secmodel_securelevel.c revision 1.6 1 1.6 ad /* $NetBSD: secmodel_securelevel.c,v 1.6 2008/01/14 17:56:21 ad Exp $ */
2 1.1 elad /*-
3 1.1 elad * Copyright (c) 2006 Elad Efrat <elad (at) NetBSD.org>
4 1.1 elad * All rights reserved.
5 1.1 elad *
6 1.1 elad * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
7 1.1 elad * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 1.1 elad * are met:
9 1.1 elad * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
10 1.1 elad * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
11 1.1 elad * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
12 1.1 elad * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
13 1.1 elad * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
14 1.1 elad * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
15 1.1 elad * derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
16 1.1 elad *
17 1.1 elad * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
18 1.1 elad * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
19 1.1 elad * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
20 1.1 elad * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
21 1.1 elad * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
22 1.1 elad * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
23 1.1 elad * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
24 1.1 elad * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
25 1.1 elad * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
26 1.1 elad * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
27 1.1 elad */
28 1.1 elad
29 1.1 elad /*
30 1.1 elad * This file contains kauth(9) listeners needed to implement the traditional
31 1.1 elad * NetBSD securelevel.
32 1.1 elad *
33 1.1 elad * The securelevel is a system-global indication on what operations are
34 1.1 elad * allowed or not. It affects all users, including root.
35 1.1 elad */
36 1.1 elad
37 1.1 elad #include <sys/cdefs.h>
38 1.6 ad __KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: secmodel_securelevel.c,v 1.6 2008/01/14 17:56:21 ad Exp $");
39 1.1 elad
40 1.1 elad #ifdef _KERNEL_OPT
41 1.1 elad #include "opt_insecure.h"
42 1.1 elad #endif /* _KERNEL_OPT */
43 1.1 elad
44 1.1 elad #include <sys/types.h>
45 1.1 elad #include <sys/param.h>
46 1.1 elad #include <sys/kauth.h>
47 1.1 elad
48 1.1 elad #include <sys/conf.h>
49 1.1 elad #include <sys/mount.h>
50 1.1 elad #include <sys/sysctl.h>
51 1.1 elad #include <sys/vnode.h>
52 1.1 elad
53 1.1 elad #include <miscfs/specfs/specdev.h>
54 1.1 elad
55 1.1 elad #include <secmodel/securelevel/securelevel.h>
56 1.1 elad
57 1.1 elad static int securelevel;
58 1.1 elad
59 1.1 elad static kauth_listener_t l_system, l_process, l_network, l_machdep, l_device;
60 1.1 elad
61 1.1 elad /*
62 1.1 elad * sysctl helper routine for securelevel. ensures that the value
63 1.1 elad * only rises unless the caller has pid 1 (assumed to be init).
64 1.1 elad */
65 1.1 elad int
66 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_sysctl(SYSCTLFN_ARGS)
67 1.1 elad {
68 1.1 elad int newsecurelevel, error;
69 1.1 elad struct sysctlnode node;
70 1.1 elad
71 1.1 elad newsecurelevel = securelevel;
72 1.1 elad node = *rnode;
73 1.1 elad node.sysctl_data = &newsecurelevel;
74 1.1 elad error = sysctl_lookup(SYSCTLFN_CALL(&node));
75 1.1 elad if (error || newp == NULL)
76 1.1 elad return (error);
77 1.1 elad
78 1.1 elad if (newsecurelevel < securelevel && l && l->l_proc->p_pid != 1)
79 1.1 elad return (EPERM);
80 1.1 elad
81 1.1 elad securelevel = newsecurelevel;
82 1.1 elad
83 1.1 elad return (error);
84 1.1 elad }
85 1.1 elad
86 1.1 elad void
87 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_init(void)
88 1.1 elad {
89 1.1 elad #ifdef INSECURE
90 1.1 elad securelevel = -1;
91 1.1 elad #else
92 1.1 elad securelevel = 0;
93 1.1 elad #endif /* INSECURE */
94 1.1 elad }
95 1.1 elad
96 1.1 elad SYSCTL_SETUP(sysctl_security_securelevel_setup,
97 1.1 elad "sysctl security securelevel setup")
98 1.1 elad {
99 1.1 elad /*
100 1.1 elad * For compatibility, we create a kern.securelevel variable.
