xref: /src/usr.bin/printf/printf.c

/*	$NetBSD: printf.c,v 1.59 2024/11/24 12:33:00 kre Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#ifndef lint
#if !defined(BUILTIN) && !defined(SHELL)
__COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993\
 The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.");
#endif
#endif

#ifndef lint
#if 0
static char sccsid[] = "@(#)printf.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/22/95";
#else
__RCSID("$NetBSD: printf.c,v 1.59 2024/11/24 12:33:00 kre Exp $");
#endif
#endif /* not lint */

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <ctype.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef __GNUC__
#define ESCAPE '\e'
#else
#define ESCAPE 033
#endif

static void	 conv_escape_str(char *, void (*)(int), int);
static char	*conv_escape(char *, char *, int);
static char	*conv_expand(const char *);
static wchar_t	 getchr(void);
static long double getdouble(void);
static int	 getwidth(void);
static intmax_t	 getintmax(void);
static char	*getstr(void);
static char	*mklong(const char *, char, char);
static intmax_t	 wide_char(const char *, int);
static void      check_conversion(const char *, const char *);
static void	 usage(void);

static void	b_count(int);
static void	b_output(int);
static size_t	b_length;
static char	*b_fmt;

static int	rval;
static char  ** gargv, ** firstarg;
static int	long_double;

#define	ARGNUM	((int)(gargv - firstarg))

#ifdef BUILTIN		/* csh builtin */
#define main progprintf
#endif

#ifdef SHELL		/* sh (aka ash) builtin */
#define main printfcmd
#include "../../bin/sh/bltin/bltin.h"
#endif /* SHELL */

#define PF(f, func) { \
	if (fieldwidth != -1) { \
		if (precision != -1) \
			error = printf(f, fieldwidth, precision, func); \
		else \
			error = printf(f, fieldwidth, func); \
	} else if (precision != -1) \
		error = printf(f, precision, func); \
	else \
		error = printf(f, func); \
}

#define APF(cpp, f, func) { \
	if (fieldwidth != -1) { \
		if (precision != -1) \
			error = asprintf(cpp, f, fieldwidth, precision, func); \
		else \
			error = asprintf(cpp, f, fieldwidth, func); \
	} else if (precision != -1) \
		error = asprintf(cpp, f, precision, func); \
	else \
		error = asprintf(cpp, f, func); \
}

#define isodigit(c)	((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '7')
#define octtobin(c)	((c) - '0')
#define check(c, a)	(c) >= (a) && (c) <= (a) + 5 ? (c) - (a) + 10
#define hextobin(c)	(check(c, 'a') : check(c, 'A') : (c) - '0')

#ifdef main
int main(int, char *[]);
#endif

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	char *fmt, *start;
	int fieldwidth, precision;
	char nextch;
	char *format;
	char ch;
	int error;

#if !defined(SHELL) && !defined(BUILTIN)
	(void)setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
#endif

	rval = 0;	/* clear for builtin versions (avoid holdover) */
	long_double = 0;
	clearerr(stdout);	/* for the builtin version */

	if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[1], '%') == NULL) {
		int o;

		/*
		 * We only do this for argc > 2, as:
		 *
		 * for argc <= 1
		 *	at best we have a bare "printf" so there cannot be
		 *	any options, thus getopts() would be a waste of time.
		 *	The usage() below is assured.
		 *
		 * for argc == 2
		 *	There is only one arg (argv[1])	which logically must
		 *	be intended to be the (required) format string for
		 *	printf, without which we can do nothing	so rather
		 *	than usage() if it happens to start with a '-' we
		 *	just avoid getopts() and treat it as a format string.
		 *
		 * Then, for argc > 2, we also skip this if there is a '%'
		 * anywhere in argv[1] as it is likely that would be intended
		 * to be the format string, rather than options, even if it
		 * starts with a '-' so we skip getopts() in that case as well.
		 *
		 * Note that this would fail should there ever be an option
		 * which takes an arbitrary string value, which could be given
		 * as -Oabc%def so should that ever become possible, remove
		 * the strchr() test above.
		 */

