xref: /src/sys/netinet/ip_output.c

/*	$NetBSD: ip_output.c,v 1.282 2017/07/04 10:25:45 roy Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1998 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
 * by Public Access Networks Corporation ("Panix").  It was developed under
 * contract to Panix by Eric Haszlakiewicz and Thor Lancelot Simon.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)ip_output.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: ip_output.c,v 1.282 2017/07/04 10:25:45 roy Exp $");

#ifdef _KERNEL_OPT
#include "opt_inet.h"
#include "opt_ipsec.h"
#include "opt_mrouting.h"
#include "opt_net_mpsafe.h"
#include "opt_mpls.h"
#endif

#include "arp.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/kmem.h>
#include <sys/mbuf.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/socketvar.h>
#include <sys/kauth.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/syslog.h>

#include <net/if.h>
#include <net/if_types.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#include <net/pfil.h>

#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/in_pcb.h>
#include <netinet/in_var.h>
#include <netinet/ip_var.h>
#include <netinet/ip_private.h>
#include <netinet/in_offload.h>
#include <netinet/portalgo.h>
#include <netinet/udp.h>

#ifdef INET6
#include <netinet6/ip6_var.h>
#endif

#ifdef MROUTING
#include <netinet/ip_mroute.h>
#endif

#ifdef IPSEC
#include <netipsec/ipsec.h>
#include <netipsec/key.h>
#endif

#ifdef MPLS
#include <netmpls/mpls.h>
#include <netmpls/mpls_var.h>
#endif

static int ip_pcbopts(struct inpcb *, const struct sockopt *);
static struct mbuf *ip_insertoptions(struct mbuf *, struct mbuf *, int *);
static struct ifnet *ip_multicast_if(struct in_addr *, int *);
static void ip_mloopback(struct ifnet *, struct mbuf *,
    const struct sockaddr_in *);
static int ip_ifaddrvalid(const struct in_ifaddr *);

extern pfil_head_t *inet_pfil_hook;			/* XXX */

int	ip_do_loopback_cksum = 0;

static int
ip_mark_mpls(struct ifnet * const ifp, struct mbuf * const m,
    const struct rtentry *rt)
{
	int error = 0;
#ifdef MPLS
	union mpls_shim msh;

	if (rt == NULL || rt_gettag(rt) == NULL ||
	    rt_gettag(rt)->sa_family != AF_MPLS ||
	    (m->m_flags & (M_MCAST | M_BCAST)) != 0 ||
	    ifp->if_type != IFT_ETHER)
		return 0;

	msh.s_addr = MPLS_GETSADDR(rt);
	if (msh.shim.label != MPLS_LABEL_IMPLNULL) {
		struct m_tag *mtag;
		/*
		 * XXX tentative solution to tell ether_output
		 * it's MPLS. Need some more efficient solution.
		 */
		mtag = m_tag_get(PACKET_TAG_MPLS,
		    sizeof(int) /* dummy */,
		    M_NOWAIT);
		if (mtag == NULL)
			return ENOMEM;
		m_tag_prepend(m, mtag);
	}
#endif
	return error;
}

/*
 * Send an IP packet to a host.
 */
int
ip_if_output(struct ifnet * const ifp, struct mbuf * const m,
    const struct sockaddr * const dst, const struct rtentry *rt)
{
	int error = 0;

	if (rt != NULL) {
		error = rt_check_reject_route(rt, ifp);
		if (error != 0) {
			m_freem(m);
			return error;
		}
	}

	error = ip_mark_mpls(ifp, m, rt);
	if (error != 0) {
		m_freem(m);
		return error;
	}

	error = if_output_lock(ifp, ifp, m, dst, rt);

	return error;
}

/*
 * IP output.  The packet in mbuf chain m contains a skeletal IP
 * header (with len, off, ttl, proto, tos, src, dst).
 * The mbuf chain containing the packet will be freed.
 * The mbuf opt, if present, will not be freed.
 */
int
ip_output(struct mbuf *m0, struct mbuf *opt, struct route *ro, int flags,
    struct ip_moptions *imo, struct inpcb *inp)
{
	struct rtentry *rt;
	struct ip *ip;
	struct ifnet *ifp, *mifp = NULL;
	struct mbuf *m = m0;
	int hlen = sizeof (struct ip);
	int len, error = 0;
	struct route iproute;
	const struct sockaddr_in *dst;
	struct in_ifaddr *ia = NULL;
	struct ifaddr *ifa;
	int isbroadcast;
	int sw_csum;
	u_long mtu;
	bool natt_frag = false;
	bool rtmtu_nolock;
	union {
		struct sockaddr		sa;
		struct sockaddr_in	sin;
	} udst, usrc;
	struct sockaddr *rdst = &udst.sa;	/* real IP destination, as
						 * opposed to the nexthop
						 */
	struct psref psref, psref_ia;
	int bound;
	bool bind_need_restore = false;

	len = 0;

	MCLAIM(m, &ip_tx_mowner);

	KASSERT((m->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) != 0);
	KASSERT((m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & (M_CSUM_TCPv6|M_CSUM_UDPv6)) == 0);
	KASSERT((m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & (M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4)) !=
	    (M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4));

	if (opt) {
		m = ip_insertoptions(m, opt, &len);
		if (len >= sizeof(struct ip))
			hlen = len;
	}
	ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);

	/*
	 * Fill in IP header.
	 */
	if ((flags & (IP_FORWARDING|IP_RAWOUTPUT)) == 0) {
		ip->ip_v = IPVERSION;
		ip->ip_off = htons(0);
		/* ip->ip_id filled in after we find out source ia */
		ip->ip_hl = hlen >> 2;
		IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_LOCALOUT);
	} else {
		hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
	}

	/*
	 * Route packet.
	 */
	if (ro == NULL) {
		memset(&iproute, 0, sizeof(iproute));
		ro = &iproute;
	}
	sockaddr_in_init(&udst.sin, &ip->ip_dst, 0);
	dst = satocsin(rtcache_getdst(ro));