101 1.1 elad */
102 1.1 elad sysctl_createv(clog, 0, NULL, NULL,
103 1.1 elad CTLFLAG_PERMANENT,
104 1.1 elad CTLTYPE_NODE, "kern", NULL,
105 1.1 elad NULL, 0, NULL, 0,
106 1.1 elad CTL_KERN, CTL_EOL);
107 1.1 elad
108 1.1 elad sysctl_createv(clog, 0, NULL, NULL,
109 1.1 elad CTLFLAG_PERMANENT|CTLFLAG_READWRITE,
110 1.1 elad CTLTYPE_INT, "securelevel",
111 1.1 elad SYSCTL_DESCR("System security level"),
112 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_sysctl, 0, NULL, 0,
113 1.1 elad CTL_KERN, KERN_SECURELVL, CTL_EOL);
114 1.1 elad }
115 1.1 elad
116 1.1 elad void
117 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_start(void)
118 1.1 elad {
119 1.1 elad l_system = kauth_listen_scope(KAUTH_SCOPE_SYSTEM,
120 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_system_cb, NULL);
121 1.1 elad l_process = kauth_listen_scope(KAUTH_SCOPE_PROCESS,
122 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_process_cb, NULL);
123 1.1 elad l_network = kauth_listen_scope(KAUTH_SCOPE_NETWORK,
124 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_network_cb, NULL);
125 1.1 elad l_machdep = kauth_listen_scope(KAUTH_SCOPE_MACHDEP,
126 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_machdep_cb, NULL);
127 1.1 elad l_device = kauth_listen_scope(KAUTH_SCOPE_DEVICE,
128 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_device_cb, NULL);
129 1.1 elad }
130 1.1 elad
131 1.1 elad #if defined(_LKM)
132 1.1 elad void
133 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_stop(void)
134 1.1 elad {
135 1.1 elad kauth_unlisten_scope(l_system);
136 1.1 elad kauth_unlisten_scope(l_process);
137 1.1 elad kauth_unlisten_scope(l_network);
138 1.1 elad kauth_unlisten_scope(l_machdep);
139 1.1 elad kauth_unlisten_scope(l_device);
140 1.1 elad }
141 1.1 elad #endif /* _LKM */
142 1.1 elad
143 1.1 elad /*
144 1.1 elad * kauth(9) listener
145 1.1 elad *
146 1.1 elad * Security model: Traditional NetBSD
147 1.1 elad * Scope: System
148 1.1 elad * Responsibility: Securelevel
149 1.1 elad */
150 1.1 elad int
151 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_system_cb(kauth_cred_t cred,
152 1.1 elad kauth_action_t action, void *cookie, void *arg0, void *arg1,
153 1.1 elad void *arg2, void *arg3)
154 1.1 elad {
155 1.1 elad int result;
156 1.1 elad enum kauth_system_req req;
157 1.1 elad
158 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DEFER;
159 1.1 elad req = (enum kauth_system_req)arg0;
160 1.1 elad
161 1.1 elad switch (action) {
162 1.1 elad case KAUTH_SYSTEM_CHSYSFLAGS:
163 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
164 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
165 1.1 elad break;
166 1.1 elad
167 1.1 elad case KAUTH_SYSTEM_TIME:
168 1.1 elad switch (req) {
169 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_TIME_RTCOFFSET:
170 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
171 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
172 1.1 elad break;
173 1.1 elad
174 1.3 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_TIME_SYSTEM: {
175 1.3 elad struct timespec *ts = arg1;
176 1.3 elad struct timeval *delta = arg2;
177 1.3 elad
178 1.3 elad /*
179 1.3 elad * Don't allow the time to be set forward so far it will wrap
180 1.3 elad * and become negative, thus allowing an attacker to bypass
181 1.3 elad * the next check below. The cutoff is 1 year before rollover
182 1.3 elad * occurs, so even if the attacker uses adjtime(2) to move
183 1.3 elad * the time past the cutoff, it will take a very long time
184 1.3 elad * to get to the wrap point.