		while ((o = getopt(argc, argv, "L")) != -1) {
			switch (o) {
			case 'L':
				long_double = 1;
				break;
			case '?':
			default:
				usage();
				return 1;
			}
		}
		argc -= optind;
		argv += optind;
	} else {
		argc -= 1;	/* drop argv[0] (the program name) */
		argv += 1;
	}

	if (argc < 1) {		/* Nothing left at all? */
		usage();
		return 1;
	}

	format = *argv;		/* First remaining arg is the format string */
	firstarg = gargv = ++argv; /* remaining args are for that to consume */

#define SKIP1	"#-+ 0'"
#define SKIP2	"0123456789"
	do {
		/*
		 * Basic algorithm is to scan the format string for conversion
		 * specifications -- once one is found, find out if the field
		 * width or precision is a '*'; if it is, gather up value.
		 * Note, format strings are reused as necessary to use up the
		 * provided arguments, arguments of zero/null string are
		 * provided to use up the format string.
		 */

		/* find next format specification */
		for (fmt = format; (ch = *fmt++) != '\0';) {
			if (ch == '\\') {
				char c_ch;

				fmt = conv_escape(fmt, &c_ch, 0);
				putchar(c_ch);
				continue;
			}
			if (ch != '%' || (*fmt == '%' && ++fmt)) {
				(void)putchar(ch);
				continue;
			}

			/*
			 * Ok - we've found a format specification,
			 * Save its address for a later printf().
			 */
			start = fmt - 1;

			/* skip to field width */
			fmt += strspn(fmt, SKIP1);
			if (*fmt == '*') {
				fmt++;
				fieldwidth = getwidth();
			} else {
				fieldwidth = -1;

				/* skip to possible '.' for precision */
				fmt += strspn(fmt, SKIP2);
			}

			if (*fmt == '.') {
				 /* get following precision */
				fmt++;
				if (*fmt == '*') {
					fmt++;
					precision = getwidth();
				} else {
					precision = -1;
					fmt += strspn(fmt, SKIP2);
				}
			} else
				precision = -1;

			ch = *fmt;
			if (!ch) {
				warnx("%s: missing format character", start);
				return 1;
			}

			/*
			 * null terminate format string to we can use it
			 * as an argument to printf.
			 */
			nextch = fmt[1];
			fmt[1] = 0;

			switch (ch) {

			case 'B': {
				const char *p = conv_expand(getstr());

				if (p == NULL)
					goto out;
				*fmt = 's';
				PF(start, p);
				if (error < 0)
					goto out;
				break;
			}
			case 'b': {
				/*
				 * There has to be a better way to do this,
				 * but the string we generate might have
				 * embedded nulls
				 */
				static char *a, *t;
				char *cp = getstr();

				/* Free on entry in case shell longjumped out */
				if (a != NULL)
					free(a);
				a = NULL;
				if (t != NULL)
					free(t);
				t = NULL;

				/* Count number of bytes we want to output */
				b_length = 0;
				conv_escape_str(cp, b_count, 0);
				t = malloc(b_length + 1);
				if (t == NULL)
					goto out;
				(void)memset(t, 'x', b_length);
				t[b_length] = 0;

				/* Get printf to calculate the lengths */
				*fmt = 's';
				APF(&a, start, t);
				if (error == -1)
					goto out;
				b_fmt = a;

				/* Output leading spaces and data bytes */
				conv_escape_str(cp, b_output, 1);

				/* Add any trailing spaces */
				printf("%s", b_fmt);
				break;
			}
			case 'C': {
				wchar_t p = (wchar_t)getintmax();
				char *f = mklong(start, 'c', 'l');

				PF(f, p);
				if (error < 0)
					goto out;
				break;
			}
			case 'c': {
				wchar_t p = getchr();
				char *f = mklong(start, ch, 'l');

