xref: /src/sys/kern/subr_prf.c

/*	$NetBSD: subr_prf.c,v 1.182 2020/01/01 22:57:17 thorpej Exp $	*/

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1986, 1988, 1991, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
 * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
 * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
 * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)subr_prf.c	8.4 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: subr_prf.c,v 1.182 2020/01/01 22:57:17 thorpej Exp $");

#ifdef _KERNEL_OPT
#include "opt_ddb.h"
#include "opt_kgdb.h"
#include "opt_dump.h"
#include "opt_rnd_printf.h"
#endif

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/stdint.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/buf.h>
#include <sys/device.h>
#include <sys/reboot.h>
#include <sys/msgbuf.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/vnode.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/tty.h>
#include <sys/tprintf.h>
#include <sys/spldebug.h>
#include <sys/syslog.h>
#include <sys/kprintf.h>
#include <sys/atomic.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/cpu.h>
#include <sys/sha2.h>
#include <sys/rndsource.h>
#include <sys/kmem.h>

#include <dev/cons.h>

#include <net/if.h>

static kmutex_t kprintf_mtx;
static bool kprintf_inited = false;

#ifdef KGDB
#include <sys/kgdb.h>
#endif

#ifdef DDB
#include <ddb/ddbvar.h>		/* db_panic */
#include <ddb/db_output.h>	/* db_printf, db_putchar prototypes */
#endif


/*
 * defines
 */
#define KLOG_PRI	0x80000000


/*
 * local prototypes
 */

static void	 putchar(int, int, struct tty *);


/*
 * globals
 */

extern	struct tty *constty;	/* pointer to console "window" tty */
extern	int log_open;	/* subr_log: is /dev/klog open? */
extern	krndsource_t	rnd_printf_source;
const	char *panicstr; /* arg to first call to panic (used as a flag
			   to indicate that panic has already been called). */
struct cpu_info *paniccpu;	/* cpu that first paniced */
long	panicstart, panicend;	/* position in the msgbuf of the start and
				   end of the formatted panicstr. */
int	doing_shutdown;	/* set to indicate shutdown in progress */

#ifdef RND_PRINTF
static bool kprintf_inited_callout = false;
static SHA512_CTX kprnd_sha;
static uint8_t kprnd_accum[SHA512_DIGEST_LENGTH];
static int kprnd_added;

static struct callout kprnd_callout;
#endif

#ifndef	DUMP_ON_PANIC
#define	DUMP_ON_PANIC	1
#endif
int	dumponpanic = DUMP_ON_PANIC;

/*
 * v_putc: routine to putc on virtual console
 *
 * the v_putc pointer can be used to redirect the console cnputc elsewhere
 * [e.g. to a "virtual console"].
 */

void (*v_putc)(int) = cnputc;	/* start with cnputc (normal cons) */
void (*v_flush)(void) = cnflush;	/* start with cnflush (normal cons) */

const char hexdigits[] = "0123456789abcdef";
const char HEXDIGITS[] = "0123456789ABCDEF";


/*
 * functions
 */

#ifdef RND_PRINTF
static void kprintf_rnd_get(size_t bytes, void *priv)
{
	if (kprnd_added)  {
		KASSERT(kprintf_inited);
		if (mutex_tryenter(&kprintf_mtx)) {
			SHA512_Final(kprnd_accum, &kprnd_sha);
			rnd_add_data(&rnd_printf_source,
				     kprnd_accum, sizeof(kprnd_accum), 0);
			kprnd_added = 0;
			/* This, we must do, since we called _Final. */
			SHA512_Init(&kprnd_sha);
			/* This is optional but seems useful. */
			SHA512_Update(&kprnd_sha, kprnd_accum,
				      sizeof(kprnd_accum));
			mutex_exit(&kprintf_mtx);
		}
	}
}

static void kprintf_rnd_callout(void *arg)
{
	kprintf_rnd_get(0, NULL);
	callout_schedule(&kprnd_callout, hz);
}

#endif

/*
 * Locking is inited fairly early in MI bootstrap.  Before that
 * prints are done unlocked.  But that doesn't really matter,
 * since nothing can preempt us before interrupts are enabled.
 */
void
kprintf_init(void)
{

	KASSERT(!kprintf_inited && cold); /* not foolproof, but ... */
#ifdef RND_PRINTF
	SHA512_Init(&kprnd_sha);
#endif
	mutex_init(&kprintf_mtx, MUTEX_DEFAULT, IPL_HIGH);
	kprintf_inited = true;
}