	/*
	 * If there is a cached route, check that it is to the same
	 * destination and is still up.  If not, free it and try again.
	 * The address family should also be checked in case of sharing
	 * the cache with IPv6.
	 */
	if (dst && (dst->sin_family != AF_INET ||
	    !in_hosteq(dst->sin_addr, ip->ip_dst)))
		rtcache_free(ro);

	if ((rt = rtcache_validate(ro)) == NULL &&
	    (rt = rtcache_update(ro, 1)) == NULL) {
		dst = &udst.sin;
		error = rtcache_setdst(ro, &udst.sa);
		if (error != 0)
			goto bad;
	}

	bound = curlwp_bind();
	bind_need_restore = true;
	/*
	 * If routing to interface only, short circuit routing lookup.
	 */
	if (flags & IP_ROUTETOIF) {
		ifa = ifa_ifwithladdr_psref(sintocsa(dst), &psref_ia);
		if (ifa == NULL) {
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_NOROUTE);
			error = ENETUNREACH;
			goto bad;
		}
		/* ia is already referenced by psref_ia */
		ia = ifatoia(ifa);

		ifp = ia->ia_ifp;
		mtu = ifp->if_mtu;
		ip->ip_ttl = 1;
		isbroadcast = in_broadcast(dst->sin_addr, ifp);
	} else if ((IN_MULTICAST(ip->ip_dst.s_addr) ||
	    ip->ip_dst.s_addr == INADDR_BROADCAST) &&
	    imo != NULL && imo->imo_multicast_if_index != 0) {
		ifp = mifp = if_get_byindex(imo->imo_multicast_if_index, &psref);
		if (ifp == NULL) {
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_NOROUTE);
			error = ENETUNREACH;
			goto bad;
		}
		mtu = ifp->if_mtu;
		ia = in_get_ia_from_ifp_psref(ifp, &psref_ia);
		if (ia == NULL) {
			error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
			goto bad;
		}
		isbroadcast = 0;
	} else {
		if (rt == NULL)
			rt = rtcache_init(ro);
		if (rt == NULL) {
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_NOROUTE);
			error = EHOSTUNREACH;
			goto bad;
		}
		if (ifa_is_destroying(rt->rt_ifa)) {
			rtcache_unref(rt, ro);
			rt = NULL;
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_NOROUTE);
			error = EHOSTUNREACH;
			goto bad;
		}
		ifa_acquire(rt->rt_ifa, &psref_ia);
		ia = ifatoia(rt->rt_ifa);
		ifp = rt->rt_ifp;
		if ((mtu = rt->rt_rmx.rmx_mtu) == 0)
			mtu = ifp->if_mtu;
		rt->rt_use++;
		if (rt->rt_flags & RTF_GATEWAY)
			dst = satosin(rt->rt_gateway);
		if (rt->rt_flags & RTF_HOST)
			isbroadcast = rt->rt_flags & RTF_BROADCAST;
		else
			isbroadcast = in_broadcast(dst->sin_addr, ifp);
	}
	rtmtu_nolock = rt && (rt->rt_rmx.rmx_locks & RTV_MTU) == 0;

	if (IN_MULTICAST(ip->ip_dst.s_addr) ||
	    (ip->ip_dst.s_addr == INADDR_BROADCAST)) {
		bool inmgroup;

		m->m_flags |= (ip->ip_dst.s_addr == INADDR_BROADCAST) ?
		    M_BCAST : M_MCAST;
		/*
		 * See if the caller provided any multicast options
		 */
		if (imo != NULL)
			ip->ip_ttl = imo->imo_multicast_ttl;
		else
			ip->ip_ttl = IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_TTL;

		/*
		 * if we don't know the outgoing ifp yet, we can't generate
		 * output
		 */
		if (!ifp) {
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_NOROUTE);
			error = ENETUNREACH;
			goto bad;
		}

		/*
		 * If the packet is multicast or broadcast, confirm that
		 * the outgoing interface can transmit it.
		 */
		if (((m->m_flags & M_MCAST) &&
		     (ifp->if_flags & IFF_MULTICAST) == 0) ||
		    ((m->m_flags & M_BCAST) &&
		     (ifp->if_flags & (IFF_BROADCAST|IFF_POINTOPOINT)) == 0))  {
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_NOROUTE);
			error = ENETUNREACH;
			goto bad;
		}
		/*
		 * If source address not specified yet, use an address
		 * of outgoing interface.
		 */
		if (in_nullhost(ip->ip_src)) {
			struct in_ifaddr *xia;
			struct ifaddr *xifa;
			struct psref _psref;

			xia = in_get_ia_from_ifp_psref(ifp, &_psref);
			if (!xia) {
				error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
				goto bad;
			}
			xifa = &xia->ia_ifa;
			if (xifa->ifa_getifa != NULL) {
				ia4_release(xia, &_psref);
				/* FIXME ifa_getifa is NOMPSAFE */
				xia = ifatoia((*xifa->ifa_getifa)(xifa, rdst));
				if (xia == NULL) {
					error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
					goto bad;
				}
				ia4_acquire(xia, &_psref);
			}
			ip->ip_src = xia->ia_addr.sin_addr;
			ia4_release(xia, &_psref);
		}

		inmgroup = in_multi_group(ip->ip_dst, ifp, flags);
		if (inmgroup && (imo == NULL || imo->imo_multicast_loop)) {
			/*
			 * If we belong to the destination multicast group
			 * on the outgoing interface, and the caller did not
			 * forbid loopback, loop back a copy.
			 */
			ip_mloopback(ifp, m, &udst.sin);
		}
#ifdef MROUTING
		else {
			/*
			 * If we are acting as a multicast router, perform
			 * multicast forwarding as if the packet had just
			 * arrived on the interface to which we are about
			 * to send.  The multicast forwarding function
			 * recursively calls this function, using the
			 * IP_FORWARDING flag to prevent infinite recursion.
			 *
			 * Multicasts that are looped back by ip_mloopback(),
			 * above, will be forwarded by the ip_input() routine,
			 * if necessary.
			 */
			extern struct socket *ip_mrouter;

			if (ip_mrouter && (flags & IP_FORWARDING) == 0) {
				if (ip_mforward(m, ifp) != 0) {
					m_freem(m);
					goto done;
				}
			}
		}
#endif
		/*
		 * Multicasts with a time-to-live of zero may be looped-
		 * back, above, but must not be transmitted on a network.
		 * Also, multicasts addressed to the loopback interface
		 * are not sent -- the above call to ip_mloopback() will
		 * loop back a copy if this host actually belongs to the
		 * destination group on the loopback interface.
		 */
		if (ip->ip_ttl == 0 || (ifp->if_flags & IFF_LOOPBACK) != 0) {
			m_freem(m);
			goto done;
		}
		goto sendit;
	}

	/*
	 * If source address not specified yet, use address
	 * of outgoing interface.
	 */
	if (in_nullhost(ip->ip_src)) {
		struct ifaddr *xifa;

		xifa = &ia->ia_ifa;
		if (xifa->ifa_getifa != NULL) {
			ia4_release(ia, &psref_ia);
			/* FIXME ifa_getifa is NOMPSAFE */
			ia = ifatoia((*xifa->ifa_getifa)(xifa, rdst));
			if (ia == NULL) {
				error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
				goto bad;
			}
			ia4_acquire(ia, &psref_ia);
		}
		ip->ip_src = ia->ia_addr.sin_addr;
	}

	/*
	 * packets with Class-D address as source are not valid per
	 * RFC 1112
	 */
	if (IN_MULTICAST(ip->ip_src.s_addr)) {
		IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_ODROPPED);
		error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
		goto bad;
	}