				PF(f, p);
				if (error < 0)
					goto out;
				break;
			}
			case 's': {
				char *p = getstr();

				PF(start, p);
				if (error < 0)
					goto out;
				break;
			}
			case 'd':
			case 'i': {
				intmax_t p = getintmax();
				char *f = mklong(start, ch, 'j');

				PF(f, p);
				if (error < 0)
					goto out;
				break;
			}
			case 'o':
			case 'u':
			case 'x':
			case 'X': {
				uintmax_t p = (uintmax_t)getintmax();
				char *f = mklong(start, ch, 'j');

				PF(f, p);
				if (error < 0)
					goto out;
				break;
			}
			case 'a':
			case 'A':
			case 'e':
			case 'E':
			case 'f':
			case 'F':
			case 'g':
			case 'G': {
				long double p = getdouble();

				if (long_double) {
					char * f = mklong(start, ch, 'L');
					PF(f, p);
				} else {
					double pp = (double)p;
					PF(start, pp);
				}
				if (error < 0)
					goto out;
				break;
			}
			case '%':
				/* Don't ask, but this is useful ... */
				if (fieldwidth == 'N' && precision == 'B')
					return 0;
				/* FALLTHROUGH */
			default:
				warnx("%s: invalid directive", start);
				return 1;
			}
			*fmt++ = ch;
			*fmt = nextch;
			/* escape if a \c was encountered */
			if (rval & 0x100)
				goto done;
		}
	} while (gargv != argv && *gargv);

  done:;
	(void)fflush(stdout);
	if (ferror(stdout)) {
		clearerr(stdout);
		err(1, "write error");
	}
	return rval & ~0x100;
  out:;
	warn("print failed");
	return 1;
}

/* helper functions for conv_escape_str */

static void
/*ARGSUSED*/
b_count(int ch)
{
	b_length++;
}

/* Output one converted character for every 'x' in the 'format' */

static void
b_output(int ch)
{
	for (;;) {
		switch (*b_fmt++) {
		case 0:
			b_fmt--;
			return;
		case ' ':
			putchar(' ');
			break;
		default:
			putchar(ch);
			return;
		}
	}
}


/*
 * Print SysV echo(1) style escape string
 *	Halts processing string if a \c escape is encountered.
 */
static void
conv_escape_str(char *str, void (*do_putchar)(int), int quiet)
{
	int value;
	int ch;
	char c;

	while ((ch = *str++) != '\0') {
		if (ch != '\\') {
			do_putchar(ch);
			continue;
		}

		ch = *str++;
		if (ch == 'c') {
			/* \c as in SYSV echo - abort all processing.... */
			rval |= 0x100;
			break;
		}

		/*
		 * %b string octal constants are not like those in C.
		 * They start with a \0, and are followed by 0, 1, 2,
		 * or 3 octal digits.
		 */
		if (ch == '0') {
			int octnum = 0, i;

			for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
				if (!isdigit((unsigned char)*str) || *str > '7')
					break;
				octnum = (octnum << 3) | (*str++ - '0');
			}
			do_putchar(octnum);
			continue;
		}

		/* \[M][^|-]C as defined by vis(3) */
		if (ch == 'M' && *str == '-') {
			do_putchar(0200 | str[1]);
			str += 2;
			continue;
		}
		if (ch == 'M' && *str == '^') {
			str++;
			value = 0200;
			ch = '^';
		} else
			value = 0;
		if (ch == '^') {
			ch = *str++;
			if (ch == '?')
				value |= 0177;
			else
				value |= ch & 037;
			do_putchar(value);
			continue;
		}

		/* Finally test for sequences valid in the format string */
		str = conv_escape(str - 1, &c, quiet);
		do_putchar(c);
	}
}