#ifdef RND_PRINTF
void
kprintf_init_callout(void)
{
	KASSERT(!kprintf_inited_callout);
	callout_init(&kprnd_callout, CALLOUT_MPSAFE);
	callout_setfunc(&kprnd_callout, kprintf_rnd_callout, NULL);
	callout_schedule(&kprnd_callout, hz);
	kprintf_inited_callout = true;
}
#endif

void
kprintf_lock(void)
{

	if (__predict_true(kprintf_inited))
		mutex_enter(&kprintf_mtx);
}

void
kprintf_unlock(void)
{

	if (__predict_true(kprintf_inited)) {
		/* assert kprintf wasn't somehow inited while we were in */
		KASSERT(mutex_owned(&kprintf_mtx));
		mutex_exit(&kprintf_mtx);
	}
}

/*
 * twiddle: spin a little propellor on the console.
 */

void
twiddle(void)
{
	static const char twiddle_chars[] = "|/-\\";
	static int pos;

	kprintf_lock();

	putchar(twiddle_chars[pos++ & 3], TOCONS|NOTSTAMP, NULL);
	putchar('\b', TOCONS|NOTSTAMP, NULL);

	kprintf_unlock();
}

/*
 * panic: handle an unresolvable fatal error
 *
 * prints "panic: <message>" and reboots.   if called twice (i.e. recursive
 * call) we avoid trying to dump and just reboot (to avoid recursive panics).
 */

void
panic(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	vpanic(fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
vpanic(const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	CPU_INFO_ITERATOR cii;
	struct cpu_info *ci, *oci;
	int bootopt;
	static char scratchstr[384]; /* stores panic message */

	spldebug_stop();

	if (lwp0.l_cpu && curlwp) {
		/*
		 * Disable preemption.  If already panicing on another CPU, sit
		 * here and spin until the system is rebooted.  Allow the CPU that
		 * first paniced to panic again.
		 */
		kpreempt_disable();
		ci = curcpu();
		oci = atomic_cas_ptr((void *)&paniccpu, NULL, ci);
		if (oci != NULL && oci != ci) {
			/* Give interrupts a chance to try and prevent deadlock. */
			for (;;) {
#ifndef _RUMPKERNEL /* XXXpooka: temporary build fix, see kern/40505 */
				DELAY(10);
#endif /* _RUMPKERNEL */
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Convert the current thread to a bound thread and prevent all
		 * CPUs from scheduling unbound jobs.  Do so without taking any
		 * locks.
		 */
		curlwp->l_pflag |= LP_BOUND;
		for (CPU_INFO_FOREACH(cii, ci)) {
			ci->ci_schedstate.spc_flags |= SPCF_OFFLINE;
		}
	}

	bootopt = RB_AUTOBOOT | RB_NOSYNC;
	if (!doing_shutdown) {
		if (dumponpanic)
			bootopt |= RB_DUMP;
	} else
		printf("Skipping crash dump on recursive panic\n");

	doing_shutdown = 1;

	if (logenabled(msgbufp))
		panicstart = msgbufp->msg_bufx;

	printf("panic: ");
	if (panicstr == NULL) {
		/* first time in panic - store fmt first for precaution */
		panicstr = fmt;

		vsnprintf(scratchstr, sizeof(scratchstr), fmt, ap);
		printf("%s", scratchstr);
		panicstr = scratchstr;
	} else {
		vprintf(fmt, ap);
	}
	printf("\n");

	if (logenabled(msgbufp))
		panicend = msgbufp->msg_bufx;

#ifdef KGDB
	kgdb_panic();
#endif
#ifdef KADB
	if (boothowto & RB_KDB)
		kdbpanic();
#endif
#ifdef DDB
	db_panic();
#endif
	kern_reboot(bootopt, NULL);
}

/*
 * kernel logging functions: log, logpri, addlog
 */

/*
 * log: write to the log buffer
 *
 * => will not sleep [so safe to call from interrupt]
 * => will log to console if /dev/klog isn't open
 */

void
log(int level, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	kprintf_lock();

	klogpri(level);		/* log the level first */
	va_start(ap, fmt);
	kprintf(fmt, TOLOG, NULL, NULL, ap);
	va_end(ap);
	if (!log_open) {
		va_start(ap, fmt);
		kprintf(fmt, TOCONS, NULL, NULL, ap);
		va_end(ap);
	}

	kprintf_unlock();

	logwakeup();		/* wake up anyone waiting for log msgs */
}

/*
 * vlog: write to the log buffer [already have va_list]
 */

void
vlog(int level, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	va_list cap;

	va_copy(cap, ap);
	kprintf_lock();

	klogpri(level);		/* log the level first */
	kprintf(fmt, TOLOG, NULL, NULL, ap);
	if (!log_open)
		kprintf(fmt, TOCONS, NULL, NULL, cap);

	kprintf_unlock();
	va_end(cap);

	logwakeup();		/* wake up anyone waiting for log msgs */
}

/*
 * logpri: log the priority level to the klog
 */

void
logpri(int level)
{

	kprintf_lock();
	klogpri(level);
	kprintf_unlock();
}

/*
 * Note: we must be in the mutex here!
 */
void
klogpri(int level)
{
	KASSERT((level & KLOG_PRI) == 0);

	putchar(level | KLOG_PRI, TOLOG, NULL);
}

/*
 * addlog: add info to previous log message
 */

void
addlog(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	kprintf_lock();

