(len, flags);
	if (ptr == NULL)
		return NULL;

	if (lenp)
		*lenp = len;
	memcpy(ptr, str, len);
	return ptr;
}

char *
kmem_strndup(const char *str, size_t maxlen, km_flag_t flags)
{
	KASSERT(str != NULL);
	KASSERT(maxlen != 0);

	size_t len = strnlen(str, maxlen);
	char *ptr = kmem_alloc(len + 1, flags);
	if (ptr == NULL)
		return NULL;

	memcpy(ptr, str, len);
	ptr[len] = '\0';

	return ptr;
}

void
kmem_strfree(char *str)
{
	if (str == NULL)
		return;

	kmem_free(str, strlen(str) + 1);
}

/* ------------------ DEBUG / DIAGNOSTIC ------------------ */

#if defined(KMEM_SIZE)
static void
kmem_size_set(void *p, size_t sz)
{
	struct kmem_header *hd;
	hd = (struct kmem_header *)p;
	hd->size = sz;
}

static void
kmem_size_check(void *p, size_t sz)
{
	struct kmem_header *hd;
	size_t hsz;

	hd = (struct kmem_header *)p;
	hsz = hd->size;

	if (hsz != sz) {
		panic("kmem_free(%p, %zu) != allocated size %zu",
		    (const uint8_t *)p + SIZE_SIZE, sz, hsz);
	}

	hd->size = -1;
}
#endif /* defined(KMEM_SIZE) */

#if defined(KMEM_GUARD)
/*
 * The ultimate memory allocator for debugging, baby.  It tries to catch:
 *
 * 1. Overflow, in realtime. A guard page sits immediately after the
 *    requested area; a read/write overflow therefore triggers a page
 *    fault.
 * 2. Invalid pointer/size passed, at free. A kmem_header structure sits
 *    just before the requested area, and holds the allocated size. Any
 *    difference with what is given at free triggers a panic.
 * 3. Underflow, at free. If an underflow occurs, the kmem header will be
 *    modified, and 2. will trigger a panic.
 * 4. Use-after-free. When freeing, the memory is unmapped, and depending
 *    on the value of kmem_guard_depth, the kernel will more or less delay
 *    the recycling of that memory. Which means that any ulterior read/write
 *    access to the memory will trigger a page fault, given it hasn't been
 *    recycled yet.
 */

#include <sys/atomic.h>
#include <uvm/uvm.h>

static bool
kmem_guard_init(struct kmem_guard *kg, u_int depth, vmem_t *vm)
{
	vaddr_t va;

	/* If not enabled, we have nothing to do. */
	if (depth == 0) {
		return false;
	}
	depth = roundup(depth, PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(void *));
	KASSERT(depth != 0);

	/*
	 * Allocate fifo.
	 */
	va = uvm_km_alloc(kernel_map, depth * sizeof(void *), PAGE_SIZE,
	    UVM_KMF_WIRED | UVM_KMF_ZERO);
	if (va == 0) {
		return false;
	}

	/*
	 * Init object.
	 */
	kg->kg_vmem = vm;
	kg->kg_fifo = (void *)va;
	kg->kg_depth = depth;
	kg->kg_rotor = 0;

	printf("kmem_guard(%p): depth %d\n", kg, depth);
	return true;
}

static void *
kmem_guard_alloc(struct kmem_guard *kg, size_t requested_size, bool waitok)
{
	struct vm_page *pg;
	vm_flag_t flags;
	vmem_addr_t va;
	vaddr_t loopva;
	vsize_t loopsize;
	size_t size;
	void **p;

	/*
	 * Compute the size: take the kmem header into account, and add a guard
	 * page at the end.
	 */
	size = round_page(requested_size + SIZE_SIZE) + PAGE_SIZE;

	/* Allocate pages of kernel VA, but do not map anything in yet. */
	flags = VM_BESTFIT | (waitok ? VM_SLEEP : VM_NOSLEEP);
	if (vmem_alloc(kg->kg_vmem, size, flags, &va) != 0) {
		return NULL;
	}

	loopva = va;
	loopsize = size - PAGE_SIZE;

	while (loopsize) {
		pg = uvm_pagealloc(NULL, loopva, NULL, 0);
		if (__predict_false(pg == NULL)) {
			if (waitok) {
				uvm_wait("kmem_guard");
				continue;
			} else {
				uvm_km_pgremove_intrsafe(kernel_map, va,
				    va + size);
				vmem_free(kg->kg_vmem, va, size);
				return NULL;
			}
		}

		pg->flags &= ~PG_BUSY;	/* new page */
		UVM_PAGE_OWN(pg, NULL);
		pmap_kenter_pa(loopva, VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(pg),
		    VM_PROT_READ|VM_PROT_WRITE, PMAP_KMPAGE);

		loopva += PAGE_SIZE;
		loopsize -= PAGE_SIZE;
	}

	pmap_update(pmap_kernel());

	/*
	 * Offset the returned pointer so that the unmapped guard page sits
	 * immediately after the returned object.
	 */
	p = (void **)((va + (size - PAGE_SIZE) - requested_size) & ~(uintptr_t)ALIGNBYTES);
	kmem_size_set((uint8_t *)p - SIZE_SIZE, requested_size);
	return (void *)p;
}

static void
kmem_guard_free(struct kmem_guard *kg, size_t requested_size, void *p)
{
	vaddr_t va;
	u_int rotor;
	size_t size;
	uint8_t *ptr;

	ptr = (uint8_t *)p - SIZE_SIZE;
	kmem_size_check(ptr, requested_size);
	va = trunc_page((vaddr_t)ptr);
	size = round_page(requested_size + SIZE_SIZE) + PAGE_SIZE;

	KASSERT(pmap_extract(pmap_kernel(), va, NULL));
	KASSERT(!pmap_extract(pmap_kernel(), va + (size - PAGE_SIZE), NULL));

	/*
	 * Unmap and free the pages. The last one is never allocated.
	 */
	uvm_km_pgremove_intrsafe(kernel_map, va, va + size);
	pmap_update(pmap_kernel());

#if 0
	/*
	 * XXX: Here, we need to atomically register the va and its size in the
	 * fifo.
	 */

	/*
	 * Put the VA allocation into the list and swap an old one out to free.
	 * This behaves mostly like a fifo.
	 */
	rotor = atomic_inc_uint_nv(&kg->kg_rotor) % kg->kg_depth;
	va = (vaddr_t)atomic_swap_ptr(&kg->kg_fifo[rotor], (void *)va);
	if (va != 0) {
		vmem_free(kg->kg_vmem, va, size);
	}
#else
	(void)rotor;
	vmem_free(kg->kg_vmem, va, size);
#endif
}

#endif /* defined(KMEM_GUARD) */