/*
 * Print "standard" escape characters
 */
static char *
conv_escape(char *str, char *conv_ch, int quiet)
{
	int value = 0;
	char ch, *begin;
	int c;

	ch = *str++;

	switch (ch) {
	case '\0':
		if (!quiet)
			warnx("incomplete escape sequence");
		rval = 1;
		value = '\\';
		--str;
		break;

	case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
	case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
		str--;
		for (c = 3; c-- && isodigit(*str); str++) {
			value <<= 3;
			value += octtobin(*str);
		}
		break;

	case 'x':
		/*
		 * Hexadecimal character constants are not required to be
		 * supported (by SuS v1) because there is no consistent
		 * way to detect the end of the constant.
		 * Supporting 2 byte constants is a compromise.
		 */
		begin = str;
		for (c = 2; c-- && isxdigit((unsigned char)*str); str++) {
			value <<= 4;
			value += hextobin(*str);
		}
		if (str == begin) {
			if (!quiet)
				warnx("\\x%s: missing hexadecimal number "
				    "in escape", begin);
			rval = 1;
		}
		break;

	case '\\':	value = '\\';	break;	/* backslash */
	case '\'':	value = '\'';	break;	/* single quote */
	case '"':	value = '"';	break;	/* double quote */
	case 'a':	value = '\a';	break;	/* alert */
	case 'b':	value = '\b';	break;	/* backspace */
	case 'e':	value = ESCAPE;	break;	/* escape */
	case 'E':	value = ESCAPE;	break;	/* escape */
	case 'f':	value = '\f';	break;	/* form-feed */
	case 'n':	value = '\n';	break;	/* newline */
	case 'r':	value = '\r';	break;	/* carriage-return */
	case 't':	value = '\t';	break;	/* tab */
	case 'v':	value = '\v';	break;	/* vertical-tab */

	default:
		if (!quiet)
			warnx("unknown escape sequence `\\%c'", ch);
		rval = 1;
		value = ch;
		break;
	}

	*conv_ch = (char)value;
	return str;
}

/* expand a string so that everything is printable */

static char *
conv_expand(const char *str)
{
	static char *conv_str;
	char *cp;
	char ch;

	if (conv_str)
		free(conv_str);
	/* get a buffer that is definitely large enough.... */
	conv_str = malloc(4 * strlen(str) + 1);
	if (!conv_str)
		return NULL;
	cp = conv_str;

	while ((ch = *(const char *)str++) != '\0') {
		switch (ch) {
		/* Use C escapes for expected control characters */
		case '\\':	ch = '\\';	break;	/* backslash */
		case '\'':	ch = '\'';	break;	/* single quote */
		case '"':	ch = '"';	break;	/* double quote */
		case '\a':	ch = 'a';	break;	/* alert */
		case '\b':	ch = 'b';	break;	/* backspace */
		case ESCAPE:	ch = 'e';	break;	/* escape */
		case '\f':	ch = 'f';	break;	/* form-feed */
		case '\n':	ch = 'n';	break;	/* newline */
		case '\r':	ch = 'r';	break;	/* carriage-return */
		case '\t':	ch = 't';	break;	/* tab */
		case '\v':	ch = 'v';	break;	/* vertical-tab */
		default:
			/* Copy anything printable */
			if (isprint((unsigned char)ch)) {
				*cp++ = ch;
				continue;
			}
			/* Use vis(3) encodings for the rest */
			*cp++ = '\\';
			if (ch & 0200) {
				*cp++ = 'M';
				ch &= (char)~0200;
			}
			if (ch == 0177) {
				*cp++ = '^';
				*cp++ = '?';
				continue;
			}
			if (ch < 040) {
				*cp++ = '^';
				*cp++ = ch | 0100;
				continue;
			}
			*cp++ = '-';
			*cp++ = ch;
			continue;
		}
		*cp++ = '\\';
		*cp++ = ch;
	}