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	kprintf(fmt, TOLOG, NULL, NULL, ap);
	va_end(ap);
	if (!log_open) {
		va_start(ap, fmt);
		kprintf(fmt, TOCONS, NULL, NULL, ap);
		va_end(ap);
	}

	kprintf_unlock();

	logwakeup();
}

static void
putone(int c, int flags, struct tty *tp)
{
	if (panicstr)
		constty = NULL;

	if ((flags & TOCONS) && tp == NULL && constty) {
		tp = constty;
		flags |= TOTTY;
	}
	if ((flags & TOTTY) && tp &&
	    tputchar(c, flags, tp) < 0 &&
	    (flags & TOCONS) && tp == constty)
		constty = NULL;
	if ((flags & TOLOG) &&
	    c != '\0' && c != '\r' && c != 0177)
	    	logputchar(c);
	if ((flags & TOCONS) && constty == NULL && c != '\0')
		(*v_putc)(c);
}

static void
putlogpri(int level)
{
	char *p;
	char snbuf[KPRINTF_BUFSIZE];

	putone('<', TOLOG, NULL);
	snprintf(snbuf, sizeof(snbuf), "%d", level);
	for (p = snbuf ; *p ; p++)
		putone(*p, TOLOG, NULL);
	putone('>', TOLOG, NULL);
}

#ifndef KLOG_NOTIMESTAMP
static int needtstamp = 1;
int log_ts_prec = 7;

static void
addtstamp(int flags, struct tty *tp)
{
	char buf[64];
	struct timespec ts;
	int n, prec;
	long fsec;

	prec = log_ts_prec;
	if (prec < 0) {
		prec = 0;
		log_ts_prec = prec;
	} else if (prec > 9) {
		prec = 9;
		log_ts_prec = prec;
	}

	getnanouptime(&ts);

	for (n = prec, fsec = ts.tv_nsec; n < 8; n++)
		fsec /= 10;
	if (n < 9)
		fsec = (fsec / 10) + ((fsec % 10) >= 5);

	n = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "[% 4jd.%.*ld] ",
	    (intmax_t)ts.tv_sec, prec, fsec);

	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
		putone(buf[i], flags, tp);
}
#endif

/*
 * putchar: print a single character on console or user terminal.
 *
 * => if console, then the last MSGBUFS chars are saved in msgbuf
 *	for inspection later (e.g. dmesg/syslog)
 * => we must already be in the mutex!
 */
static void
putchar(int c, int flags, struct tty *tp)
{
	if (c & KLOG_PRI) {
		putlogpri(c & ~KLOG_PRI);
		return;
	}

#ifndef KLOG_NOTIMESTAMP
	if (c != '\0' && c != '\n' && needtstamp && (flags & NOTSTAMP) == 0) {
		addtstamp(flags, tp);
		needtstamp = 0;
	}

	if (c == '\n')
		needtstamp = 1;
#endif
	putone(c, flags, tp);

#ifdef DDB
	if (flags & TODDB) {
		db_putchar(c);
		return;
	}
#endif

#ifdef RND_PRINTF
	if (__predict_true(kprintf_inited)) {
		static uint8_t rbuf[SHA512_BLOCK_LENGTH];
		static int cursor;

		rbuf[cursor] = c;
		if (cursor == sizeof(rbuf) - 1) {
			SHA512_Update(&kprnd_sha, rbuf, sizeof(rbuf));
			kprnd_added++;
			cursor = 0;
		} else {
			cursor++;
		}
	}
#endif
}

/*
 * tablefull: warn that a system table is full
 */

void
tablefull(const char *tab, const char *hint)
{
	if (hint)
		log(LOG_ERR, "%s: table is full - %s\n", tab, hint);
	else
		log(LOG_ERR, "%s: table is full\n", tab);
}


/*
 * uprintf: print to the controlling tty of the current process
 *
 * => we may block if the tty queue is full
 * => no message is printed if the queue doesn't clear in a reasonable
 *	time
 */

void
uprintf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	struct proc *p = curproc;
	va_list ap;

	/* mutex_enter(proc_lock); XXXSMP */

	if (p->p_lflag & PL_CONTROLT && p->p_session->s_ttyvp) {
		/* No mutex needed; going to process TTY. */
		va_start(ap, fmt);
		kprintf(fmt, TOTTY, p->p_session->s_ttyp, NULL, ap);
		va_end(ap);
	}

