xref: /src/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/tree.c

/*	$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.689 2025/09/07 09:53:28 rillig Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Jochen Pohl
 * All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *	This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for
 *	The NetBSD Project.
 * 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
 *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#if HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
#include "nbtool_config.h"
#endif

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#if defined(__RCSID)
__RCSID("$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.689 2025/09/07 09:53:28 rillig Exp $");
#endif

#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "lint1.h"


typedef struct integer_constraints {
	int64_t		smin;	/* signed minimum */
	int64_t		smax;	/* signed maximum */
	uint64_t	umin;	/* unsigned minimum */
	uint64_t	umax;	/* unsigned maximum */
	uint64_t	bclr;	/* bits that are definitely clear */
} integer_constraints;


static int64_t
s64_min(int64_t a, int64_t b)
{
	return a < b ? a : b;
}

static int64_t
s64_max(int64_t a, int64_t b)
{
	return a > b ? a : b;
}

static uint64_t
s64_abs(int64_t x)
{
	return x >= 0 ? (uint64_t)x : -(uint64_t)x;
}

static int64_t
s64_shr(int64_t x, unsigned amount)
{
	return x >= 0
	    ? (int64_t)((uint64_t)x >> amount)
	    : (int64_t)~(~(uint64_t)x >> amount);
}

static uint64_t
u64_min(uint64_t a, uint64_t b)
{
	return a < b ? a : b;
}

static uint64_t
u64_max(uint64_t a, uint64_t b)
{
	return a > b ? a : b;
}

static uint64_t
u64_fill_right(uint64_t x)
{
	x |= x >> 1;
	x |= x >> 2;
	x |= x >> 4;
	x |= x >> 8;
	x |= x >> 16;
	x |= x >> 32;
	return x;
}

static int
portable_rank_cmp(tspec_t t1, tspec_t t2)
{
	const ttab_t *p1 = type_properties(t1), *p2 = type_properties(t2);
	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_kind == p2->tt_rank_kind);
	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_value > 0);
	lint_assert(p2->tt_rank_value > 0);
	return (int)p1->tt_rank_value - (int)p2->tt_rank_value;
}

static unsigned
width_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
{
	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
	return tp->t_bitfield
	       ? tp->t_bit_field_width
	       : size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
}

static uint64_t
ui_max_value(const type_t *tp)
{
	return value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
}

static int64_t
si_max_value(const type_t *tp)
{
	return (int64_t)(ui_max_value(tp) >> 1);
}

static int64_t
si_min_value(const type_t *tp)
{
	return -si_max_value(tp) - 1;
}

static int64_t
si_mult_sat(const type_t *tp, int64_t l, int64_t r)
{
	uint64_t al = s64_abs(l);
	uint64_t ar = s64_abs(r);
	bool neg = (l >= 0) != (r >= 0);
	int64_t max = si_max_value(tp);
	uint64_t max_prod = (uint64_t)max + (neg ? 1 : 0);
	if (al == 0 || ar <= max_prod / al)
		return l * r;
	else if (neg)
		return -1 - max;
	else
		return max;
}

static int64_t
si_plus_sat(const type_t *tp, int64_t a, int64_t b)
{
	if (b >= 0) {
		int64_t max = si_max_value(tp);
		return a <= max - b ? a + b : max;
	} else {
		int64_t min = si_min_value(tp);
		return a >= min - b ? a + b : min;
	}
}

static int64_t
si_minus_sat(const type_t *tp, int64_t a, int64_t b)
{
	if (b >= 0) {
		int64_t min = si_min_value(tp);
		return a >= min + b ? a - b : min;
	} else {
		int64_t max = si_max_value(tp);
		return a <= max + b ? a - b : max;
	}
}

static bool
ic_maybe_signed(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints ic)
{
	return !is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec) && ic.bclr >> 63 == 0;
}

static bool
ic_maybe_signed_binary(const type_t *tp,
    integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	return !is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec) && (a.bclr & b.bclr) >> 63 == 0;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_any(const type_t *tp)
{
	integer_constraints c;

	unsigned width = width_in_bits(tp);
	uint64_t vbits = value_bits(width);
	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)) {
		c.smin = width < 64 ? 0 : INT64_MIN;
		c.smax = width < 64 ? (int64_t)vbits : INT64_MAX;
		c.umin = 0;
		c.umax = vbits;
		c.bclr = ~c.umax;
	} else {
		c.smin = -1 - (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
		c.smax = (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
		c.umin = 0;
		c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
		c.bclr = 0;
	}
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_mult(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	integer_constraints c;

	if (ic_maybe_signed_binary(tp, a, b)) {
		int64_t ll = si_mult_sat(tp, a.smin, b.smin);
		int64_t lu = si_mult_sat(tp, a.smin, b.smax);
		int64_t ul = si_mult_sat(tp, a.smax, b.smin);
		int64_t uu = si_mult_sat(tp, a.smax, b.smax);

		c.smin = s64_min(ll, s64_min(lu, s64_min(ul, uu)));
		c.smax = s64_max(ll, s64_max(lu, s64_max(ul, uu)));
		c.umin = c.smin >= 0 ? (uint64_t)c.smin : 0;
		c.umax = c.smin >= 0 ? (uint64_t)c.smax : UINT64_MAX;
		c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
		return c;
	}

	if (a.umax > 0 && b.umax > ic_any(tp).umax / a.umax)
		return ic_any(tp);

	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
	c.umin = a.umin * b.umin;
	c.umax = a.umax * b.umax;
	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_div(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	if (ic_maybe_signed_binary(tp, a, b)) {
		if (b.smin >= 0)
			return a;
		return ic_any(tp);
	}

	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
	c.umin = a.umin / u64_max(b.umax, 1);
	c.umax = a.umax / u64_max(b.umin, 1);
	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_mod(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	if (ic_maybe_signed_binary(tp, a, b)) {
		uint64_t max_abs_b = u64_max(s64_abs(b.smin), s64_abs(b.smax));
		if (max_abs_b >> 63 != 0 || max_abs_b == 0)
			return a;

		integer_constraints c;
		c.smin = s64_max(a.smin, -(int64_t)(max_abs_b - 1));
		c.smax = s64_min(a.smax, (int64_t)(max_abs_b - 1));
		c.umin = 0;
		c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
		c.bclr = 0;
		return c;
	}

	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
	c.umin = 0;
	c.umax = b.umax - 1;
	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_plus(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	if (ic_maybe_signed_binary(tp, a, b)) {
		integer_constraints c;
		c.smin = si_plus_sat(tp, a.smin, b.smin);
		c.smax = si_plus_sat(tp, a.smax, b.smax);
		c.umin = c.smin >= 0 ? (uint64_t)c.smin : 0;
		c.umax = c.smin >= 0 ? (uint64_t)c.smax : UINT64_MAX;
		c.bclr = 0;
		return c;
	}

	uint64_t max = ui_max_value(tp);
	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
	if (b.umax <= max - a.umax) {
		c.umin = a.umin + b.umin;
		c.umax = a.umax + b.umax;
	} else {
		c.umin = 0;
		c.umax = max;
	}
	if (c.umax >> 63 == 0) {
		c.smin = 0;
		c.smax = (int64_t)c.umax;
	}
	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_minus(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = si_minus_sat(tp, a.smin, b.smax);
	c.smax = si_minus_sat(tp, a.smax, b.smin);

	if (ic_maybe_signed_binary(tp, a, b)) {
		c.umin = c.smin >= 0 ? (uint64_t)c.smin : 0;
		c.umax = c.smin >= 0 ? (uint64_t)c.smax : UINT64_MAX;
	} else if (a.umin >= b.umax) {
		c.umin = a.umin - b.umax;
		c.umax = a.umax - b.umin;
	} else {
		c.umin = 0;
		c.umax = is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec) ? ui_max_value(tp)
		    : UINT64_MAX;
	}
	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_shl(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, a))
		return ic_any(tp);

	unsigned amount;
	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
		amount = (unsigned)b.smin;
	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
		amount = (unsigned)b.umin;
	else
		return ic_any(tp);

	integer_constraints c;
	c.umin = a.umin << amount;
	c.umax = a.umax << amount;
	if (c.umax >> (width_in_bits(tp) - 1) == 0) {
		c.smin = (int64_t)c.umin;
		c.smax = (int64_t)c.umax;
	} else {
		c.smin = INT64_MIN;
		c.smax = INT64_MAX;
	}
	c.bclr = a.bclr << amount | (((uint64_t)1 << amount) - 1);
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_shr(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, a))
		return ic_any(tp);

	unsigned amount;
	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
		amount = (unsigned)b.smin;
	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
		amount = (unsigned)b.umin;
	else
		return ic_any(tp);