	/*
	 * Look for broadcast address and and verify user is allowed to
	 * send such a packet.
	 */
	if (isbroadcast) {
		if ((ifp->if_flags & IFF_BROADCAST) == 0) {
			error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
			goto bad;
		}
		if ((flags & IP_ALLOWBROADCAST) == 0) {
			error = EACCES;
			goto bad;
		}
		/* don't allow broadcast messages to be fragmented */
		if (ntohs(ip->ip_len) > ifp->if_mtu) {
			error = EMSGSIZE;
			goto bad;
		}
		m->m_flags |= M_BCAST;
	} else
		m->m_flags &= ~M_BCAST;

sendit:
	if ((flags & (IP_FORWARDING|IP_NOIPNEWID)) == 0) {
		if (m->m_pkthdr.len < IP_MINFRAGSIZE) {
			ip->ip_id = 0;
		} else if ((m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_TSOv4) == 0) {
			ip->ip_id = ip_newid(ia);
		} else {

			/*
			 * TSO capable interfaces (typically?) increment
			 * ip_id for each segment.
			 * "allocate" enough ids here to increase the chance
			 * for them to be unique.
			 *
			 * note that the following calculation is not
			 * needed to be precise.  wasting some ip_id is fine.
			 */

			unsigned int segsz = m->m_pkthdr.segsz;
			unsigned int datasz = ntohs(ip->ip_len) - hlen;
			unsigned int num = howmany(datasz, segsz);

			ip->ip_id = ip_newid_range(ia, num);
		}
	}
	if (ia != NULL) {
		ia4_release(ia, &psref_ia);
		ia = NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * If we're doing Path MTU Discovery, we need to set DF unless
	 * the route's MTU is locked.
	 */
	if ((flags & IP_MTUDISC) != 0 && rtmtu_nolock) {
		ip->ip_off |= htons(IP_DF);
	}

#ifdef IPSEC
	if (ipsec_used) {
		bool ipsec_done = false;

		/* Perform IPsec processing, if any. */
		error = ipsec4_output(m, inp, flags, &mtu, &natt_frag,
		    &ipsec_done);
		if (error || ipsec_done)
			goto done;
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * Run through list of hooks for output packets.
	 */
	error = pfil_run_hooks(inet_pfil_hook, &m, ifp, PFIL_OUT);
	if (error)
		goto done;
	if (m == NULL)
		goto done;

	ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;

	m->m_pkthdr.csum_data |= hlen << 16;

	/*
	 * search for the source address structure to
	 * maintain output statistics, and verify address
	 * validity
	 */
	KASSERT(ia == NULL);
	sockaddr_in_init(&usrc.sin, &ip->ip_src, 0);
	ifa = ifaof_ifpforaddr_psref(&usrc.sa, ifp, &psref_ia);
	if (ifa != NULL)
		ia = ifatoia(ifa);

	/*
	 * Ensure we only send from a valid address.
	 * A NULL address is valid because the packet could be
	 * generated from a packet filter.
	 */
	if (ia != NULL && (flags & IP_FORWARDING) == 0 &&
	    (error = ip_ifaddrvalid(ia)) != 0)
	{
		ARPLOG(LOG_ERR,
		    "refusing to send from invalid address %s (pid %d)\n",
		    ARPLOGADDR(&ip->ip_src), curproc->p_pid);
		IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_ODROPPED);
		if (error == 1)
			/*
			 * Address exists, but is tentative or detached.
			 * We can't send from it because it's invalid,
			 * so we drop the packet.
			 */
			error = 0;
		else
			error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
		goto bad;
	}

	/* Maybe skip checksums on loopback interfaces. */
	if (IN_NEED_CHECKSUM(ifp, M_CSUM_IPv4)) {
		m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_CSUM_IPv4;
	}
	sw_csum = m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & ~ifp->if_csum_flags_tx;
	/*
	 * If small enough for mtu of path, or if using TCP segmentation
	 * offload, can just send directly.
	 */
	if (ntohs(ip->ip_len) <= mtu ||
	    (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_TSOv4) != 0) {
		const struct sockaddr *sa;

#if IFA_STATS
		if (ia)
			ia->ia_ifa.ifa_data.ifad_outbytes += ntohs(ip->ip_len);
#endif
		/*
		 * Always initialize the sum to 0!  Some HW assisted
		 * checksumming requires this.
		 */
		ip->ip_sum = 0;

		if ((m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_TSOv4) == 0) {
			/*
			 * Perform any checksums that the hardware can't do
			 * for us.
			 *
			 * XXX Does any hardware require the {th,uh}_sum
			 * XXX fields to be 0?
			 */
			if (sw_csum & M_CSUM_IPv4) {
				KASSERT(IN_NEED_CHECKSUM(ifp, M_CSUM_IPv4));
				ip->ip_sum = in_cksum(m, hlen);
				m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags &= ~M_CSUM_IPv4;
			}
			if (sw_csum & (M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4)) {
				if (IN_NEED_CHECKSUM(ifp,
				    sw_csum & (M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4))) {
					in_delayed_cksum(m);
				}
				m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags &=
				    ~(M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4);
			}
		}

		sa = (m->m_flags & M_MCAST) ? sintocsa(rdst) : sintocsa(dst);
		if (__predict_true(
		    (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_TSOv4) == 0 ||
		    (ifp->if_capenable & IFCAP_TSOv4) != 0)) {
			error = ip_if_output(ifp, m, sa, rt);
		} else {
			error = ip_tso_output(ifp, m, sa, rt);
		}
		goto done;
	}

	/*
	 * We can't use HW checksumming if we're about to
	 * fragment the packet.
	 *
	 * XXX Some hardware can do this.
	 */
	if (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & (M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4)) {
		if (IN_NEED_CHECKSUM(ifp,
		    m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & (M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4))) {
			in_delayed_cksum(m);
		}
		m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags &= ~(M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4);
	}

	/*
	 * Too large for interface; fragment if possible.
	 * Must be able to put at least 8 bytes per fragment.
	 */
	if (ntohs(ip->ip_off) & IP_DF) {
		if (flags & IP_RETURNMTU) {
			KASSERT(inp != NULL);
			inp->inp_errormtu = mtu;
		}
		error = EMSGSIZE;
		IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_CANTFRAG);
		goto bad;
	}

	error = ip_fragment(m, ifp, mtu);
	if (error) {
		m = NULL;
		goto bad;
	}

	for (; m; m = m0) {
		m0 = m->m_nextpkt;
		m->m_nextpkt = 0;
		if (error) {
			m_freem(m);
			continue;
		}
#if IFA_STATS
		if (ia)
			ia->ia_ifa.ifa_data.ifad_outbytes += ntohs(ip->ip_len);
#endif
		/*
		 * If we get there, the packet has not been handled by
		 * IPsec whereas it should have. Now that it has been
		 * fragmented, re-inject it in ip_output so that IPsec
		 * processing can occur.
		 */
		if (natt_frag) {
			error = ip_output(m, opt, ro,
			    flags | IP_RAWOUTPUT | IP_NOIPNEWID,
			    imo, inp);
		} else {
			KASSERT((m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags &
			    (M_CSUM_UDPv4 | M_CSUM_TCPv4)) == 0);
			error = ip_if_output(ifp, m,
			    (m->m_flags & M_MCAST) ?
			    sintocsa(rdst) : sintocsa(dst), rt);
		}
	}
	if (error == 0) {
		IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_FRAGMENTED);
	}
done:
	ia4_release(ia, &psref_ia);
	rtcache_unref(rt, ro);
	if (ro == &iproute) {
		rtcache_free(&iproute);
	}
	if (mifp != NULL) {
		if_put(mifp, &psref);
	}
	if (bind_need_restore)
		curlwp_bindx(bound);
	return error;
bad:
	m_freem(m);
	goto done;
}