	/* mutex_exit(proc_lock); XXXSMP */
}

void
uprintf_locked(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	struct proc *p = curproc;
	va_list ap;

	if (p->p_lflag & PL_CONTROLT && p->p_session->s_ttyvp) {
		/* No mutex needed; going to process TTY. */
		va_start(ap, fmt);
		kprintf(fmt, TOTTY, p->p_session->s_ttyp, NULL, ap);
		va_end(ap);
	}
}

/*
 * tprintf functions: used to send messages to a specific process
 *
 * usage:
 *   get a tpr_t handle on a process "p" by using "tprintf_open(p)"
 *   use the handle when calling "tprintf"
 *   when done, do a "tprintf_close" to drop the handle
 */

/*
 * tprintf_open: get a tprintf handle on a process "p"
 *
 * => returns NULL if process can't be printed to
 */

tpr_t
tprintf_open(struct proc *p)
{
	tpr_t cookie;

	cookie = NULL;

	mutex_enter(proc_lock);
	if (p->p_lflag & PL_CONTROLT && p->p_session->s_ttyvp) {
		proc_sesshold(p->p_session);
		cookie = (tpr_t)p->p_session;
	}
	mutex_exit(proc_lock);

	return cookie;
}

/*
 * tprintf_close: dispose of a tprintf handle obtained with tprintf_open
 */

void
tprintf_close(tpr_t sess)
{

	if (sess) {
		mutex_enter(proc_lock);
		/* Releases proc_lock. */
		proc_sessrele((struct session *)sess);
	}
}

/*
 * tprintf: given tprintf handle to a process [obtained with tprintf_open],
 * send a message to the controlling tty for that process.
 *
 * => also sends message to /dev/klog
 */
void
tprintf(tpr_t tpr, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	struct session *sess = (struct session *)tpr;
	struct tty *tp = NULL;
	int flags = TOLOG;
	va_list ap;

	/* mutex_enter(proc_lock); XXXSMP */
	if (sess && sess->s_ttyvp && ttycheckoutq(sess->s_ttyp, 0)) {
		flags |= TOTTY;
		tp = sess->s_ttyp;
	}

	kprintf_lock();

	klogpri(LOG_INFO);
	va_start(ap, fmt);
	kprintf(fmt, flags, tp, NULL, ap);
	va_end(ap);

	kprintf_unlock();
	/* mutex_exit(proc_lock);	XXXSMP */

	logwakeup();
}


/*
 * ttyprintf: send a message to a specific tty
 *
 * => should be used only by tty driver or anything that knows the
 *    underlying tty will not be revoked(2)'d away.  [otherwise,
 *    use tprintf]
 */
void
ttyprintf(struct tty *tp, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	/* No mutex needed; going to process TTY. */
	va_start(ap, fmt);
	kprintf(fmt, TOTTY, tp, NULL, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

#ifdef DDB

/*
 * db_printf: printf for DDB (via db_putchar)
 */

void
db_printf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	/* No mutex needed; DDB pauses all processors. */
	va_start(ap, fmt);
	kprintf(fmt, TODDB, NULL, NULL, ap);
	va_end(ap);

	if (db_tee_msgbuf) {
		va_start(ap, fmt);
		kprintf(fmt, TOLOG, NULL, NULL, ap);
		va_end(ap);
	}
}

void
db_vprintf(const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	va_list cap;

	va_copy(cap, ap);
	/* No mutex needed; DDB pauses all processors. */
	kprintf(fmt, TODDB, NULL, NULL, ap);
	if (db_tee_msgbuf)
		kprintf(fmt, TOLOG, NULL, NULL, cap);
	va_end(cap);
}

#endif /* DDB */

static void
kprintf_internal(const char *fmt, int oflags, void *vp, char *sbuf, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, sbuf);
	(void)kprintf(fmt, oflags, vp, sbuf, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * Device autoconfiguration printf routines.  These change their
 * behavior based on the AB_* flags in boothowto.  If AB_SILENT
 * is set, messages never go to the console (but they still always
 * go to the log).  AB_VERBOSE overrides AB_SILENT.
 */

/*
 * aprint_normal: Send to console unless AB_QUIET.  Always goes
 * to the log.
 */
static void
aprint_normal_internal(const char *prefix, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	int flags = TOLOG;

	if ((boothowto & (AB_SILENT|AB_QUIET)) == 0 ||
	    (boothowto & AB_VERBOSE) != 0)
		flags |= TOCONS;

	kprintf_lock();

	if (prefix)
		kprintf_internal("%s: ", flags, NULL, NULL, prefix);
	kprintf(fmt, flags, NULL, NULL, ap);

	kprintf_unlock();

	if (!panicstr)
		logwakeup();
}

void
aprint_normal(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_normal_internal(NULL, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_normal_dev(device_t dv, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(dv != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_normal_internal(device_xname(dv), fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_normal_ifnet(struct ifnet *ifp, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(ifp != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_normal_internal(ifp->if_xname, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * aprint_error: Send to console unless AB_QUIET.  Always goes
 * to the log.  Also counts the number of times called so other
 * parts of the kernel can report the number of errors during a
 * given phase of system startup.
 */
static int aprint_error_count;