185 1.3 elad *
186 1.3 elad * XXX: we check against INT_MAX since on 64-bit
187 1.3 elad * platforms, sizeof(int) != sizeof(long) and
188 1.3 elad * time_t is 32 bits even when atv.tv_sec is 64 bits.
189 1.3 elad */
190 1.3 elad if (securelevel > 1 &&
191 1.3 elad ((ts->tv_sec > INT_MAX - 365*24*60*60) ||
192 1.3 elad (delta->tv_sec < 0 || delta->tv_usec < 0)))
193 1.3 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
194 1.3 elad
195 1.3 elad break;
196 1.3 elad }
197 1.3 elad
198 1.1 elad default:
199 1.1 elad break;
200 1.1 elad }
201 1.1 elad break;
202 1.1 elad
203 1.1 elad case KAUTH_SYSTEM_LKM:
204 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
205 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
206 1.1 elad break;
207 1.1 elad
208 1.1 elad case KAUTH_SYSTEM_MOUNT:
209 1.1 elad switch (req) {
210 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_MOUNT_NEW:
211 1.1 elad if (securelevel > 1)
212 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
213 1.1 elad
214 1.1 elad break;
215 1.1 elad
216 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_MOUNT_UPDATE:
217 1.1 elad if (securelevel > 1) {
218 1.1 elad struct mount *mp = arg1;
219 1.1 elad u_long flags = (u_long)arg2;
220 1.1 elad
221 1.1 elad /* Can only degrade from read/write to read-only. */
222 1.1 elad if (flags != (mp->mnt_flag | MNT_RDONLY | MNT_RELOAD |
223 1.1 elad MNT_FORCE | MNT_UPDATE))
224 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
225 1.1 elad }
226 1.1 elad
227 1.1 elad break;
228 1.1 elad
229 1.1 elad default:
230 1.1 elad break;
231 1.1 elad }
232 1.1 elad
233 1.1 elad break;
234 1.1 elad
235 1.1 elad case KAUTH_SYSTEM_SYSCTL:
236 1.1 elad switch (req) {
237 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_SYSCTL_ADD:
238 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_SYSCTL_DELETE:
239 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_SYSCTL_DESC:
240 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
241 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
242 1.1 elad break;
243 1.1 elad
244 1.1 elad default:
245 1.1 elad break;
246 1.1 elad }
247 1.1 elad break;
248 1.1 elad
249 1.1 elad case KAUTH_SYSTEM_SETIDCORE:
250 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
251 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
252 1.1 elad break;
253 1.1 elad
254 1.1 elad case KAUTH_SYSTEM_DEBUG:
255 1.1 elad switch (req) {
256 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_SYSTEM_DEBUG_IPKDB:
257 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
258 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
259 1.1 elad break;
260 1.1 elad
261 1.1 elad default:
262 1.1 elad break;
263 1.1 elad }
264 1.1 elad break;
265 1.1 elad }
266 1.1 elad
267 1.1 elad return (result);
268 1.1 elad }
269 1.1 elad
270 1.1 elad /*
271 1.1 elad * kauth(9) listener
272 1.1 elad *
273 1.1 elad * Security model: Traditional NetBSD
274 1.1 elad * Scope: Process
275 1.1 elad * Responsibility: Securelevel
276 1.1 elad */
277 1.1 elad int
278 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_process_cb(kauth_cred_t cred,
279 1.1 elad kauth_action_t action, void *cookie, void *arg0,
280 1.1 elad void *arg1, void *arg2, void *arg3)
281 1.1 elad {
282 1.1 elad struct proc *p;
283 1.1 elad int result;
284 1.1 elad
285 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DEFER;
286 1.1 elad p = arg0;
287 1.1 elad
288 1.1 elad switch (action) {
289 1.1 elad case KAUTH_PROCESS_CANPROCFS: {
290 1.1 elad enum kauth_process_req req;
291 1.1 elad
292 1.1 elad req = (enum kauth_process_req)arg2;
293 1.1 elad switch (req) {
294 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_PROCESS_CANPROCFS_READ:
295 1.1 elad break;
296 1.1 elad
297 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_PROCESS_CANPROCFS_RW:
298 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_PROCESS_CANPROCFS_WRITE:
299 1.1 elad if ((p == initproc) && (securelevel > -1))
300 1.1 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
301 1.1 elad
302 1.1 elad break;
303 1.2 elad
304 1.1 elad default:
305 1.1 elad break;
306 1.1 elad }
307 1.1 elad
308 1.1 elad break;
309 1.1 elad }
310 1.1 elad
311 1.1 elad case KAUTH_PROCESS_CANPTRACE:
312 1.2 elad if ((p == initproc) && (securelevel >= 0))
313 1.1 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
314 1.1 elad
315 1.1 elad break;
316 1.1 elad
317 1.1 elad case KAUTH_PROCESS_CORENAME:
318 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 1)
319 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
320 1.1 elad break;
321 1.1 elad }
322 1.1 elad
323 1.1 elad return (result);
324 1.1 elad }
325 1.1 elad
326 1.1 elad /*
327 1.1 elad * kauth(9) listener
328 1.1 elad *
329 1.1 elad * Security model: Traditional NetBSD
330 1.1 elad * Scope: Network
331 1.1 elad * Responsibility: Securelevel
332 1.1 elad */
333 1.1 elad int
334 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_network_cb(kauth_cred_t cred,
335 1.1 elad kauth_action_t action, void *cookie, void *arg0,
336 1.1 elad void *arg1, void *arg2, void *arg3)
337 1.1 elad {
338 1.1 elad int result;
339 1.1 elad enum kauth_network_req req;
340 1.1 elad
341 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DEFER;
342 1.1 elad req = (enum kauth_network_req)arg0;
343 1.1 elad
344 1.1 elad switch (action) {
345 1.1 elad case KAUTH_NETWORK_FIREWALL:
346 1.1 elad switch (req) {
347 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_NETWORK_FIREWALL_FW:
348 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_NETWORK_FIREWALL_NAT:
349 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 1)
350 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
351 1.1 elad break;
352 1.1 elad
353 1.1 elad default:
354 1.1 elad break;
355 1.1 elad }
356 1.1 elad break;
357 1.1 elad
358 1.1 elad case KAUTH_NETWORK_FORWSRCRT:
359 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
360 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
361 1.1 elad break;
362 1.1 elad }
363 1.1 elad
364 1.1 elad return (result);
365 1.1 elad }
366 1.1 elad
367 1.1 elad /*
368 1.1 elad * kauth(9) listener
369 1.1 elad *
370 1.1 elad * Security model: Traditional NetBSD
371 1.1 elad * Scope: Machdep
372 1.1 elad * Responsibility: Securelevel
373 1.1 elad */
374 1.1 elad int
375 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_machdep_cb(kauth_cred_t cred,
376 1.1 elad kauth_action_t action, void *cookie, void *arg0,
377 1.1 elad void *arg1, void *arg2, void *arg3)
378 1.1 elad {
379 1.1 elad int result;
380 1.1 elad
381 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DEFER;
382 1.1 elad
383 1.1 elad switch (action) {
384 1.1 elad case KAUTH_MACHDEP_IOPERM_SET:
385 1.1 elad case KAUTH_MACHDEP_IOPL:
386 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
387 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
388 1.1 elad break;
389 1.1 elad
390 1.1 elad case KAUTH_MACHDEP_UNMANAGEDMEM:
391 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
392 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
393 1.1 elad break;
394 1.1 elad }
395 1.1 elad
396 1.1 elad return (result);
397 1.1 elad }
398 1.1 elad
399 1.1 elad /*
400 1.1 elad * kauth(9) listener
401 1.1 elad *
402 1.1 elad * Security model: Traditional NetBSD
403 1.1 elad * Scope: Device
404 1.1 elad * Responsibility: Securelevel
405 1.1 elad */
406 1.1 elad int