	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = s64_shr(a.smin, amount);
	c.smax = s64_shr(a.smax, amount);
	c.umin = a.umin >> amount;
	c.umax = a.umax >> amount;
	c.bclr = a.bclr >> amount | ~(~(uint64_t)0 >> amount);
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_bitand(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = a.smin & b.smin;
	c.smax = a.smax & b.smax;
	c.umin = a.umin & b.umin;
	c.umax = a.umax & b.umax;
	c.bclr = a.bclr | b.bclr;
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_bitxor(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	if (ic_maybe_signed_binary(tp, a, b))
		return ic_any(tp);

	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = a.smin & b.smin;
	c.smax = a.smax | b.smax;
	c.umin = a.umin & b.umin;
	c.umax = a.umax | b.umax;
	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_bitor(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = a.smin | b.smin;
	c.smax = a.smax | b.smax;
	c.umin = a.umin | b.umin;
	c.umax = a.umax | b.umax;
	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_quest_colon(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
{
	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = s64_min(a.smin, b.smin);
	c.smax = s64_max(a.smax, b.smax);
	c.umin = u64_min(a.umin, b.umin);
	c.umax = u64_max(a.umax, b.umax);
	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_con(const type_t *tp, const val_t *v)
{
	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
	int64_t si = v->u.integer;
	uint64_t ui = (uint64_t)si;

	integer_constraints c;
	c.smin = si;
	c.smax = si;
	c.umin = ui;
	c.umax = ui;
	c.bclr = ~ui;
	return c;
}

static integer_constraints
ic_cvt(const type_t *ntp, const type_t *otp, integer_constraints a)
{
	unsigned new_width = width_in_bits(ntp);
	unsigned old_width = width_in_bits(otp);
	bool new_unsigned = is_uinteger(ntp->t_tspec);
	bool old_unsigned = is_uinteger(otp->t_tspec);

	if (new_width >= old_width && new_unsigned == old_unsigned)
		return a;
	if (new_width > old_width && old_unsigned)
		return a;
	if (new_unsigned && (~value_bits(new_width) & ~a.bclr) == 0)
		return a;
	return ic_any(ntp);
}

static integer_constraints
ic_expr(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	integer_constraints lc, rc;

	lint_assert(is_integer(tn->tn_type->t_tspec));

	switch (tn->tn_op) {
	case MULT:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_mult(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case DIV:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_div(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case MOD:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_mod(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case PLUS:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_plus(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case MINUS:
		if (tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR)
			return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_minus(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case SHL:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_shl(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case SHR:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_shr(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case BITAND:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_bitand(lc, rc);
	case BITXOR:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_bitxor(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
	case BITOR:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
		return ic_bitor(lc, rc);
	case QUEST:
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right->u.ops.left);
		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right->u.ops.right);
		return ic_quest_colon(lc, rc);
	case CON:
		return ic_con(tn->tn_type, &tn->u.value);
	case CVT:
		if (!is_integer(tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec))
			return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
		return ic_cvt(tn->tn_type, tn->u.ops.left->tn_type, lc);
	default:
		return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
	}
}

uint64_t
possible_bits(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	return ~ic_expr(tn).bclr;
}

bool
attributes_contain(const attribute_list *attrs, const char *str)
{
	for (size_t i = 0, n = attrs->len; i < n; i++) {
		const attribute *attr = attrs->attrs + i;
		if (attr->prefix == NULL && strcmp(attr->name, str) == 0)
			return true;
	}
	return false;
}

/* Build 'pointer to tp', 'array of tp' or 'function returning tp'. */
type_t *
block_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
{

	type_t *tp2 = block_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
	tp2->t_tspec = t;
	tp2->t_subt = tp;
	return tp2;
}

/*
 * Derive 'pointer to tp' or 'function returning tp'.
 * The memory is freed at the end of the current expression.
 */
type_t *
expr_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
{

	type_t *tp2 = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
	tp2->t_tspec = t;
	tp2->t_subt = tp;
	return tp2;
}

static const char *
function_call_descr(const function_call *call)
{
	if ((call->func->tn_op == ADDR || call->func->tn_op == LOAD)
	    && call->func->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME)
		return call->func->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_name;
	return type_name(call->func->tn_type->t_subt);
}

static size_t
str_len(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	const buffer *buf = tn->u.str_literals;
	if (tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec != CHAR)
		return buf->len;
	quoted_iterator it = { .end = 0 };
	size_t len = 0;
	while (quoted_next(buf, &it))
		len++;
	return len;
}

/* Create an expression from a unary or binary operator and its operands. */
static tnode_t *
build_op(op_t op, bool sys, type_t *type, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
{

	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
	ntn->tn_op = op;
	ntn->tn_type = type;
	ntn->tn_sys = sys;
	ntn->u.ops.left = ln;
	ntn->u.ops.right = rn;

	if (op == INDIR || op == FSEL) {
		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR);
		tspec_t t = ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec;
		ntn->tn_lvalue = t != FUNC && t != VOID;
	}

	return ntn;
}

tnode_t *
build_constant(type_t *tp, val_t *v)
{

	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
	n->tn_op = CON;
	n->tn_type = tp;
	n->u.value = *v;
	n->u.value.v_tspec = tp->t_tspec;
	free(v);
	return n;
}

static tnode_t *
build_integer_constant(tspec_t t, int64_t si)
{

	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
	n->tn_op = CON;
	n->tn_type = gettyp(t);
	n->u.value.v_tspec = t;
	n->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
	n->u.value.v_char_constant = false;
	n->u.value.u.integer = si;
	return n;
}

static void
fallback_symbol(sym_t *sym)
{

	if (Tflag && fallback_symbol_strict_bool(sym))
		return;

	if (funcsym != NULL && (strcmp(sym->s_name, "__FUNCTION__") == 0 ||
			   strcmp(sym->s_name, "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__") == 0)) {
		/* __FUNCTION__/__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ is a GCC extension */
		gnuism(316);
		goto return_function_name;
	}

	if (funcsym != NULL && strcmp(sym->s_name, "__func__") == 0) {
		if (!allow_c99)
			/* __func__ is a C99 feature */
			warning(317);
		/* C11 6.4.2.2 */
	return_function_name:
		sym->s_type = block_derive_type(gettyp(CHAR), ARRAY);
		sym->s_type->t_const = true;
		sym->s_type->u.dimension = (int)strlen(funcsym->s_name) + 1;
		return;
	}

	/* '%s' undefined */
	error(99, sym->s_name);
}

/*
 * Functions that are predeclared by GCC or other compilers can be called
 * with arbitrary arguments.  Since lint usually runs after a successful
 * compilation, it's the compiler's job to catch any errors.
 */
bool
is_compiler_builtin(const char *name)
{
	/* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C-Extensions.html */
	if (allow_gcc) {
		if (strncmp(name, "__atomic_", 9) == 0 ||
		    strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 ||
		    strcmp(name, "alloca") == 0 ||
		    /* obsolete but still in use, as of 2021 */
		    strncmp(name, "__sync_", 7) == 0)
			return true;
	}

	/* https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/ */
	if (strncmp(name, "_mm_", 4) == 0)
		return true;

	return false;
}

static bool
str_ends_with(const char *haystack, const char *needle)
{
	size_t hlen = strlen(haystack);
	size_t nlen = strlen(needle);

	return nlen <= hlen &&
	       memcmp(haystack + hlen - nlen, needle, nlen) == 0;
}

/* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integer-Overflow-Builtins.html */
static bool
is_gcc_bool_builtin(const char *name)
{
	return strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 &&
	    (str_ends_with(name, "_overflow") ||
		str_ends_with(name, "_overflow_p"));
}

static void
build_name_call(sym_t *sym)
{

	if (is_compiler_builtin(sym->s_name)) {
		/*
		 * Do not warn about these, just assume that they are regular
		 * functions compatible with non-prototype calling conventions.
		 */
		if (allow_gcc && is_gcc_bool_builtin(sym->s_name))
			sym->s_type = gettyp(BOOL);
	} else if (allow_c99)
		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
		error(215, sym->s_name);
	else if (!allow_trad)
		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
		warning(215, sym->s_name);

	/* XXX if !allow_c90, the symbol should be exported to level 0 */
	sym->s_type = block_derive_type(sym->s_type, FUNC);
}

/* Create a node for a name (symbol table entry). */
tnode_t *
build_name(sym_t *sym, bool is_funcname)
{

	if (sym->s_scl == NO_SCL && !in_gcc_attribute) {
		sym->s_scl = EXTERN;
		sym->s_def = DECL;
		if (is_funcname)
			build_name_call(sym);
		else
			fallback_symbol(sym);
	}

	lint_assert(sym->s_kind == SK_VCFT || sym->s_kind == SK_MEMBER);

	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
	n->tn_type = sym->s_type;
	if (sym->s_scl == BOOL_CONST) {
		n->tn_op = CON;
		n->u.value.v_tspec = BOOL;
		n->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
		n->u.value.v_char_constant = false;
		n->u.value.u.integer = sym->u.s_bool_constant ? 1 : 0;
	} else if (sym->s_scl == ENUM_CONST) {
		n->tn_op = CON;
		n->u.value.v_tspec = INT;	/* ENUM is in n->tn_type */
		n->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
		n->u.value.v_char_constant = false;
		n->u.value.u.integer = sym->u.s_enum_constant;
	} else {
		n->tn_op = NAME;
		n->u.sym = sym;
		if (sym->s_kind == SK_VCFT && sym->s_type->t_tspec != FUNC)
			n->tn_lvalue = true;
	}

	return n;
}

tnode_t *
build_string(buffer *lit)
{
	size_t value_len = lit->len;
	if (lit->data != NULL) {
		quoted_iterator it = { .end = 0 };
		for (value_len = 0; quoted_next(lit, &it); value_len++)
			continue;
	}

	type_t *tp = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp), "type");
	tp->t_tspec = ARRAY;
	tp->t_subt = gettyp(lit->data != NULL ? CHAR : WCHAR_TSPEC);
	tp->u.dimension = (int)(value_len + 1);

	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
	n->tn_op = STRING;
	n->tn_type = tp;
	n->tn_lvalue = true;

	n->u.str_literals = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*n->u.str_literals), "tnode.string");
	n->u.str_literals->len = lit->len;

	if (lit->data != NULL) {
		n->u.str_literals->data = expr_zero_alloc(lit->len + 1,
		    "tnode.string.data");
		(void)memcpy(n->u.str_literals->data, lit->data, lit->len + 1);
		free(lit->data);
	}
	free(lit);

	return n;
}

tnode_t *
build_generic_selection(const tnode_t *expr,
			struct generic_association *sel)
{
	tnode_t *default_result = NULL;

	for (; sel != NULL; sel = sel->ga_prev) {
		if (expr != NULL &&
		    types_compatible(sel->ga_arg, expr->tn_type,
			false, false, NULL))
			return sel->ga_result;
		if (sel->ga_arg == NULL)
			default_result = sel->ga_result;
	}
	return default_result;
}

static bool
is_out_of_char_range(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
	    !tn->u.value.v_char_constant &&
	    !(0 <= tn->u.value.u.integer &&
		tn->u.value.u.integer < 1 << (CHAR_SIZE - 1));
}

static bool
check_nonportable_char_comparison(op_t op,
				  const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
				  const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
{
	if (!(hflag || pflag))
		return true;

	if (lt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(rn)) {
		char buf[128];
		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s %d",
		    op_name(op), (int)rn->u.value.u.integer);
		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
		warning(230, buf);
		return false;
	}
	if (rt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(ln)) {
		char buf[128];
		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %s ?",
		    (int)ln->u.value.u.integer, op_name(op));
		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
		warning(230, buf);
		return false;
	}
	return true;
}

static void
check_integer_comparison(op_t op, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
{

	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	if (ln->tn_op != CON && rn->tn_op != CON)
		return;

	if (!is_integer(lt) || !is_integer(rt))
		return;

	if (any_query_enabled && !in_system_header) {
		if (lt == CHAR && rn->tn_op == CON &&
		    !rn->u.value.v_char_constant) {
			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
			query_message(14,
			    op_name(op), (int)rn->u.value.u.integer);
		}
		if (rt == CHAR && ln->tn_op == CON &&
		    !ln->u.value.v_char_constant) {
			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
			query_message(14,
			    op_name(op), (int)ln->u.value.u.integer);
		}
	}

	if (!check_nonportable_char_comparison(op, ln, lt, rn, rt))
		return;

	if (is_uinteger(lt) && !is_uinteger(rt) &&
	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->u.value.u.integer <= 0) {
		if (rn->u.value.u.integer < 0) {
			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
			warning(162, op_name(op),
			    type_name(ln->tn_type), "negative constant");
		} else if (op == LT || op == GE)
			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
			warning(162, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type), "0");
		return;
	}
	if (is_uinteger(rt) && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->u.value.u.integer <= 0) {
		if (ln->u.value.u.integer < 0) {
			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
			warning(162, op_name(op),
			    "negative constant", type_name(rn->tn_type));
		} else if (op == GT || op == LE)
			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
			warning(162, op_name(op), "0", type_name(rn->tn_type));
		return;
	}
}

static const tspec_t arith_rank[] = {
	LDOUBLE, DOUBLE, FLOAT,
#ifdef INT128_SIZE
	UINT128, INT128,
#endif
	ULLONG, LLONG,
	ULONG, LONG,
	UINT, INT,
};

/* Keep unsigned in traditional C */
static tspec_t
usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
{

	size_t i;
	for (i = 0; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
		if (lt == arith_rank[i] || rt == arith_rank[i])
			break;

	tspec_t t = arith_rank[i];
	if (is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt))
		if (is_integer(t) && !is_uinteger(t))
			return unsigned_type(t);
	return t;
}

static tspec_t
usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
{

	if (lt == rt)
		return lt;

	if (lt == LCOMPLEX || rt == LCOMPLEX)
		return LCOMPLEX;
	if (lt == DCOMPLEX || rt == DCOMPLEX)
		return DCOMPLEX;
	if (lt == FCOMPLEX || rt == FCOMPLEX)
		return FCOMPLEX;
	if (lt == LDOUBLE || rt == LDOUBLE)
		return LDOUBLE;
	if (lt == DOUBLE || rt == DOUBLE)
		return DOUBLE;
	if (lt == FLOAT || rt == FLOAT)
		return FLOAT;

	if (size_in_bits(lt) > size_in_bits(rt))
		return lt;
	if (size_in_bits(lt) < size_in_bits(rt))
		return rt;

	size_t i;
	for (i = 3; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
		if (arith_rank[i] == lt || arith_rank[i] == rt)
			break;
	if ((is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt)) &&
	    !is_uinteger(arith_rank[i]))
		i--;
	return arith_rank[i];
}

static tnode_t *
apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op_t op, tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t)
{
	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
	ntp->t_tspec = t;
	if (tn->tn_op != CON) {
		/* usual arithmetic conversion for '%s' from '%s' to '%s' */
		query_message(4, op_name(op),
		    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
	}
	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
}