int
aprint_get_error_count(void)
{
	int count;

	kprintf_lock();

	count = aprint_error_count;
	aprint_error_count = 0;

	kprintf_unlock();

	return (count);
}

static void
aprint_error_internal(const char *prefix, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	int flags = TOLOG;

	if ((boothowto & (AB_SILENT|AB_QUIET)) == 0 ||
	    (boothowto & AB_VERBOSE) != 0)
		flags |= TOCONS;

	kprintf_lock();

	aprint_error_count++;

	if (prefix)
		kprintf_internal("%s: ", flags, NULL, NULL, prefix);
	kprintf_internal("autoconfiguration error: ", TOLOG, NULL, NULL);
	kprintf(fmt, flags, NULL, NULL, ap);

	kprintf_unlock();

	if (!panicstr)
		logwakeup();
}

void
aprint_error(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_error_internal(NULL, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_error_dev(device_t dv, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(dv != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_error_internal(device_xname(dv), fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_error_ifnet(struct ifnet *ifp, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(ifp != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_error_internal(ifp->if_xname, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * aprint_naive: Send to console only if AB_QUIET.  Never goes
 * to the log.
 */
static void
aprint_naive_internal(const char *prefix, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	if ((boothowto & (AB_QUIET|AB_SILENT|AB_VERBOSE)) != AB_QUIET)
		return;

	kprintf_lock();

	if (prefix)
		kprintf_internal("%s: ", TOCONS, NULL, NULL, prefix);
	kprintf(fmt, TOCONS, NULL, NULL, ap);

	kprintf_unlock();
}

void
aprint_naive(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_naive_internal(NULL, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_naive_dev(device_t dv, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(dv != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_naive_internal(device_xname(dv), fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_naive_ifnet(struct ifnet *ifp, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(ifp != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_naive_internal(ifp->if_xname, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * aprint_verbose: Send to console only if AB_VERBOSE.  Always
 * goes to the log.
 */
static void
aprint_verbose_internal(const char *prefix, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	int flags = TOLOG;

	if (boothowto & AB_VERBOSE)
		flags |= TOCONS;

	kprintf_lock();

	if (prefix)
		kprintf_internal("%s: ", flags, NULL, NULL, prefix);
	kprintf(fmt, flags, NULL, NULL, ap);

	kprintf_unlock();

	if (!panicstr)
		logwakeup();
}

void
aprint_verbose(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_verbose_internal(NULL, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_verbose_dev(device_t dv, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(dv != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_verbose_internal(device_xname(dv), fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_verbose_ifnet(struct ifnet *ifp, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(ifp != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_verbose_internal(ifp->if_xname, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * aprint_debug: Send to console and log only if AB_DEBUG.
 */
static void
aprint_debug_internal(const char *prefix, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	if ((boothowto & AB_DEBUG) == 0)
		return;

	kprintf_lock();

	if (prefix)
		kprintf_internal("%s: ", TOCONS | TOLOG, NULL, NULL, prefix);
	kprintf(fmt, TOCONS | TOLOG, NULL, NULL, ap);

	kprintf_unlock();
}

void
aprint_debug(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_debug_internal(NULL, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_debug_dev(device_t dv, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(dv != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_debug_internal(device_xname(dv), fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
aprint_debug_ifnet(struct ifnet *ifp, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	KASSERT(ifp != NULL);

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	aprint_debug_internal(ifp->if_xname, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
vprintf_flags(int flags, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	kprintf_lock();
	kprintf(fmt, flags, NULL, NULL, ap);
	kprintf_unlock();
}

void
printf_flags(int flags, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	vprintf_flags(flags, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

void
printf_tolog(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	vprintf_flags(TOLOG, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * printf_nolog: Like printf(), but does not send message to the log.
 */

void
printf_nolog(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	vprintf_flags(TOCONS, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * normal kernel printf functions: printf, vprintf, snprintf, vsnprintf
 */

/*
 * printf: print a message to the console and the log
 */
void
printf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	vprintf_flags(TOCONS | TOLOG, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * vprintf: print a message to the console and the log [already have
 *	va_list]
 */

void
vprintf(const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	vprintf_flags(TOCONS | TOLOG, fmt, ap);

	if (!panicstr)
		logwakeup();
}

/*
 * snprintf: print a message to a buffer
 */
int
snprintf(char *bf, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	int retval;
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	retval = vsnprintf(bf, size, fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);

	return retval;
}

/*
 * vsnprintf: print a message to a buffer [already have va_list]
 */
int
vsnprintf(char *bf, size_t size, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	int retval;
	char *p;

	p = bf + size;
	retval = kprintf(fmt, TOBUFONLY, &p, bf, ap);
	if (bf && size > 0) {
		/* nul terminate */
		if (size <= (size_t)retval)
			bf[size - 1] = '\0';
		else
			bf[retval] = '\0';
	}
	return retval;
}

int
vasprintf(char **bf, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
	int retval;
	va_list cap;

	va_copy(cap, ap);
	retval = kprintf(fmt, TOBUFONLY, NULL, NULL, cap) + 1;
	va_end(cap);
	*bf = kmem_alloc(retval, KM_SLEEP);
	return vsnprintf(*bf, retval, fmt, ap);
}