int
ip_fragment(struct mbuf *m, struct ifnet *ifp, u_long mtu)
{
	struct ip *ip, *mhip;
	struct mbuf *m0;
	int len, hlen, off;
	int mhlen, firstlen;
	struct mbuf **mnext;
	int sw_csum = m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags;
	int fragments = 0;
	int error = 0;

	ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
	if (ifp != NULL)
		sw_csum &= ~ifp->if_csum_flags_tx;

	len = (mtu - hlen) &~ 7;
	if (len < 8) {
		m_freem(m);
		return (EMSGSIZE);
	}

	firstlen = len;
	mnext = &m->m_nextpkt;

	/*
	 * Loop through length of segment after first fragment,
	 * make new header and copy data of each part and link onto chain.
	 */
	m0 = m;
	mhlen = sizeof (struct ip);
	for (off = hlen + len; off < ntohs(ip->ip_len); off += len) {
		MGETHDR(m, M_DONTWAIT, MT_HEADER);
		if (m == 0) {
			error = ENOBUFS;
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_ODROPPED);
			goto sendorfree;
		}
		MCLAIM(m, m0->m_owner);
		*mnext = m;
		mnext = &m->m_nextpkt;
		m->m_data += max_linkhdr;
		mhip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
		*mhip = *ip;
		/* we must inherit MCAST and BCAST flags */
		m->m_flags |= m0->m_flags & (M_MCAST|M_BCAST);
		if (hlen > sizeof (struct ip)) {
			mhlen = ip_optcopy(ip, mhip) + sizeof (struct ip);
			mhip->ip_hl = mhlen >> 2;
		}
		m->m_len = mhlen;
		mhip->ip_off = ((off - hlen) >> 3) +
		    (ntohs(ip->ip_off) & ~IP_MF);
		if (ip->ip_off & htons(IP_MF))
			mhip->ip_off |= IP_MF;
		if (off + len >= ntohs(ip->ip_len))
			len = ntohs(ip->ip_len) - off;
		else
			mhip->ip_off |= IP_MF;
		HTONS(mhip->ip_off);
		mhip->ip_len = htons((u_int16_t)(len + mhlen));
		m->m_next = m_copym(m0, off, len, M_DONTWAIT);
		if (m->m_next == 0) {
			error = ENOBUFS;	/* ??? */
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_ODROPPED);
			goto sendorfree;
		}
		m->m_pkthdr.len = mhlen + len;
		m_reset_rcvif(m);
		mhip->ip_sum = 0;
		KASSERT((m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_IPv4) == 0);
		if (sw_csum & M_CSUM_IPv4) {
			mhip->ip_sum = in_cksum(m, mhlen);
		} else {
			/*
			 * checksum is hw-offloaded or not necessary.
			 */
			m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |=
			    m0->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_IPv4;
			m->m_pkthdr.csum_data |= mhlen << 16;
			KASSERT(!(ifp != NULL &&
			    IN_NEED_CHECKSUM(ifp, M_CSUM_IPv4)) ||
			    (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_IPv4) != 0);
		}
		IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_OFRAGMENTS);
		fragments++;
	}
	/*
	 * Update first fragment by trimming what's been copied out
	 * and updating header, then send each fragment (in order).
	 */
	m = m0;
	m_adj(m, hlen + firstlen - ntohs(ip->ip_len));
	m->m_pkthdr.len = hlen + firstlen;
	ip->ip_len = htons((u_int16_t)m->m_pkthdr.len);
	ip->ip_off |= htons(IP_MF);
	ip->ip_sum = 0;
	if (sw_csum & M_CSUM_IPv4) {
		ip->ip_sum = in_cksum(m, hlen);
		m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags &= ~M_CSUM_IPv4;
	} else {
		/*
		 * checksum is hw-offloaded or not necessary.
		 */
		KASSERT(!(ifp != NULL && IN_NEED_CHECKSUM(ifp, M_CSUM_IPv4)) ||
		    (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_IPv4) != 0);
		KASSERT(M_CSUM_DATA_IPv4_IPHL(m->m_pkthdr.csum_data) >=
		    sizeof(struct ip));
	}
sendorfree:
	/*
	 * If there is no room for all the fragments, don't queue
	 * any of them.
	 */
	if (ifp != NULL) {
		IFQ_LOCK(&ifp->if_snd);
		if (ifp->if_snd.ifq_maxlen - ifp->if_snd.ifq_len < fragments &&
		    error == 0) {
			error = ENOBUFS;
			IP_STATINC(IP_STAT_ODROPPED);
			IFQ_INC_DROPS(&ifp->if_snd);
		}
		IFQ_UNLOCK(&ifp->if_snd);
	}
	if (error) {
		for (m = m0; m; m = m0) {
			m0 = m->m_nextpkt;
			m->m_nextpkt = NULL;
			m_freem(m);
		}
	}
	return (error);
}

/*
 * Process a delayed payload checksum calculation.
 */
void
in_delayed_cksum(struct mbuf *m)
{
	struct ip *ip;
	u_int16_t csum, offset;

	ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
	offset = ip->ip_hl << 2;
	csum = in4_cksum(m, 0, offset, ntohs(ip->ip_len) - offset);
	if (csum == 0 && (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_CSUM_UDPv4) != 0)
		csum = 0xffff;

	offset += M_CSUM_DATA_IPv4_OFFSET(m->m_pkthdr.csum_data);

	if ((offset + sizeof(u_int16_t)) > m->m_len) {
		/* This happen when ip options were inserted
		printf("in_delayed_cksum: pullup len %d off %d proto %d\n",
		    m->m_len, offset, ip->ip_p);
		 */
		m_copyback(m, offset, sizeof(csum), (void *) &csum);
	} else
		*(u_int16_t *)(mtod(m, char *) + offset) = csum;
}