/*
 * Apply the "usual arithmetic conversions" (C99 6.3.1.8), which gives both
 * operands the same type.
 */
static void
balance(op_t op, tnode_t **lnp, tnode_t **rnp)
{

	tspec_t lt = (*lnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
	tspec_t rt = (*rnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
	if (!is_arithmetic(lt) || !is_arithmetic(rt))
		return;

	tspec_t t = allow_c90
	    ? usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(lt, rt)
	    : usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(lt, rt);

	if (modtab[op].m_comparison
	    && is_integer(lt) && (*lnp)->tn_op != CON
	    && is_floating(t) && (*rnp)->tn_op == CON)
		/* comparing integer '%s' to floating point constant %Lg */
		warning(379, type_name((*lnp)->tn_type),
		    (*rnp)->u.value.u.floating);

	if (t != lt)
		*lnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *lnp, t);
	if (t != rt)
		*rnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *rnp, t);

	if (is_integer(t)) {
		unsigned lw = width_in_bits((*lnp)->tn_type);
		unsigned rw = width_in_bits((*rnp)->tn_type);
		if (lw < rw)
			*lnp = convert(NOOP, 0, (*rnp)->tn_type, *lnp);
		if (rw < lw)
			*rnp = convert(NOOP, 0, (*lnp)->tn_type, *rnp);
	}
}

static tnode_t *
build_address(bool sys, tnode_t *tn)
{
	/* eliminate '&*' */
	if (tn->tn_op == INDIR &&
	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR &&
	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_subt == tn->tn_type) {
		return tn->u.ops.left;
	}

	return build_op(ADDR, sys, expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type, PTR),
	    tn, NULL);
}

static uint64_t
fold_unsigned_integer(op_t op, uint64_t l, uint64_t r,
		      uint64_t max_value, bool *overflow)
{
	switch (op) {
	case COMPL:
		return ~l & max_value;
	case UPLUS:
		return +l;
	case UMINUS:
		return -l & max_value;
	case MULT:
		*overflow = r > 0 && l > max_value / r;
		return l * r;
	case DIV:
		if (r == 0) {
			/* division by 0 */
			error(139);
			return max_value;
		}
		return l / r;
	case MOD:
		if (r == 0) {
			/* modulus by 0 */
			error(140);
			return 0;
		}
		return l % r;
	case PLUS:
		*overflow = l > max_value - r;
		return l + r;
	case MINUS:
		*overflow = l < r;
		return l - r;
	case SHL:
		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
		/* TODO: warn about overflow. */
		return l << (r & 63);
	case SHR:
		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
		return l >> (r & 63);
	case LT:
		return l < r ? 1 : 0;
	case LE:
		return l <= r ? 1 : 0;
	case GT:
		return l > r ? 1 : 0;
	case GE:
		return l >= r ? 1 : 0;
	case EQ:
		return l == r ? 1 : 0;
	case NE:
		return l != r ? 1 : 0;
	case BITAND:
		return l & r;
	case BITXOR:
		return l ^ r;
	case BITOR:
		return l | r;
	default:
		lint_assert(false);
		/* NOTREACHED */
	}
}

static int64_t
fold_signed_integer(op_t op, int64_t l, int64_t r,
		    int64_t min_value, int64_t max_value, bool *overflow)
{
	switch (op) {
	case COMPL:
		return ~l;
	case UPLUS:
		return +l;
	case UMINUS:
		*overflow = l == min_value;
		return *overflow ? l : -l;
	case MULT:;
		uint64_t al = s64_abs(l);
		uint64_t ar = s64_abs(r);
		bool neg = (l >= 0) != (r >= 0);
		uint64_t max_prod = (uint64_t)max_value + (neg ? 1 : 0);
		if (al > 0 && ar > max_prod / al) {
			*overflow = true;
			return neg ? min_value : max_value;
		}
		return l * r;
	case DIV:
		if (r == 0) {
			/* division by 0 */
			error(139);
			return max_value;
		}
		if (l == min_value && r == -1) {
			*overflow = true;
			return l;
		}
		return l / r;
	case MOD:
		if (r == 0) {
			/* modulus by 0 */
			error(140);
			return 0;
		}
		if (l == min_value && r == -1) {
			*overflow = true;
			return 0;
		}
		return l % r;
	case PLUS:
		if (r > 0 && l > max_value - r) {
			*overflow = true;
			return max_value;
		}
		if (r < 0 && l < min_value - r) {
			*overflow = true;
			return min_value;
		}
		return l + r;
	case MINUS:
		if (r > 0 && l < min_value + r) {
			*overflow = true;
			return min_value;
		}
		if (r < 0 && l > max_value + r) {
			*overflow = true;
			return max_value;
		}
		return l - r;
	case SHL:
		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
		/* TODO: warn about overflow. */
		return l << (r & 63);
	case SHR:
		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
		return s64_shr(l, r & 63);
	case LT:
		return l < r ? 1 : 0;
	case LE:
		return l <= r ? 1 : 0;
	case GT:
		return l > r ? 1 : 0;
	case GE:
		return l >= r ? 1 : 0;
	case EQ:
		return l == r ? 1 : 0;
	case NE:
		return l != r ? 1 : 0;
	case BITAND:
		return l & r;
	case BITXOR:
		return l ^ r;
	case BITOR:
		return l | r;
	default:
		lint_assert(false);
		/* NOTREACHED */
	}
}

static tnode_t *
fold_constant_integer(tnode_t *tn)
{

	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
	tspec_t t = tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec;
	int64_t l = tn->u.ops.left->u.value.u.integer;
	int64_t r = is_binary(tn) ? tn->u.ops.right->u.value.u.integer : 0;
	uint64_t mask = value_bits(size_in_bits(t));

	int64_t res;
	bool overflow = false;
	if (!is_integer(t) || is_uinteger(t)) {
		uint64_t u_res = fold_unsigned_integer(tn->tn_op,
		    (uint64_t)l, (uint64_t)r, mask, &overflow);
		if (u_res > mask)
			overflow = true;
		res = (int64_t)u_res;
		if (overflow && hflag) {
			char buf[128];
			if (is_binary(tn)) {
				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ju %s %ju",
				    (uintmax_t)l, op_name(tn->tn_op),
				    (uintmax_t)r);
			} else {
				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%ju",
				    op_name(tn->tn_op), (uintmax_t)l);
			}
			/* '%s' overflows '%s' */
			warning(141, buf, type_name(tn->tn_type));
		}
	} else {
		int64_t max_value = (int64_t)(mask >> 1);
		int64_t min_value = -max_value - 1;
		res = fold_signed_integer(tn->tn_op,
		    l, r, min_value, max_value, &overflow);
		if (res < min_value || res > max_value)
			overflow = true;
		if (overflow && hflag) {
			char buf[128];
			if (is_binary(tn)) {
				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%jd %s %jd",
				    (intmax_t)l, op_name(tn->tn_op),
				    (intmax_t)r);
			} else if (tn->tn_op == UMINUS && l < 0) {
				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "-(%jd)",
				    (intmax_t)l);
			} else {
				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%jd",
				    op_name(tn->tn_op), (intmax_t)l);
			}
			/* '%s' overflows '%s' */
			warning(141, buf, type_name(tn->tn_type));
		}
	}