407 1.1 elad secmodel_securelevel_device_cb(kauth_cred_t cred,
408 1.1 elad kauth_action_t action, void *cookie, void *arg0,
409 1.1 elad void *arg1, void *arg2, void *arg3)
410 1.1 elad {
411 1.1 elad int result;
412 1.1 elad
413 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DEFER;
414 1.1 elad
415 1.1 elad switch (action) {
416 1.1 elad case KAUTH_DEVICE_RAWIO_SPEC: {
417 1.1 elad struct vnode *vp, *bvp;
418 1.1 elad enum kauth_device_req req;
419 1.1 elad dev_t dev;
420 1.1 elad int d_type;
421 1.1 elad
422 1.1 elad req = (enum kauth_device_req)arg0;
423 1.1 elad vp = arg1;
424 1.1 elad
425 1.1 elad KASSERT(vp != NULL);
426 1.1 elad
427 1.6 ad dev = vp->v_rdev;
428 1.1 elad d_type = D_OTHER;
429 1.1 elad bvp = NULL;
430 1.1 elad
431 1.1 elad /* Handle /dev/mem and /dev/kmem. */
432 1.1 elad if ((vp->v_type == VCHR) && iskmemdev(dev)) {
433 1.1 elad switch (req) {
434 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_SPEC_READ:
435 1.1 elad break;
436 1.1 elad
437 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_SPEC_WRITE:
438 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_SPEC_RW:
439 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 0)
440 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
441 1.1 elad break;
442 1.1 elad }
443 1.1 elad
444 1.1 elad break;
445 1.1 elad }
446 1.1 elad
447 1.1 elad switch (req) {
448 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_SPEC_READ:
449 1.1 elad break;
450 1.1 elad
451 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_SPEC_WRITE:
452 1.1 elad case KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_SPEC_RW:
453 1.1 elad switch (vp->v_type) {
454 1.1 elad case VCHR: {
455 1.1 elad const struct cdevsw *cdev;
456 1.1 elad
457 1.1 elad cdev = cdevsw_lookup(dev);
458 1.1 elad if (cdev != NULL) {
459 1.1 elad dev_t blkdev;
460 1.1 elad
461 1.1 elad blkdev = devsw_chr2blk(dev);
462 1.1 elad if (blkdev != NODEV) {
463 1.1 elad vfinddev(blkdev, VBLK, &bvp);
464 1.1 elad if (bvp != NULL)
465 1.1 elad d_type = (cdev->d_flag
466 1.1 elad & D_TYPEMASK);
467 1.1 elad }
468 1.1 elad }
469 1.1 elad
470 1.1 elad break;
471 1.1 elad }
472 1.1 elad case VBLK: {
473 1.1 elad const struct bdevsw *bdev;
474 1.1 elad
475 1.1 elad bdev = bdevsw_lookup(dev);
476 1.1 elad if (bdev != NULL)
477 1.1 elad d_type = (bdev->d_flag & D_TYPEMASK);
478 1.1 elad
479 1.1 elad bvp = vp;
480 1.1 elad
481 1.1 elad break;
482 1.1 elad }
483 1.2 elad
484 1.1 elad default:
485 1.1 elad break;
486 1.1 elad }
487 1.1 elad
488 1.2 elad if (d_type != D_DISK)
489 1.1 elad break;
490 1.1 elad
491 1.1 elad /*
492 1.1 elad * XXX: This is bogus. We should be failing the request
493 1.1 elad * XXX: not only if this specific slice is mounted, but
494 1.1 elad * XXX: if it's on a disk with any other mounted slice.
495 1.1 elad */
496 1.1 elad if (vfs_mountedon(bvp) && (securelevel > 0))
497 1.1 elad break;
498 1.1 elad
499 1.2 elad if (securelevel > 1)
500 1.2 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
501 1.1 elad
502 1.1 elad break;
503 1.1 elad }
504 1.1 elad
505 1.1 elad break;
506 1.1 elad }
507 1.1 elad
508 1.2 elad case KAUTH_DEVICE_RAWIO_PASSTHRU:
509 1.1 elad if (securelevel > 0) {
510 1.1 elad u_long bits;
511 1.1 elad
512 1.1 elad bits = (u_long)arg0;
513 1.1 elad
514 1.1 elad KASSERT(bits != 0);
515 1.1 elad KASSERT((bits & ~KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_PASSTHRU_ALL) == 0);
516 1.1 elad
517 1.1 elad if (bits & ~KAUTH_REQ_DEVICE_RAWIO_PASSTHRU_READCONF)
518 1.1 elad result = KAUTH_RESULT_DENY;
519 1.1 elad }
520 1.1 elad
521 1.1 elad break;
522 1.1 elad }
523 1.1 elad
524 1.1 elad return (result);
525 1.1 elad }
526