/*
 * Determine the maximum length of the options to be inserted;
 * we would far rather allocate too much space rather than too little.
 */

u_int
ip_optlen(struct inpcb *inp)
{
	struct mbuf *m = inp->inp_options;

	if (m && m->m_len > offsetof(struct ipoption, ipopt_dst)) {
		return (m->m_len - offsetof(struct ipoption, ipopt_dst));
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Insert IP options into preformed packet.
 * Adjust IP destination as required for IP source routing,
 * as indicated by a non-zero in_addr at the start of the options.
 */
static struct mbuf *
ip_insertoptions(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *opt, int *phlen)
{
	struct ipoption *p = mtod(opt, struct ipoption *);
	struct mbuf *n;
	struct ip *ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
	unsigned optlen;

	optlen = opt->m_len - sizeof(p->ipopt_dst);
	if (optlen + ntohs(ip->ip_len) > IP_MAXPACKET)
		return (m);		/* XXX should fail */
	if (!in_nullhost(p->ipopt_dst))
		ip->ip_dst = p->ipopt_dst;
	if (M_READONLY(m) || M_LEADINGSPACE(m) < optlen) {
		MGETHDR(n, M_DONTWAIT, MT_HEADER);
		if (n == 0)
			return (m);
		MCLAIM(n, m->m_owner);
		M_MOVE_PKTHDR(n, m);
		m->m_len -= sizeof(struct ip);
		m->m_data += sizeof(struct ip);
		n->m_next = m;
		m = n;
		m->m_len = optlen + sizeof(struct ip);
		m->m_data += max_linkhdr;
		bcopy((void *)ip, mtod(m, void *), sizeof(struct ip));
	} else {
		m->m_data -= optlen;
		m->m_len += optlen;
		memmove(mtod(m, void *), ip, sizeof(struct ip));
	}
	m->m_pkthdr.len += optlen;
	ip = mtod(m, struct ip *);
	bcopy((void *)p->ipopt_list, (void *)(ip + 1), (unsigned)optlen);
	*phlen = sizeof(struct ip) + optlen;
	ip->ip_len = htons(ntohs(ip->ip_len) + optlen);
	return (m);
}

/*
 * Copy options from ip to jp,
 * omitting those not copied during fragmentation.
 */
int
ip_optcopy(struct ip *ip, struct ip *jp)
{
	u_char *cp, *dp;
	int opt, optlen, cnt;

	cp = (u_char *)(ip + 1);
	dp = (u_char *)(jp + 1);
	cnt = (ip->ip_hl << 2) - sizeof (struct ip);
	for (; cnt > 0; cnt -= optlen, cp += optlen) {
		opt = cp[0];
		if (opt == IPOPT_EOL)
			break;
		if (opt == IPOPT_NOP) {
			/* Preserve for IP mcast tunnel's LSRR alignment. */
			*dp++ = IPOPT_NOP;
			optlen = 1;
			continue;
		}

		KASSERT(cnt >= IPOPT_OLEN + sizeof(*cp));
		optlen = cp[IPOPT_OLEN];
		KASSERT(optlen >= IPOPT_OLEN + sizeof(*cp) && optlen < cnt);

		/* Invalid lengths should have been caught by ip_dooptions. */
		if (optlen > cnt)
			optlen = cnt;
		if (IPOPT_COPIED(opt)) {
			bcopy((void *)cp, (void *)dp, (unsigned)optlen);
			dp += optlen;
		}
	}
	for (optlen = dp - (u_char *)(jp+1); optlen & 0x3; optlen++)
		*dp++ = IPOPT_EOL;
	return (optlen);
}

/*
 * IP socket option processing.
 */
int
ip_ctloutput(int op, struct socket *so, struct sockopt *sopt)
{
	struct inpcb *inp = sotoinpcb(so);
	struct ip *ip = &inp->inp_ip;
	int inpflags = inp->inp_flags;
	int optval = 0, error = 0;

	KASSERT(solocked(so));

	if (sopt->sopt_level != IPPROTO_IP) {
		if (sopt->sopt_level == SOL_SOCKET && sopt->sopt_name == SO_NOHEADER)
			return 0;
		return ENOPROTOOPT;
	}

	switch (op) {
	case PRCO_SETOPT:
		switch (sopt->sopt_name) {
		case IP_OPTIONS:
#ifdef notyet
		case IP_RETOPTS:
#endif
			error = ip_pcbopts(inp, sopt);
			break;

		case IP_TOS:
		case IP_TTL:
		case IP_MINTTL:
		case IP_PKTINFO:
		case IP_RECVOPTS:
		case IP_RECVRETOPTS:
		case IP_RECVDSTADDR:
		case IP_RECVIF:
		case IP_RECVPKTINFO:
		case IP_RECVTTL:
			error = sockopt_getint(sopt, &optval);
			if (error)
				break;

			switch (sopt->sopt_name) {
			case IP_TOS:
				ip->ip_tos = optval;
				break;

			case IP_TTL:
				ip->ip_ttl = optval;
				break;

			case IP_MINTTL:
				if (optval > 0 && optval <= MAXTTL)
					inp->inp_ip_minttl = optval;
				else
					error = EINVAL;
				break;
#define	OPTSET(bit) \
	if (optval) \
		inpflags |= bit; \
	else \
		inpflags &= ~bit;

			case IP_PKTINFO:
				OPTSET(INP_PKTINFO);
				break;

			case IP_RECVOPTS:
				OPTSET(INP_RECVOPTS);
				break;

			case IP_RECVPKTINFO:
				OPTSET(INP_RECVPKTINFO);
				break;

			case IP_RECVRETOPTS:
				OPTSET(INP_RECVRETOPTS);
				break;

			case IP_RECVDSTADDR:
				OPTSET(INP_RECVDSTADDR);
				break;

			case IP_RECVIF:
				OPTSET(INP_RECVIF);
				break;

			case IP_RECVTTL:
				OPTSET(INP_RECVTTL);
				break;
			}
		break;
#undef OPTSET

		case IP_MULTICAST_IF:
		case IP_MULTICAST_TTL:
		case IP_MULTICAST_LOOP:
		case IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP:
		case IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP:
			error = ip_setmoptions(&inp->inp_moptions, sopt);
			break;

		case IP_PORTRANGE:
			error = sockopt_getint(sopt, &optval);
			if (error)
				break;

			switch (optval) {
			case IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT:
			case IP_PORTRANGE_HIGH:
				inpflags &= ~(INP_LOWPORT);
				break;

			case IP_PORTRANGE_LOW:
				inpflags |= INP_LOWPORT;
				break;

			default:
				error = EINVAL;
				break;
			}
			break;

		case IP_PORTALGO:
			error = sockopt_getint(sopt, &optval);
			if (error)
				break;

			error = portalgo_algo_index_select(
			    (struct inpcb_hdr *)inp, optval);
			break;