	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
	v->u.integer = convert_integer(res, t, size_in_bits(t));

	tnode_t *cn = build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
	if (tn->u.ops.left->tn_system_dependent)
		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;
	if (is_binary(tn) && tn->u.ops.right->tn_system_dependent)
		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;

	return cn;
}

static tnode_t *
build_struct_access(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
{

	lint_assert(rn->tn_op == NAME);
	lint_assert(is_member(rn->u.sym));

	bool lvalue = op == ARROW || ln->tn_lvalue;

	if (op == POINT)
		ln = build_address(sys, ln);
	else if (ln->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR) {
		lint_assert(!allow_c90);
		lint_assert(is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec));
		ln = convert(NOOP, 0, expr_derive_type(gettyp(VOID), PTR), ln);
	}

	tnode_t *ctn = build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
	    rn->u.sym->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE);

	type_t *ptr_tp = expr_derive_type(rn->tn_type, PTR);
	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(PLUS, sys, ptr_tp, ln, ctn);
	if (ln->tn_op == CON)
		ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);

	op_t nop = rn->tn_type->t_bitfield ? FSEL : INDIR;
	ntn = build_op(nop, sys, ntn->tn_type->t_subt, ntn, NULL);
	if (!lvalue)
		ntn->tn_lvalue = false;

	return ntn;
}

/*
 * Get the size in bytes of type tp->t_subt, as a constant expression of type
 * ptrdiff_t as seen from the target platform.
 */
static tnode_t *
subt_size_in_bytes(type_t *tp)
{

	lint_assert(tp->t_tspec == PTR);
	tp = tp->t_subt;

	int elem = 1;
	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
		elem *= tp->u.dimension;
		tp = tp->t_subt;
	}

	int elsz_in_bits = 0;
	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
	case FUNC:
		/* pointer to function is not allowed here */
		error(110);
		break;
	case VOID:
		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
		gnuism(136);
		break;
	case STRUCT:
	case UNION:
		if ((elsz_in_bits = (int)tp->u.sou->sou_size_in_bits) == 0)
			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
			error(136);
		break;
	case ENUM:
		if (is_incomplete(tp))
			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
			warning(136);
		/* FALLTHROUGH */
	default:
		if ((elsz_in_bits = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec)) == 0)
			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
			error(136);
		else
			lint_assert(elsz_in_bits != -1);
		break;
	}

	if (elem == 0 && elsz_in_bits != 0)
		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
		error(136);

	if (elsz_in_bits == 0)
		elsz_in_bits = CHAR_SIZE;

	return build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
	    (int64_t)(elem * elsz_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE));
}

static tnode_t *
build_prepost_incdec(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
{

	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
	tnode_t *cn = ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
	    ? subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type)
	    : build_integer_constant(INT, 1);
	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, cn);
}

static void
check_enum_array_index(const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
{

	if (ln->tn_op != ADDR)
		return;
	ln = ln->u.ops.left;
	if (ln->tn_op != NAME && ln->tn_op != STRING)
		return;

	const type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type;
	if (ltp->t_tspec != ARRAY || ltp->t_incomplete_array)
		return;

	if (rn->tn_op != CVT || !rn->tn_type->t_is_enum)
		return;
	if (rn->u.ops.left->tn_op != LOAD)
		return;

	const type_t *rtp = rn->u.ops.left->tn_type;
	const sym_t *ec = rtp->u.enumer->en_first_enumerator;
	const sym_t *max_ec = ec;
	lint_assert(ec != NULL);
	for (ec = ec->s_next; ec != NULL; ec = ec->s_next)
		if (ec->u.s_enum_constant > max_ec->u.s_enum_constant)
			max_ec = ec;

	int64_t max_enum_value = max_ec->u.s_enum_constant;
	lint_assert(INT_MIN <= max_enum_value && max_enum_value <= INT_MAX);

	int max_array_index = ltp->u.dimension - 1;
	size_t nonnull_dimension = ln->tn_op == STRING
	    ? str_len(ln)
	    : ln->u.sym->u.s_array_nonnull_dimension;
	if (nonnull_dimension > 0)
		max_array_index = (int)nonnull_dimension - 1;
	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index)
		return;

	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index + 1 &&
	    (strstr(max_ec->s_name, "MAX") != NULL ||
	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "max") != NULL ||
	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "NUM") != NULL ||
	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "num") != NULL ||
	     strncmp(max_ec->s_name, "N_", 2) == 0))
		return;

	/* maximum value %d for '%s' of type '%s' does not match maximum array index %d */
	warning(348, (int)max_enum_value, max_ec->s_name, type_name(rtp),
	    max_array_index);
	print_previous_declaration(max_ec);
}

static tnode_t *
build_plus_minus(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
{

	if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR && is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec)) {
		tnode_t *tmp = ln;
		ln = rn;
		rn = tmp;
		/* pointer addition has integer on the left-hand side */
		query_message(5);
	}

	/* pointer +- integer */
	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
	if (lt == PTR && rt != PTR) {
		lint_assert(is_integer(rt));

		check_ctype_macro_invocation(ln, rn);
		check_enum_array_index(ln, rn);

		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
		tspec_t szt = elsz->tn_type->t_tspec;
		if (rt != szt && rt != unsigned_type(szt))
			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, elsz->tn_type, rn);

		tnode_t *prod = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, elsz);
		if (rn->tn_op == CON)
			prod = fold_constant_integer(prod);

		return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, prod);
	}

	/* pointer - pointer */
	if (rt == PTR) {
		lint_assert(lt == PTR);
		lint_assert(op == MINUS);

		type_t *ptrdiff = gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC);
		tnode_t *raw_diff = build_op(op, sys, ptrdiff, ln, rn);
		if (ln->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_op == CON)
			raw_diff = fold_constant_integer(raw_diff);

		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
		balance(NOOP, &raw_diff, &elsz);

		return build_op(DIV, sys, ptrdiff, raw_diff, elsz);
	}

	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
}

static tnode_t *
build_bit_shift(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
{

	if (!allow_c90 && rn->tn_type->t_tspec != INT)
		// XXX: C1978 7.5 says: "Both [operators] perform the usual
		// arithmetic conversions on their operands."
		// TODO: Add a test to exercise this part of the code.
		rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(INT), rn);
	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
}

static bool
is_null_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	// TODO: Investigate how other pointers are stored, in particular,
	// whether a pointer constant can have a non-zero value.
	// If not, simplify the code below.
	return ((t == PTR && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
		|| is_integer(t))
	    && (tn->tn_op == CON && tn->u.value.u.integer == 0);
}

/* Return a type based on tp1, with added qualifiers from tp2. */
static type_t *
merge_qualifiers(type_t *tp1, const type_t *tp2)
{

	lint_assert(tp1->t_tspec == PTR);
	lint_assert(tp2->t_tspec == PTR);

	bool c1 = tp1->t_subt->t_const;
	bool c2 = tp2->t_subt->t_const;
	bool v1 = tp1->t_subt->t_volatile;
	bool v2 = tp2->t_subt->t_volatile;

	if (c1 == (c1 | c2) && v1 == (v1 | v2))
		return tp1;

	type_t *nstp = expr_dup_type(tp1->t_subt);
	nstp->t_const |= c2;
	nstp->t_volatile |= v2;

	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tp1);
	ntp->t_subt = nstp;
	return ntp;
}

/* See C99 6.5.15 "Conditional operator". */
static tnode_t *
build_colon(bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
{
	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	type_t *tp;
	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt))
		/* The operands were already balanced in build_binary. */
		tp = ln->tn_type;
	else if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
		tp = ln->tn_type;
	else if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID)
		tp = gettyp(VOID);
	else if (is_struct_or_union(lt)) {
		lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(rt));
		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->u.sou == rn->tn_type->u.sou);
		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
			/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
			error(138, op_name(COLON));
			return NULL;
		}
		tp = ln->tn_type;
	} else if (lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) {
		if (rt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), rn);
		tp = ln->tn_type;
	} else if (rt == PTR && is_integer(lt)) {
		if (lt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
			ln = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), ln);
		tp = rn->tn_type;
	} else if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
	else if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
	else if (lt == PTR && ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
	else if (rt == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
	else {
		/*
		 * XXX For now we simply take the left type. This is probably
		 * wrong, if one type contains a function prototype and the
		 * other one, at the same place, only an old-style declaration.
		 */
		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
	}

	return build_op(COLON, sys, tp, ln, rn);
}

/* TODO: check for varargs */
static bool
is_cast_redundant(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	const type_t *ntp = tn->tn_type, *otp = tn->u.ops.left->tn_type;
	tspec_t nt = ntp->t_tspec, ot = otp->t_tspec;

	if (nt == BOOL || ot == BOOL)
		return nt == BOOL && ot == BOOL;

	if (is_integer(nt) && is_integer(ot)) {
		unsigned int nw = width_in_bits(ntp), ow = width_in_bits(otp);
		if (is_uinteger(nt) == is_uinteger(ot))
			return nw >= ow;
		return is_uinteger(ot) && nw > ow;
	}

	if (is_complex(nt) || is_complex(ot))
		return is_complex(nt) && is_complex(ot) &&
		    size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);

	if (is_floating(nt) && is_floating(ot))
		return size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);

	if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_const && otp->t_subt->t_const)
			return false;
		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_volatile && otp->t_subt->t_volatile)
			return false;

		if (ntp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
		    otp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
		    types_compatible(ntp->t_subt, otp->t_subt,
			false, false, NULL))
			return true;
	}

	return false;
}

static bool
is_assignment(op_t op)
{

	return op == ASSIGN ||
	    op == MULASS ||
	    op == DIVASS ||
	    op == MODASS ||
	    op == ADDASS ||
	    op == SUBASS ||
	    op == SHLASS ||
	    op == SHRASS ||
	    op == ANDASS ||
	    op == XORASS ||
	    op == ORASS ||
	    op == RETURN ||
	    op == INIT;
}

static tnode_t *
build_assignment(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
{