/*
 * kprintf: scaled down version of printf(3).
 *
 * this version based on vfprintf() from libc which was derived from
 * software contributed to Berkeley by Chris Torek.
 *
 * NOTE: The kprintf mutex must be held if we're going TOBUF or TOCONS!
 */

/*
 * macros for converting digits to letters and vice versa
 */
#define	to_digit(c)	((c) - '0')
#define is_digit(c)	((unsigned)to_digit(c) <= 9)
#define	to_char(n)	((n) + '0')

/*
 * flags used during conversion.
 */
#define	ALT		0x001		/* alternate form */
#define	HEXPREFIX	0x002		/* add 0x or 0X prefix */
#define	LADJUST		0x004		/* left adjustment */
#define	LONGDBL		0x008		/* long double; unimplemented */
#define	LONGINT		0x010		/* long integer */
#define	QUADINT		0x020		/* quad integer */
#define	SHORTINT	0x040		/* short integer */
#define	MAXINT		0x080		/* intmax_t */
#define	PTRINT		0x100		/* intptr_t */
#define	SIZEINT		0x200		/* size_t */
#define	ZEROPAD		0x400		/* zero (as opposed to blank) pad */
#define FPT		0x800		/* Floating point number */

	/*
	 * To extend shorts properly, we need both signed and unsigned
	 * argument extraction methods.
	 */
#define	SARG() \
	(flags&MAXINT ? va_arg(ap, intmax_t) : \
	    flags&PTRINT ? va_arg(ap, intptr_t) : \
	    flags&SIZEINT ? va_arg(ap, ssize_t) : /* XXX */ \
	    flags&QUADINT ? va_arg(ap, quad_t) : \
	    flags&LONGINT ? va_arg(ap, long) : \
	    flags&SHORTINT ? (long)(short)va_arg(ap, int) : \
	    (long)va_arg(ap, int))
#define	UARG() \
	(flags&MAXINT ? va_arg(ap, uintmax_t) : \
	    flags&PTRINT ? va_arg(ap, uintptr_t) : \
	    flags&SIZEINT ? va_arg(ap, size_t) : \
	    flags&QUADINT ? va_arg(ap, u_quad_t) : \
	    flags&LONGINT ? va_arg(ap, u_long) : \
	    flags&SHORTINT ? (u_long)(u_short)va_arg(ap, int) : \
	    (u_long)va_arg(ap, u_int))

#define KPRINTF_PUTCHAR(C) {						\
	if (oflags == TOBUFONLY) {					\
		if (sbuf && ((vp == NULL) || (sbuf < tailp))) 		\
			*sbuf++ = (C);					\
	} else {							\
		putchar((C), oflags, vp);				\
	}								\
}

void
device_printf(device_t dev, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
	printf("%s: ", device_xname(dev));
	vprintf(fmt, ap);
	va_end(ap);
	return;
}

/*
 * Guts of kernel printf.  Note, we already expect to be in a mutex!
 */
int
kprintf(const char *fmt0, int oflags, void *vp, char *sbuf, va_list ap)
{
	const char *fmt;	/* format string */
	int ch;			/* character from fmt */
	int n;			/* handy integer (short term usage) */
	char *cp;		/* handy char pointer (short term usage) */
	int flags;		/* flags as above */
	int ret;		/* return value accumulator */
	int width;		/* width from format (%8d), or 0 */
	int prec;		/* precision from format (%.3d), or -1 */
	char sign;		/* sign prefix (' ', '+', '-', or \0) */

	u_quad_t _uquad;	/* integer arguments %[diouxX] */
	enum { OCT, DEC, HEX } base;/* base for [diouxX] conversion */
	int dprec;		/* a copy of prec if [diouxX], 0 otherwise */
	int realsz;		/* field size expanded by dprec */
	int size;		/* size of converted field or string */
	const char *xdigs;	/* digits for [xX] conversion */
	char bf[KPRINTF_BUFSIZE]; /* space for %c, %[diouxX] */
	char *tailp;		/* tail pointer for snprintf */

	if (oflags == TOBUFONLY && (vp != NULL))
		tailp = *(char **)vp;
	else
		tailp = NULL;