#if defined(IPSEC)
		case IP_IPSEC_POLICY:
			if (ipsec_enabled) {
				error = ipsec4_set_policy(inp, sopt->sopt_name,
				    sopt->sopt_data, sopt->sopt_size,
				    curlwp->l_cred);
				break;
			}
			/*FALLTHROUGH*/
#endif /* IPSEC */

		default:
			error = ENOPROTOOPT;
			break;
		}
		break;

	case PRCO_GETOPT:
		switch (sopt->sopt_name) {
		case IP_OPTIONS:
		case IP_RETOPTS: {
			struct mbuf *mopts = inp->inp_options;

			if (mopts) {
				struct mbuf *m;

				m = m_copym(mopts, 0, M_COPYALL, M_DONTWAIT);
				if (m == NULL) {
					error = ENOBUFS;
					break;
				}
				error = sockopt_setmbuf(sopt, m);
			}
			break;
		}
		case IP_PKTINFO:
		case IP_TOS:
		case IP_TTL:
		case IP_MINTTL:
		case IP_RECVOPTS:
		case IP_RECVRETOPTS:
		case IP_RECVDSTADDR:
		case IP_RECVIF:
		case IP_RECVPKTINFO:
		case IP_RECVTTL:
		case IP_ERRORMTU:
			switch (sopt->sopt_name) {
			case IP_TOS:
				optval = ip->ip_tos;
				break;

			case IP_TTL:
				optval = ip->ip_ttl;
				break;

			case IP_MINTTL:
				optval = inp->inp_ip_minttl;
				break;

			case IP_ERRORMTU:
				optval = inp->inp_errormtu;
				break;

#define	OPTBIT(bit)	(inpflags & bit ? 1 : 0)

			case IP_PKTINFO:
				optval = OPTBIT(INP_PKTINFO);
				break;

			case IP_RECVOPTS:
				optval = OPTBIT(INP_RECVOPTS);
				break;

			case IP_RECVPKTINFO:
				optval = OPTBIT(INP_RECVPKTINFO);
				break;

			case IP_RECVRETOPTS:
				optval = OPTBIT(INP_RECVRETOPTS);
				break;

			case IP_RECVDSTADDR:
				optval = OPTBIT(INP_RECVDSTADDR);
				break;

			case IP_RECVIF:
				optval = OPTBIT(INP_RECVIF);
				break;

			case IP_RECVTTL:
				optval = OPTBIT(INP_RECVTTL);
				break;
			}
			error = sockopt_setint(sopt, optval);
			break;

#if 0	/* defined(IPSEC) */
		case IP_IPSEC_POLICY:
		{
			struct mbuf *m = NULL;

			/* XXX this will return EINVAL as sopt is empty */
			error = ipsec4_get_policy(inp, sopt->sopt_data,
			    sopt->sopt_size, &m);
			if (error == 0)
				error = sockopt_setmbuf(sopt, m);
			break;
		}
#endif /*IPSEC*/

		case IP_MULTICAST_IF:
		case IP_MULTICAST_TTL:
		case IP_MULTICAST_LOOP:
		case IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP:
		case IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP:
			error = ip_getmoptions(inp->inp_moptions, sopt);
			break;

		case IP_PORTRANGE:
			if (inpflags & INP_LOWPORT)
				optval = IP_PORTRANGE_LOW;
			else
				optval = IP_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT;
			error = sockopt_setint(sopt, optval);
			break;

		case IP_PORTALGO:
			optval = inp->inp_portalgo;
			error = sockopt_setint(sopt, optval);
			break;

		default:
			error = ENOPROTOOPT;
			break;
		}
		break;
	}

	if (!error) {
		inp->inp_flags = inpflags;
	}
	return error;
}

/*
 * Set up IP options in pcb for insertion in output packets.
 * Store in mbuf with pointer in pcbopt, adding pseudo-option
 * with destination address if source routed.
 */
static int
ip_pcbopts(struct inpcb *inp, const struct sockopt *sopt)
{
	struct mbuf *m;
	const u_char *cp;
	u_char *dp;
	int cnt;

	KASSERT(inp_locked(inp));

	/* Turn off any old options. */
	if (inp->inp_options) {
		m_free(inp->inp_options);
	}
	inp->inp_options = NULL;
	if ((cnt = sopt->sopt_size) == 0) {
		/* Only turning off any previous options. */
		return 0;
	}
	cp = sopt->sopt_data;

#ifndef	__vax__
	if (cnt % sizeof(int32_t))
		return (EINVAL);
#endif

	m = m_get(M_DONTWAIT, MT_SOOPTS);
	if (m == NULL)
		return (ENOBUFS);

	dp = mtod(m, u_char *);
	memset(dp, 0, sizeof(struct in_addr));
	dp += sizeof(struct in_addr);
	m->m_len = sizeof(struct in_addr);

	/*
	 * IP option list according to RFC791. Each option is of the form
	 *
	 *	[optval] [olen] [(olen - 2) data bytes]
	 *
	 * We validate the list and copy options to an mbuf for prepending
	 * to data packets. The IP first-hop destination address will be
	 * stored before actual options and is zero if unset.
	 */
	while (cnt > 0) {
		uint8_t optval, olen, offset;

		optval = cp[IPOPT_OPTVAL];

		if (optval == IPOPT_EOL || optval == IPOPT_NOP) {
			olen = 1;
		} else {
			if (cnt < IPOPT_OLEN + 1)
				goto bad;

			olen = cp[IPOPT_OLEN];
			if (olen < IPOPT_OLEN + 1 || olen > cnt)
				goto bad;
		}

		if (optval == IPOPT_LSRR || optval == IPOPT_SSRR) {
			/*
			 * user process specifies route as:
			 *	->A->B->C->D
			 * D must be our final destination (but we can't
			 * check that since we may not have connected yet).
			 * A is first hop destination, which doesn't appear in
			 * actual IP option, but is stored before the options.
			 */
			if (olen < IPOPT_OFFSET + 1 + sizeof(struct in_addr))
				goto bad;

			offset = cp[IPOPT_OFFSET];
			memcpy(mtod(m, u_char *), cp + IPOPT_OFFSET + 1,
			    sizeof(struct in_addr));

			cp += sizeof(struct in_addr);
			cnt -= sizeof(struct in_addr);
			olen -= sizeof(struct in_addr);

			if (m->m_len + olen > MAX_IPOPTLEN + sizeof(struct in_addr))
				goto bad;

			memcpy(dp, cp, olen);
			dp[IPOPT_OPTVAL] = optval;
			dp[IPOPT_OLEN] = olen;
			dp[IPOPT_OFFSET] = offset;
			break;
		} else {
			if (m->m_len + olen > MAX_IPOPTLEN + sizeof(struct in_addr))
				goto bad;

			memcpy(dp, cp, olen);
			break;
		}

		dp += olen;
		m->m_len += olen;

		if (optval == IPOPT_EOL)
			break;

		cp += olen;
		cnt -= olen;
	}

	inp->inp_options = m;
	return 0;
bad:
	(void)m_free(m);
	return EINVAL;
}

/*
 * following RFC1724 section 3.3, 0.0.0.0/8 is interpreted as interface index.
 * Must be called in a pserialize critical section.
 */
static struct ifnet *
ip_multicast_if(struct in_addr *a, int *ifindexp)
{
	int ifindex;
	struct ifnet *ifp = NULL;
	struct in_ifaddr *ia;