	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	if (is_assignment(rn->tn_op))
		/* chained assignment with '%s' and '%s' */
		query_message(10, op_name(op), op_name(rn->tn_op));

	if ((op == ADDASS || op == SUBASS) && lt == PTR) {
		lint_assert(is_integer(rt));
		tnode_t *ctn = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
		if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec != ctn->tn_type->t_tspec)
			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, ctn->tn_type, rn);
		rn = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, ctn);
		if (rn->u.ops.left->tn_op == CON)
			rn = fold_constant_integer(rn);
	}

	if ((op == ASSIGN || op == RETURN || op == INIT) &&
	    (lt == STRUCT || rt == STRUCT)) {
		lint_assert(lt == rt);
		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->u.sou == rn->tn_type->u.sou);
		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
			if (op == RETURN)
				/* cannot return incomplete type */
				error(212);
			else
				/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
				error(138, op_name(op));
			return NULL;
		}
	}

	if (op == SHLASS && hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90
	    && portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0)
		/* '%s' %s '%s' differs between traditional C and C90 */
		warning(118, tspec_name(lt), "<<=", tspec_name(rt));

	if (op != SHLASS && op != SHRASS
	    && (op == ASSIGN || lt != PTR)
	    && (lt != rt || (ln->tn_type->t_bitfield && rn->tn_op == CON))) {
		rn = convert(op, 0, ln->tn_type, rn);
		rt = lt;
	}

	if (lt == PTR && ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec != VOID
	    && rt == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID
	    && !is_null_pointer(rn))
		/* implicit narrowing conversion from void ... */
		query_message(20, type_name(ln->tn_type));

	if (any_query_enabled && rn->tn_op == CVT && rn->tn_cast &&
	    types_compatible(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type, false, false, NULL) &&
	    is_cast_redundant(rn)) {
		/* redundant cast from '%s' to '%s' before assignment */
		query_message(7, type_name(rn->u.ops.left->tn_type),
		    type_name(rn->tn_type));
	}

	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
}

static tnode_t *
build_real_imag(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
{

	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
	if (ln->tn_op == NAME) {
		/*
		 * This may be too much, but it avoids wrong warnings. See
		 * d_c99_complex_split.c.
		 */
		mark_as_used(ln->u.sym, false, false);
		mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
	}

	tspec_t t;
	switch (ln->tn_type->t_tspec) {
	case LCOMPLEX:
		t = LDOUBLE;
		break;
	case DCOMPLEX:
		t = DOUBLE;
		break;
	case FCOMPLEX:
		t = FLOAT;
		break;
	default:
		/* '__%s__' is invalid for type '%s' */
		error(276, op == REAL ? "real" : "imag",
		    type_name(ln->tn_type));
		return NULL;
	}

	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(op, sys, gettyp(t), ln, NULL);
	ntn->tn_lvalue = true;
	return ntn;
}

static bool
is_confusing_precedence(op_t op, const tnode_t *operand, op_t *cop)
{
	if (operand->tn_parenthesized)
		return false;
	op_t oop = operand->tn_op;

	if (op == SHL || op == SHR) {
		if (oop == PLUS || oop == MINUS)
			return *cop = oop, true;
		return false;
	}

	if (op == LOGOR) {
		if (oop == LOGAND)
			return *cop = oop, true;
		return false;
	}

	lint_assert(op == BITAND || op == BITXOR || op == BITOR);
	if (oop != op
	    && (oop == PLUS || oop == MINUS || oop == BITAND || oop == BITXOR))
		return *cop = oop, true;
	return false;
}

/*
 * Print a warning if the given node has operands which should be
 * parenthesized.
 *
 * XXX Does not work if an operand is a constant expression. Constant
 * expressions are already folded.
 */
static void
check_precedence_confusion(tnode_t *tn)
{
	tnode_t *ln, *rn;

	if (!hflag)
		return;

	debug_node(tn);

	lint_assert(is_binary(tn));
	for (ln = tn->u.ops.left; ln->tn_op == CVT; ln = ln->u.ops.left)
		continue;
	for (rn = tn->u.ops.right; rn->tn_op == CVT; rn = rn->u.ops.left)
		continue;

	op_t cop;
	if (is_confusing_precedence(tn->tn_op, ln, &cop) ||
	    is_confusing_precedence(tn->tn_op, rn, &cop)) {
		/* possible precedence confusion between '%s' and '%s' */
		warning(169, op_name(tn->tn_op), op_name(cop));
	}
}

static tnode_t *
fold_constant_compare_zero(tnode_t *tn)
{

	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
	lint_assert(v->v_tspec == INT || (Tflag && v->v_tspec == BOOL));

	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
	bool l = constant_is_nonzero(tn->u.ops.left);
	bool r = is_binary(tn) && constant_is_nonzero(tn->u.ops.right);

	switch (tn->tn_op) {
	case NOT:
		v->u.integer = !l ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	case LOGAND:
		v->u.integer = l && r ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	case LOGOR:
		v->u.integer = l || r ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	default:
		lint_assert(false);
	}

	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
}

static long double
floating_error_value(tspec_t t, long double lv)
{
	if (t == FLOAT)
		return lv < 0 ? -FLT_MAX : FLT_MAX;
	if (t == DOUBLE)
		return lv < 0 ? -DBL_MAX : DBL_MAX;
	/*
	 * When NetBSD is cross-built in MKLINT=yes mode on x86_64 for sparc64,
	 * tools/lint checks this code while building usr.bin/xlint. In that
	 * situation, lint uses the preprocessor for sparc64, in which the type
	 * 'long double' is IEEE-754-binary128, affecting the macro LDBL_MAX
	 * below. The type 'long double', as well as the strtold
	 * implementation, comes from the host platform x86_64 though, where
	 * 'long double' consumes 128 bits as well but only uses 80 of them.
	 * The exponent range of the two 'long double' types is the same, but
	 * the maximum finite value differs due to the extended precision on
	 * sparc64.
	 *
	 * To properly handle the data types of the target platform, lint would
	 * have to implement the floating-point types in a platform-independent
	 * way, which is not worth the effort, given how few programs
	 * practically use 'long double'.
	 */
	/* LINTED 248: floating-point constant out of range */
	long double max = LDBL_MAX;
	return lv < 0 ? -max : max;
}

static bool
is_floating_overflow(tspec_t t, long double val)
{
	if (fpe != 0 || isfinite(val) == 0)
		return true;
	if (t == FLOAT && (val > FLT_MAX || val < -FLT_MAX))
		return true;
	if (t == DOUBLE && (val > DBL_MAX || val < -DBL_MAX))
		return true;
	return false;
}

static tnode_t *
fold_constant_floating(tnode_t *tn)
{

	fpe = 0;