	cp = NULL;	/* XXX: shutup gcc */
	size = 0;	/* XXX: shutup gcc */

	fmt = fmt0;
	ret = 0;

	xdigs = NULL;		/* XXX: shut up gcc warning */

	/*
	 * Scan the format for conversions (`%' character).
	 */
	for (;;) {
		for (; *fmt != '%' && *fmt; fmt++) {
			ret++;
			KPRINTF_PUTCHAR(*fmt);
		}
		if (*fmt == 0)
			goto done;

		fmt++;		/* skip over '%' */

		flags = 0;
		dprec = 0;
		width = 0;
		prec = -1;
		sign = '\0';

rflag:		ch = *fmt++;
reswitch:	switch (ch) {
		case ' ':
			/*
			 * ``If the space and + flags both appear, the space
			 * flag will be ignored.''
			 *	-- ANSI X3J11
			 */
			if (!sign)
				sign = ' ';
			goto rflag;
		case '#':
			flags |= ALT;
			goto rflag;
		case '*':
			/*
			 * ``A negative field width argument is taken as a
			 * - flag followed by a positive field width.''
			 *	-- ANSI X3J11
			 * They don't exclude field widths read from args.
			 */
			if ((width = va_arg(ap, int)) >= 0)
				goto rflag;
			width = -width;
			/* FALLTHROUGH */
		case '-':
			flags |= LADJUST;
			goto rflag;
		case '+':
			sign = '+';
			goto rflag;
		case '.':
			if ((ch = *fmt++) == '*') {
				n = va_arg(ap, int);
				prec = n < 0 ? -1 : n;
				goto rflag;
			}
			n = 0;
			while (is_digit(ch)) {
				n = 10 * n + to_digit(ch);
				ch = *fmt++;
			}
			prec = n < 0 ? -1 : n;
			goto reswitch;
		case '0':
			/*
			 * ``Note that 0 is taken as a flag, not as the
			 * beginning of a field width.''
			 *	-- ANSI X3J11
			 */
			flags |= ZEROPAD;
			goto rflag;
		case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
		case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
			n = 0;
			do {
				n = 10 * n + to_digit(ch);
				ch = *fmt++;
			} while (is_digit(ch));
			width = n;
			goto reswitch;
		case 'h':
			flags |= SHORTINT;
			goto rflag;
		case 'j':
			flags |= MAXINT;
			goto rflag;
		case 'l':
			if (*fmt == 'l') {
				fmt++;
				flags |= QUADINT;
			} else {
				flags |= LONGINT;
			}
			goto rflag;
		case 'q':
			flags |= QUADINT;
			goto rflag;
		case 't':
			flags |= PTRINT;
			goto rflag;
		case 'z':
			flags |= SIZEINT;
			goto rflag;
		case 'c':
			*(cp = bf) = va_arg(ap, int);
			size = 1;
			sign = '\0';
			break;
		case 'D':
			flags |= LONGINT;
			/*FALLTHROUGH*/
		case 'd':
		case 'i':
			_uquad = SARG();
			if ((quad_t)_uquad < 0) {
				_uquad = -_uquad;
				sign = '-';
			}
			base = DEC;
			goto number;
		case 'n':
			if (flags & MAXINT)
				*va_arg(ap, intmax_t *) = ret;
			else if (flags & PTRINT)
				*va_arg(ap, intptr_t *) = ret;
			else if (flags & SIZEINT)
				*va_arg(ap, ssize_t *) = ret;
			else if (flags & QUADINT)
				*va_arg(ap, quad_t *) = ret;
			else if (flags & LONGINT)
				*va_arg(ap, long *) = ret;
			else if (flags & SHORTINT)
				*va_arg(ap, short *) = ret;
			else
				*va_arg(ap, int *) = ret;
			continue;	/* no output */
		case 'O':
			flags |= LONGINT;
			/*FALLTHROUGH*/
		case 'o':
			_uquad = UARG();
			base = OCT;
			goto nosign;
		case 'p':
			/*
			 * ``The argument shall be a pointer to void.  The
			 * value of the pointer is converted to a sequence
			 * of printable characters, in an implementation-
			 * defined manner.''
			 *	-- ANSI X3J11
			 */
			/* NOSTRICT */
			_uquad = (u_long)va_arg(ap, void *);
			base = HEX;
			xdigs = hexdigits;
			flags |= HEXPREFIX;
			ch = 'x';
			goto nosign;
		case 's':
			if ((cp = va_arg(ap, char *)) == NULL)
				/*XXXUNCONST*/
				cp = __UNCONST("(null)");
			if (prec >= 0) {
				/*
				 * can't use strlen; can only look for the
				 * NUL in the first `prec' characters, and
				 * strlen() will go further.
				 */
				char *p = memchr(cp, 0, prec);

				if (p != NULL) {
					size = p - cp;
					if (size > prec)
						size = prec;
				} else
					size = prec;
			} else
				size = strlen(cp);
			sign = '\0';
			break;
		case 'U':
			flags |= LONGINT;
			/*FALLTHROUGH*/
		case 'u':
			_uquad = UARG();
			base = DEC;
			goto nosign;
		case 'X':
			xdigs = HEXDIGITS;
			goto hex;
		case 'x':
			xdigs = hexdigits;
hex:			_uquad = UARG();
			base = HEX;
			/* leading 0x/X only if non-zero */
			if (flags & ALT && _uquad != 0)
				flags |= HEXPREFIX;