	*cp = 0;
	return conv_str;
}

static char *
mklong(const char *str, char ch, char longer)
{
	static char copy[64];
	size_t len;

	len = strlen(str) + 2;
	if (len > sizeof copy) {
		warnx("format \"%s\" too complex", str);
		len = 4;
		rval = 1;
	}
	(void)memmove(copy, str, len - 3);
	copy[len - 3] = longer;
	copy[len - 2] = ch;
	copy[len - 1] = '\0';
	return copy;
}

static wchar_t
getchr(void)
{
	if (!*gargv)
		return 0;
	return (wchar_t)wide_char(*gargv++, 0);
}

static char *
getstr(void)
{
	static char empty[] = "";

	if (!*gargv)
		return empty;
	return *gargv++;
}

static int
getwidth(void)
{
	unsigned long val;
	char *s, *ep;

	s = *gargv;
	if (s == NULL)
		return 0;
	gargv++;

	errno = 0;
	val = strtoul(s, &ep, 0);
	if (!isdigit(*(unsigned char *)s)) {
		warnx("Arg %d: '%s' value for '*' width/precision"
		    " must be an unsigned integer", ARGNUM, s);
		rval = 1;
		val = 0;
	} else
		check_conversion(s, ep);

	/* Arbitrarily 'restrict' field widths to 1Mbyte */
	if (val > 1 << 20) {
		warnx("Arg %d: %s: invalid field width/precision", ARGNUM, s);
		rval = 1;
		return 0;
	}

	return (int)val;
}

static intmax_t
getintmax(void)
{
	intmax_t val;
	char *cp, *ep;

	cp = *gargv;
	if (cp == NULL)
		return 0;
	gargv++;

	if (*cp == '\"' || *cp == '\'')
		return wide_char(cp, 1);

	errno = 0;
	val = strtoimax(cp, &ep, 0);
	if (*cp != '+' && *cp != '-' && !isdigit(*(unsigned char *)cp)) {
		warnx("Arg %d: '%s' numeric value required", ARGNUM, cp);
		rval = 1;
	} else
		check_conversion(cp, ep);
	return val;
}

static long double
getdouble(void)
{
	long double val;
	char *ep;

	if (!*gargv)
		return 0.0;

	/* This is a NetBSD extension, not required by POSIX (it is useless) */
	if (*(ep = *gargv) == '\"' || *ep == '\'')
		return (long double)wide_char(ep, 1);

	errno = 0;
	val = strtold(*gargv, &ep);
	check_conversion(*gargv++, ep);
	return val;
}

/*
 * Fetch a wide character from the string given
 *
 * if all that character must consume the entire string
 * after an initial leading byte (ascii char) is ignored,
 * (used for parsing intger args using the 'X syntax)
 *
 * if !all then there is no requirement that the whole
 * string be consumed (remaining characters are just ignored)
 * but the character is to start at *p.
 * (used for fetching the first chartacter of a string arg for %c)
 */
static intmax_t
wide_char(const char *p, int all)
{
	wchar_t wch;
	size_t len;
	int n;

	(void)mbtowc(NULL, NULL, 0);
	n = mbtowc(&wch, p + all, (len = strlen(p + all)) + 1);
	if (n < 0) {
		warn("Arg %d: %s", ARGNUM, p);
		rval = 1;
	} else if (all && (size_t)n != len) {
		warnx("Arg %d: %s: not completely converted",
		    ARGNUM, p);
		rval = 1;
	}

	return (intmax_t) wch;
}

static void
check_conversion(const char *s, const char *ep)
{
	if (!*s) {
		warnx("Arg %d: unexpected empty value ('')", ARGNUM);
		rval = 1;
		return;
	}

	if (*ep) {
		if (ep == s)
			warnx("Arg %d: %s: numeric value expected", ARGNUM, s);
		else
			warnx("Arg %d: %s: not completely converted",
			    ARGNUM, s);
		rval = 1;
		return;
	}

	if (errno == ERANGE) {
		warnx("Arg %d: %s: %s", ARGNUM, s, strerror(ERANGE));
		rval = 1;
	}
}

static void
usage(void)
{
	(void)fprintf(stderr,
	    "Usage: %s [-L] format [arg ...]\n", getprogname());
}