	if (ifindexp)
		*ifindexp = 0;
	if (ntohl(a->s_addr) >> 24 == 0) {
		ifindex = ntohl(a->s_addr) & 0xffffff;
		ifp = if_byindex(ifindex);
		if (!ifp)
			return NULL;
		if (ifindexp)
			*ifindexp = ifindex;
	} else {
		IN_ADDRHASH_READER_FOREACH(ia, a->s_addr) {
			if (in_hosteq(ia->ia_addr.sin_addr, *a) &&
			    (ia->ia_ifp->if_flags & IFF_MULTICAST) != 0) {
				ifp = ia->ia_ifp;
				if (if_is_deactivated(ifp))
					ifp = NULL;
				break;
			}
		}
	}
	return ifp;
}

static int
ip_getoptval(const struct sockopt *sopt, u_int8_t *val, u_int maxval)
{
	u_int tval;
	u_char cval;
	int error;

	if (sopt == NULL)
		return EINVAL;

	switch (sopt->sopt_size) {
	case sizeof(u_char):
		error = sockopt_get(sopt, &cval, sizeof(u_char));
		tval = cval;
		break;

	case sizeof(u_int):
		error = sockopt_get(sopt, &tval, sizeof(u_int));
		break;

	default:
		error = EINVAL;
	}

	if (error)
		return error;

	if (tval > maxval)
		return EINVAL;

	*val = tval;
	return 0;
}

static int
ip_get_membership(const struct sockopt *sopt, struct ifnet **ifp,
    struct psref *psref, struct in_addr *ia, bool add)
{
	int error;
	struct ip_mreq mreq;

	error = sockopt_get(sopt, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
	if (error)
		return error;

	if (!IN_MULTICAST(mreq.imr_multiaddr.s_addr))
		return EINVAL;

	memcpy(ia, &mreq.imr_multiaddr, sizeof(*ia));

	if (in_nullhost(mreq.imr_interface)) {
		union {
			struct sockaddr		dst;
			struct sockaddr_in	dst4;
		} u;
		struct route ro;

		if (!add) {
			*ifp = NULL;
			return 0;
		}
		/*
		 * If no interface address was provided, use the interface of
		 * the route to the given multicast address.
		 */
		struct rtentry *rt;
		memset(&ro, 0, sizeof(ro));

		sockaddr_in_init(&u.dst4, ia, 0);
		error = rtcache_setdst(&ro, &u.dst);
		if (error != 0)
			return error;
		*ifp = (rt = rtcache_init(&ro)) != NULL ? rt->rt_ifp : NULL;
		if (*ifp != NULL) {
			if (if_is_deactivated(*ifp))
				*ifp = NULL;
			else
				if_acquire(*ifp, psref);
		}
		rtcache_unref(rt, &ro);
		rtcache_free(&ro);
	} else {
		int s = pserialize_read_enter();
		*ifp = ip_multicast_if(&mreq.imr_interface, NULL);
		if (!add && *ifp == NULL) {
			pserialize_read_exit(s);
			return EADDRNOTAVAIL;
		}
		if (*ifp != NULL) {
			if (if_is_deactivated(*ifp))
				*ifp = NULL;
			else
				if_acquire(*ifp, psref);
		}
		pserialize_read_exit(s);
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Add a multicast group membership.
 * Group must be a valid IP multicast address.
 */
static int
ip_add_membership(struct ip_moptions *imo, const struct sockopt *sopt)
{
	struct ifnet *ifp = NULL;	// XXX: gcc [ppc]
	struct in_addr ia;
	int i, error, bound;
	struct psref psref;

	/* imo is protected by solock or referenced only by the caller */

	bound = curlwp_bind();
	if (sopt->sopt_size == sizeof(struct ip_mreq))
		error = ip_get_membership(sopt, &ifp, &psref, &ia, true);
	else
#ifdef INET6
		error = ip6_get_membership(sopt, &ifp, &psref, &ia, sizeof(ia));
#else
		error = EINVAL;
		goto out;
#endif

	if (error)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * See if we found an interface, and confirm that it
	 * supports multicast.
	 */
	if (ifp == NULL || (ifp->if_flags & IFF_MULTICAST) == 0) {
		error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * See if the membership already exists or if all the
	 * membership slots are full.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < imo->imo_num_memberships; ++i) {
		if (imo->imo_membership[i]->inm_ifp == ifp &&
		    in_hosteq(imo->imo_membership[i]->inm_addr, ia))
			break;
	}
	if (i < imo->imo_num_memberships) {
		error = EADDRINUSE;
		goto out;
	}

	if (i == IP_MAX_MEMBERSHIPS) {
		error = ETOOMANYREFS;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * Everything looks good; add a new record to the multicast
	 * address list for the given interface.
	 */
	if ((imo->imo_membership[i] = in_addmulti(&ia, ifp)) == NULL) {
		error = ENOBUFS;
		goto out;
	}

	++imo->imo_num_memberships;
	error = 0;
out:
	if_put(ifp, &psref);
	curlwp_bindx(bound);
	return error;
}

/*
 * Drop a multicast group membership.
 * Group must be a valid IP multicast address.
 */
static int
ip_drop_membership(struct ip_moptions *imo, const struct sockopt *sopt)
{
	struct in_addr ia = { .s_addr = 0 };	// XXX: gcc [ppc]
	struct ifnet *ifp = NULL;		// XXX: gcc [ppc]
	int i, error, bound;
	struct psref psref;

	/* imo is protected by solock or referenced only by the caller */

	bound = curlwp_bind();
	if (sopt->sopt_size == sizeof(struct ip_mreq))
		error = ip_get_membership(sopt, &ifp, &psref, &ia, false);
	else
#ifdef INET6
		error = ip6_get_membership(sopt, &ifp, &psref, &ia, sizeof(ia));
#else
		error = EINVAL;
		goto out;
#endif

	if (error)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * Find the membership in the membership array.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < imo->imo_num_memberships; ++i) {
		if ((ifp == NULL ||
		     imo->imo_membership[i]->inm_ifp == ifp) &&
		    in_hosteq(imo->imo_membership[i]->inm_addr, ia))
			break;
	}
	if (i == imo->imo_num_memberships) {
		error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * Give up the multicast address record to which the
	 * membership points.
	 */
	in_delmulti(imo->imo_membership[i]);

	/*
	 * Remove the gap in the membership array.
	 */
	for (++i; i < imo->imo_num_memberships; ++i)
		imo->imo_membership[i-1] = imo->imo_membership[i];
	--imo->imo_num_memberships;
	error = 0;
out:
	if_put(ifp, &psref);
	curlwp_bindx(bound);
	return error;
}

/*
 * Set the IP multicast options in response to user setsockopt().
 */
int
ip_setmoptions(struct ip_moptions **pimo, const struct sockopt *sopt)
{
	struct ip_moptions *imo = *pimo;
	struct in_addr addr;
	struct ifnet *ifp;
	int ifindex, error = 0;