			/* unsigned conversions */
nosign:			sign = '\0';
			/*
			 * ``... diouXx conversions ... if a precision is
			 * specified, the 0 flag will be ignored.''
			 *	-- ANSI X3J11
			 */
number:			if ((dprec = prec) >= 0)
				flags &= ~ZEROPAD;

			/*
			 * ``The result of converting a zero value with an
			 * explicit precision of zero is no characters.''
			 *	-- ANSI X3J11
			 */
			cp = bf + KPRINTF_BUFSIZE;
			if (_uquad != 0 || prec != 0) {
				/*
				 * Unsigned mod is hard, and unsigned mod
				 * by a constant is easier than that by
				 * a variable; hence this switch.
				 */
				switch (base) {
				case OCT:
					do {
						*--cp = to_char(_uquad & 7);
						_uquad >>= 3;
					} while (_uquad);
					/* handle octal leading 0 */
					if (flags & ALT && *cp != '0')
						*--cp = '0';
					break;

				case DEC:
					/* many numbers are 1 digit */
					while (_uquad >= 10) {
						*--cp = to_char(_uquad % 10);
						_uquad /= 10;
					}
					*--cp = to_char(_uquad);
					break;

				case HEX:
					do {
						*--cp = xdigs[_uquad & 15];
						_uquad >>= 4;
					} while (_uquad);
					break;

				default:
					/*XXXUNCONST*/
					cp = __UNCONST("bug in kprintf: bad base");
					size = strlen(cp);
					goto skipsize;
				}
			}
			size = bf + KPRINTF_BUFSIZE - cp;
		skipsize:
			break;
		default:	/* "%?" prints ?, unless ? is NUL */
			if (ch == '\0')
				goto done;
			/* pretend it was %c with argument ch */
			cp = bf;
			*cp = ch;
			size = 1;
			sign = '\0';
			break;
		}

		/*
		 * All reasonable formats wind up here.  At this point, `cp'
		 * points to a string which (if not flags&LADJUST) should be
		 * padded out to `width' places.  If flags&ZEROPAD, it should
		 * first be prefixed by any sign or other prefix; otherwise,
		 * it should be blank padded before the prefix is emitted.
		 * After any left-hand padding and prefixing, emit zeroes
		 * required by a decimal [diouxX] precision, then print the
		 * string proper, then emit zeroes required by any leftover
		 * floating precision; finally, if LADJUST, pad with blanks.
		 *
		 * Compute actual size, so we know how much to pad.
		 * size excludes decimal prec; realsz includes it.
		 */
		realsz = dprec > size ? dprec : size;
		if (sign)
			realsz++;
		else if (flags & HEXPREFIX)
			realsz+= 2;

		/* adjust ret */
		ret += width > realsz ? width : realsz;

		/* right-adjusting blank padding */
		if ((flags & (LADJUST|ZEROPAD)) == 0) {
			n = width - realsz;
			while (n-- > 0)
				KPRINTF_PUTCHAR(' ');
		}

		/* prefix */
		if (sign) {
			KPRINTF_PUTCHAR(sign);
		} else if (flags & HEXPREFIX) {
			KPRINTF_PUTCHAR('0');
			KPRINTF_PUTCHAR(ch);
		}

		/* right-adjusting zero padding */
		if ((flags & (LADJUST|ZEROPAD)) == ZEROPAD) {
			n = width - realsz;
			while (n-- > 0)
				KPRINTF_PUTCHAR('0');
		}

		/* leading zeroes from decimal precision */
		n = dprec - size;
		while (n-- > 0)
			KPRINTF_PUTCHAR('0');

		/* the string or number proper */
		for (; size--; cp++)
			KPRINTF_PUTCHAR(*cp);
		/* left-adjusting padding (always blank) */
		if (flags & LADJUST) {
			n = width - realsz;
			while (n-- > 0)
				KPRINTF_PUTCHAR(' ');
		}
	}

done:
	if ((oflags == TOBUFONLY) && (vp != NULL))
		*(char **)vp = sbuf;
	(*v_flush)();

#ifdef RND_PRINTF
	if (!cold) {
		struct timespec ts;
		(void)nanotime(&ts);
		SHA512_Update(&kprnd_sha, (char *)&ts, sizeof(ts));
	}
#endif
	return ret;
}