	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
	v->v_tspec = t;

	lint_assert(is_floating(t));
	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
	lint_assert(t == tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec);
	lint_assert(!is_binary(tn) || t == tn->u.ops.right->tn_type->t_tspec);

	long double lv = tn->u.ops.left->u.value.u.floating;
	long double rv = is_binary(tn) ? tn->u.ops.right->u.value.u.floating
	    : 0.0;

	switch (tn->tn_op) {
	case UPLUS:
		v->u.floating = lv;
		break;
	case UMINUS:
		v->u.floating = -lv;
		break;
	case MULT:
		v->u.floating = lv * rv;
		break;
	case DIV:
		if (rv == 0.0) {
			/* division by 0 */
			error(139);
			v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, lv);
		} else {
			v->u.floating = lv / rv;
		}
		break;
	case PLUS:
		v->u.floating = lv + rv;
		break;
	case MINUS:
		v->u.floating = lv - rv;
		break;
	case LT:
		v->u.integer = lv < rv ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	case LE:
		v->u.integer = lv <= rv ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	case GE:
		v->u.integer = lv >= rv ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	case GT:
		v->u.integer = lv > rv ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	case EQ:
		v->u.integer = lv == rv ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	case NE:
		v->u.integer = lv != rv ? 1 : 0;
		break;
	default:
		lint_assert(false);
	}

	// XXX: Must not access u.floating after setting u.integer.
	lint_assert(fpe != 0 || isnan(v->u.floating) == 0);
	if (is_complex(v->v_tspec)) {
		/*
		 * Don't warn, as lint doesn't model the imaginary part of
		 * complex numbers.
		 */
		fpe = 0;
	} else if (is_floating_overflow(t, v->u.floating)) {
		/* operator '%s' produces floating point overflow */
		warning(142, op_name(tn->tn_op));
		v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, v->u.floating);
		fpe = 0;
	}

	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
}

static void
use(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	if (tn == NULL)
		return;
	switch (tn->tn_op) {
	case NAME:
		mark_as_used(tn->u.sym, false /* XXX */, false /* XXX */);
		break;
	case CON:
	case STRING:
		break;
	case CALL:;
		const function_call *call = tn->u.call;
		for (size_t i = 0, n = call->args_len; i < n; i++)
			use(call->args[i]);
		break;
	default:
		lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
		use(tn->u.ops.left);
		if (is_binary(tn))
			use(tn->u.ops.right);
	}
}

/*
 * Create a tree node for a binary operator and its two operands. Also called
 * for unary operators; in that case rn is NULL.
 *
 * Function calls, sizeof and casts are handled elsewhere.
 */
tnode_t *
build_binary(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *rn)
{
	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];

	/* If there was an error in one of the operands, return. */
	if (ln == NULL || (mp->m_binary && rn == NULL))
		return NULL;

	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
		ln = cconv(ln);
	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT)
		rn = cconv(rn);

	if (mp->m_comparison)
		check_integer_comparison(op, ln, rn);

	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
		ln = promote(op, false, ln);
	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT &&
	    op != ASSIGN && op != RETURN && op != INIT)
		rn = promote(op, false, rn);

	if (mp->m_warn_if_left_unsigned_in_c90 &&
	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
		warning(218, op_name(op));
		ln->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
	}
	if (mp->m_warn_if_right_unsigned_in_c90 &&
	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
		warning(218, op_name(op));
		rn->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
	}

	if (mp->m_balance_operands || (!allow_c90 && (op == SHL || op == SHR)))
		balance(op, &ln, &rn);

	if (!typeok(op, NULL, 0, ln, rn))
		return NULL;

	tnode_t *ntn;
	switch (op) {
	case POINT:
	case ARROW:
		ntn = build_struct_access(op, sys, ln, rn);
		break;
	case INCAFT:
	case DECAFT:
	case INCBEF:
	case DECBEF:
		ntn = build_prepost_incdec(op, sys, ln);
		break;
	case ADDR:
		ntn = build_address(sys, ln);
		break;
	case INDIR:
		ntn = build_op(INDIR, sys, ln->tn_type->t_subt, ln, NULL);
		break;
	case PLUS:
	case MINUS:
		ntn = build_plus_minus(op, sys, ln, rn);
		break;
	case SHL:
	case SHR:
		ntn = build_bit_shift(op, sys, ln, rn);
		break;
	case COLON:
		ntn = build_colon(sys, ln, rn);
		break;
	case ASSIGN:
	case MULASS:
	case DIVASS:
	case MODASS:
	case ADDASS:
	case SUBASS:
	case SHLASS:
	case SHRASS:
	case ANDASS:
	case XORASS:
	case ORASS:
	case RETURN:
	case INIT:
		ntn = build_assignment(op, sys, ln, rn);
		break;
	case COMMA:
		/* comma operator with types '%s' and '%s' */
		query_message(12,
		    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
		/* FALLTHROUGH */
	case QUEST:
		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rn->tn_type, ln, rn);
		break;
	case REAL:
	case IMAG:
		ntn = build_real_imag(op, sys, ln);
		break;
	default:
		lint_assert(mp->m_binary == (rn != NULL));
		if ((op == NOT || op == LOGAND || op == LOGOR)
		    && ln->tn_op == ASSIGN && ln->u.ops.right->tn_op == CON) {
			/* constant assignment of type '%s' in operand ... */
			warning(382, type_name(ln->tn_type), op_name(op),
			    is_nonzero_val(&ln->u.ops.right->u.value)
			    ? "true" : "false");
		}
		if ((op == LOGAND || op == LOGOR)
		    && rn->tn_op == ASSIGN && rn->u.ops.right->tn_op == CON) {
			/* constant assignment of type '%s' in operand ... */
			warning(382, type_name(rn->tn_type), op_name(op),
			    is_nonzero_val(&rn->u.ops.right->u.value)
			    ? "true" : "false");
		}
		type_t *rettp = mp->m_returns_bool
		    ? gettyp(Tflag ? BOOL : INT) : ln->tn_type;
		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rettp, ln, rn);
		break;
	}

	if (ntn == NULL)
		return NULL;

	if (mp->m_possible_precedence_confusion)
		check_precedence_confusion(ntn);

	if (mp->m_fold_constant_operands && ln->tn_op == CON) {
		if (!mp->m_binary || rn->tn_op == CON) {
			if (mp->m_compares_with_zero)
				ntn = fold_constant_compare_zero(ntn);
			else if (is_floating(ntn->tn_type->t_tspec))
				ntn = fold_constant_floating(ntn);
			else
				ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);
		} else if (op == QUEST) {
			lint_assert(has_operands(rn));
			use(ln->u.value.u.integer != 0
			    ? rn->u.ops.right : rn->u.ops.left);
			ntn = ln->u.value.u.integer != 0
			    ? rn->u.ops.left : rn->u.ops.right;
		}
	}

	return ntn;
}

tnode_t *
build_unary(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *tn)
{
	return build_binary(tn, op, sys, NULL);
}

static bool
are_members_compatible(const sym_t *a, const sym_t *b)
{
	if (a->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits != b->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits)
		return false;

	const type_t *atp = a->s_type;
	const type_t *btp = b->s_type;
	bool w = false;
	if (!types_compatible(atp, btp, false, false, &w) && !w)
		return false;
	if (a->s_bitfield != b->s_bitfield)
		return false;
	if (a->s_bitfield) {
		if (atp->t_bit_field_width != btp->t_bit_field_width)
			return false;
		if (atp->t_bit_field_offset != btp->t_bit_field_offset)
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/*
 * Return whether all struct/union members with the same name have the same
 * type and offset.
 */
static bool
all_members_compatible(const sym_t *msym)
{
	for (const sym_t *csym = msym;
	    csym != NULL; csym = csym->s_symtab_next) {
		if (!is_member(csym))
			continue;
		if (strcmp(msym->s_name, csym->s_name) != 0)
			continue;

		for (const sym_t *sym = csym->s_symtab_next;
		    sym != NULL; sym = sym->s_symtab_next) {
			if (is_member(sym)
			    && strcmp(csym->s_name, sym->s_name) == 0
			    && !are_members_compatible(csym, sym))
				return false;
		}
	}
	return true;
}

sym_t *
find_member(const struct_or_union *sou, const char *name)
{
	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
		lint_assert(is_member(mem));
		lint_assert(mem->u.s_member.sm_containing_type == sou);
		if (strcmp(mem->s_name, name) == 0)
			return mem;
	}