	/* The passed imo isn't NULL, it should be protected by solock */

	if (!imo) {
		/*
		 * No multicast option buffer attached to the pcb;
		 * allocate one and initialize to default values.
		 */
		imo = kmem_intr_alloc(sizeof(*imo), KM_NOSLEEP);
		if (imo == NULL)
			return ENOBUFS;

		imo->imo_multicast_if_index = 0;
		imo->imo_multicast_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
		imo->imo_multicast_ttl = IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_TTL;
		imo->imo_multicast_loop = IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP;
		imo->imo_num_memberships = 0;
		*pimo = imo;
	}

	switch (sopt->sopt_name) {
	case IP_MULTICAST_IF: {
		int s;
		/*
		 * Select the interface for outgoing multicast packets.
		 */
		error = sockopt_get(sopt, &addr, sizeof(addr));
		if (error)
			break;

		/*
		 * INADDR_ANY is used to remove a previous selection.
		 * When no interface is selected, a default one is
		 * chosen every time a multicast packet is sent.
		 */
		if (in_nullhost(addr)) {
			imo->imo_multicast_if_index = 0;
			break;
		}
		/*
		 * The selected interface is identified by its local
		 * IP address.  Find the interface and confirm that
		 * it supports multicasting.
		 */
		s = pserialize_read_enter();
		ifp = ip_multicast_if(&addr, &ifindex);
		if (ifp == NULL || (ifp->if_flags & IFF_MULTICAST) == 0) {
			pserialize_read_exit(s);
			error = EADDRNOTAVAIL;
			break;
		}
		imo->imo_multicast_if_index = ifp->if_index;
		pserialize_read_exit(s);
		if (ifindex)
			imo->imo_multicast_addr = addr;
		else
			imo->imo_multicast_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
		break;
	    }

	case IP_MULTICAST_TTL:
		/*
		 * Set the IP time-to-live for outgoing multicast packets.
		 */
		error = ip_getoptval(sopt, &imo->imo_multicast_ttl, MAXTTL);
		break;

	case IP_MULTICAST_LOOP:
		/*
		 * Set the loopback flag for outgoing multicast packets.
		 * Must be zero or one.
		 */
		error = ip_getoptval(sopt, &imo->imo_multicast_loop, 1);
		break;

	case IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP: /* IPV6_JOIN_GROUP */
		error = ip_add_membership(imo, sopt);
		break;

	case IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP: /* IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP */
		error = ip_drop_membership(imo, sopt);
		break;

	default:
		error = EOPNOTSUPP;
		break;
	}

	/*
	 * If all options have default values, no need to keep the mbuf.
	 */
	if (imo->imo_multicast_if_index == 0 &&
	    imo->imo_multicast_ttl == IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_TTL &&
	    imo->imo_multicast_loop == IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP &&
	    imo->imo_num_memberships == 0) {
		kmem_free(imo, sizeof(*imo));
		*pimo = NULL;
	}

	return error;
}

/*
 * Return the IP multicast options in response to user getsockopt().
 */
int
ip_getmoptions(struct ip_moptions *imo, struct sockopt *sopt)
{
	struct in_addr addr;
	uint8_t optval;
	int error = 0;

	/* imo is protected by solock or refereced only by the caller */

	switch (sopt->sopt_name) {
	case IP_MULTICAST_IF:
		if (imo == NULL || imo->imo_multicast_if_index == 0)
			addr = zeroin_addr;
		else if (imo->imo_multicast_addr.s_addr) {
			/* return the value user has set */
			addr = imo->imo_multicast_addr;
		} else {
			struct ifnet *ifp;
			struct in_ifaddr *ia = NULL;
			int s = pserialize_read_enter();

			ifp = if_byindex(imo->imo_multicast_if_index);
			if (ifp != NULL) {
				ia = in_get_ia_from_ifp(ifp);
			}
			addr = ia ? ia->ia_addr.sin_addr : zeroin_addr;
			pserialize_read_exit(s);
		}
		error = sockopt_set(sopt, &addr, sizeof(addr));
		break;

	case IP_MULTICAST_TTL:
		optval = imo ? imo->imo_multicast_ttl
		    : IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_TTL;

		error = sockopt_set(sopt, &optval, sizeof(optval));
		break;

	case IP_MULTICAST_LOOP:
		optval = imo ? imo->imo_multicast_loop
		    : IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP;

		error = sockopt_set(sopt, &optval, sizeof(optval));
		break;

	default:
		error = EOPNOTSUPP;
	}

	return error;
}

/*
 * Discard the IP multicast options.
 */
void
ip_freemoptions(struct ip_moptions *imo)
{
	int i;

	/* The owner of imo (inp) should be protected by solock */

	if (imo != NULL) {
		for (i = 0; i < imo->imo_num_memberships; ++i)
			in_delmulti(imo->imo_membership[i]);
		kmem_free(imo, sizeof(*imo));
	}
}

/*
 * Routine called from ip_output() to loop back a copy of an IP multicast
 * packet to the input queue of a specified interface.  Note that this
 * calls the output routine of the loopback "driver", but with an interface
 * pointer that might NOT be lo0ifp -- easier than replicating that code here.
 */
static void
ip_mloopback(struct ifnet *ifp, struct mbuf *m, const struct sockaddr_in *dst)
{
	struct ip *ip;
	struct mbuf *copym;

	copym = m_copypacket(m, M_DONTWAIT);
	if (copym != NULL &&
	    (copym->m_flags & M_EXT || copym->m_len < sizeof(struct ip)))
		copym = m_pullup(copym, sizeof(struct ip));
	if (copym == NULL)
		return;
	/*
	 * We don't bother to fragment if the IP length is greater
	 * than the interface's MTU.  Can this possibly matter?
	 */
	ip = mtod(copym, struct ip *);

	if (copym->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & (M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4)) {
		in_delayed_cksum(copym);
		copym->m_pkthdr.csum_flags &=
		    ~(M_CSUM_TCPv4|M_CSUM_UDPv4);
	}

	ip->ip_sum = 0;
	ip->ip_sum = in_cksum(copym, ip->ip_hl << 2);
#ifndef NET_MPSAFE
	KERNEL_LOCK(1, NULL);
#endif
	(void)looutput(ifp, copym, sintocsa(dst), NULL);
#ifndef NET_MPSAFE
	KERNEL_UNLOCK_ONE(NULL);
#endif
}

/*
 * Ensure sending address is valid.
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 if an error should be sent back or 1
 * if the packet could be dropped without error (protocol dependent).
 */
static int
ip_ifaddrvalid(const struct in_ifaddr *ia)
{

	if (ia->ia_addr.sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_ANY)
		return 0;

	if (ia->ia4_flags & IN_IFF_DUPLICATED)
		return -1;
	else if (ia->ia4_flags & (IN_IFF_TENTATIVE | IN_IFF_DETACHED))
		return 1;

	return 0;
}