	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
		if (is_struct_or_union(mem->s_type->t_tspec)
		    && mem->s_name == unnamed) {
			sym_t *nested_mem =
			    find_member(mem->s_type->u.sou, name);
			if (nested_mem != NULL)
				return nested_mem;
		}
	}
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Remove the member if it was unknown until now, which means
 * that no defined struct or union has a member with the same name.
 */
static void
remove_unknown_member(tnode_t *tn, sym_t *msym)
{
	/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
	error(101, type_name(tn->tn_type), msym->s_name);
	symtab_remove_forever(msym);
	msym->s_kind = SK_MEMBER;
	msym->s_scl = STRUCT_MEMBER;

	struct_or_union *sou = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou),
	    "struct_or_union");
	sou->sou_tag = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou->sou_tag), "sym");
	sou->sou_tag->s_name = unnamed;

	msym->u.s_member.sm_containing_type = sou;
	/*
	 * The member sm_offset_in_bits is not needed here since this symbol
	 * can only be used for error reporting.
	 */
}

/*
 * Returns a symbol which has the same name as 'msym' and is a member of the
 * struct or union specified by 'tn'.
 */
static sym_t *
struct_or_union_member(tnode_t *tn, op_t op, sym_t *msym)
{

	/* Determine the tag type of which msym is expected to be a member. */
	const type_t *tp = NULL;
	if (op == POINT && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_tspec))
		tp = tn->tn_type;
	if (op == ARROW && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
	    && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec))
		tp = tn->tn_type->t_subt;
	struct_or_union *sou = tp != NULL ? tp->u.sou : NULL;

	if (sou != NULL) {
		sym_t *nested_mem = find_member(sou, msym->s_name);
		if (nested_mem != NULL)
			return nested_mem;
	}

	if (msym->s_scl == NO_SCL) {
		remove_unknown_member(tn, msym);
		return msym;
	}

	bool eq = all_members_compatible(msym);

	/*
	 * Now handle the case in which the left operand refers really to a
	 * struct/union, but the right operand is not member of it.
	 */
	if (sou != NULL) {
		if (eq && !allow_c90)
			/* invalid use of member '%s' */
			warning(102, msym->s_name);
		else
			/* invalid use of member '%s' */
			error(102, msym->s_name);
		return msym;
	}

	if (eq) {
		if (op == POINT) {
			if (!allow_c90)
				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
				warning(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
			else
				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
				error(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
		} else {
			if (!allow_c90 && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR)
				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
				warning(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
			else
				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
				error(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
		}
	} else {
		if (!allow_c90)
			/* non-unique member requires struct/union %s */
			error(105, op == POINT ? "object" : "pointer");
		else
			/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
			error(111, op_name(op));
	}

	return msym;
}

tnode_t *
build_member_access(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, sbuf_t *member)
{
	sym_t *msym;

	if (ln == NULL)
		return NULL;

	if (op == ARROW)
		/* must do this before struct_or_union_member is called */
		ln = cconv(ln);
	msym = struct_or_union_member(ln, op, getsym(member));
	return build_binary(ln, op, sys, build_name(msym, false));
}

/*
 * Perform class conversions.
 *
 * Arrays of type T are converted into pointers to type T.
 * Functions are converted to pointers to functions.
 * Lvalues are converted to rvalues.
 *
 * C99 6.3 "Conversions"
 * C99 6.3.2 "Other operands"
 * C99 6.3.2.1 "Lvalues, arrays, and function designators"
 */
tnode_t *
cconv(tnode_t *tn)
{
	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
		if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
			/* XXX print correct operator */
			/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
			gnuism(114, "", op_name(ADDR));
		}
		tn = build_op(ADDR, tn->tn_sys,
		    expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type->t_subt, PTR), tn, NULL);
	}

	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == FUNC)
		tn = build_address(tn->tn_sys, tn);

	if (tn->tn_lvalue) {
		type_t *tp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
		/* C99 6.3.2.1p2 sentence 2 says to remove the qualifiers. */
		tp->t_const = tp->t_volatile = false;
		tn = build_op(LOAD, tn->tn_sys, tp, tn, NULL);
	}

	return tn;
}

const tnode_t *
before_conversion(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	while (tn->tn_op == CVT && !tn->tn_cast)
		tn = tn->u.ops.left;
	return tn;
}

/*
 * Most errors required by C90 are reported in struct_or_union_member().
 * Here we only check for totally wrong things.
 */
static bool
typeok_point(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
{
	if (is_struct_or_union(lt))
		return true;

	if (lt == FUNC || lt == VOID || ltp->t_bitfield)
		goto wrong;

	/*
	 * Some C dialects from before C90 tolerated any lvalue on the
	 * left-hand side of the '.' operator, allowing things like 'char
	 * st[100]; st.st_mtime', assuming that the member 'st_mtime' only
	 * occurred in a single struct; see typeok_arrow.
	 */
	if (ln->tn_lvalue)
		return true;

wrong:
	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
	if (!allow_c90)
		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
		error(111, op_name(POINT));

	return false;
}

static bool
typeok_arrow(tspec_t lt)
{
	/*
	 * C1978 Appendix A 14.1 says: <quote>In fact, any lvalue is allowed
	 * before '.', and that lvalue is then assumed to have the form of the
	 * structure of which the name of the right is a member. [...] Such
	 * constructions are non-portable.</quote>
	 */
	if (lt == PTR || (!allow_c90 && is_integer(lt)))
		return true;

	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
	if (!allow_c90)
		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
		error(111, op_name(ARROW));
	return false;
}

static bool
typeok_incdec(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp)
{
	/* operand has scalar type (checked in typeok) */
	if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
		    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == LOAD)
			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
			error(163);
		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
		error(114, "", op_name(op));
		return false;
	}
	if (tp->t_const && allow_c90)
		/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
		warning(115, "", op_name(op));
	return true;
}

static bool
typeok_address(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
{
	if (t == ARRAY || t == FUNC) {
		/* ok, a warning comes later (in build_address()) */
	} else if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
		    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == LOAD)
			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
			error(163);
		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
		error(114, "", op_name(op));
		return false;
	} else if (is_scalar(t)) {
		if (tp->t_bitfield) {
			/* cannot take address of bit-field */
			error(112);
			return false;
		}
	} else if (t != STRUCT && t != UNION) {
		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
		error(111, op_name(op));
		return false;
	}
	if (tn->tn_op == NAME && tn->u.sym->s_register) {
		/* cannot take address of register '%s' */
		error(113, tn->u.sym->s_name);
		return false;
	}
	return true;
}

static bool
typeok_indir(const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
{

	if (t != PTR) {
		/* cannot dereference non-pointer type '%s' */
		error(96, type_name(tp));
		return false;
	}
	return true;
}

static void
warn_incompatible_types(op_t op,
			const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
			const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	bool binary = modtab[op].m_binary;

	if (lt == VOID || (binary && rt == VOID)) {
		/* void type invalid in expression */
		error(109);
	} else if (op == ASSIGN)
		/* cannot assign to '%s' from '%s' */
		error(171, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
	else if (binary)
		/* operands of '%s' have incompatible types '%s' and '%s' */
		error(107, op_name(op), type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
	else {
		lint_assert(rt == NO_TSPEC);
		/* operand of '%s' has invalid type '%s' */
		error(108, op_name(op), type_name(ltp));
	}
}

static bool
typeok_plus(op_t op,
	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
	if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || (rt == PTR && !is_integer(lt))) {
		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
		return false;
	}
	return true;
}

static bool
typeok_minus(op_t op,
	     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
	     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
	if ((lt == PTR && rt != PTR && !is_integer(rt)) ||
	    (lt != PTR && rt == PTR)) {
		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
		return false;
	}
	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR &&
	    !types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
		/* invalid pointer subtraction */
		error(116);
	}
	return true;
}

static void
typeok_shr(const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
	   const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
{
	tspec_t olt = before_conversion(ln)->tn_type->t_tspec;
	tspec_t ort = before_conversion(rn)->tn_type->t_tspec;

	if (is_uinteger(olt))
		return;

	if (pflag) {
		integer_constraints lc = ic_expr(ln);
		if (lc.bclr >> 63 != 0)
			return;

		if (ln->tn_op != CON)
			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
			warning(117, ">>");
		else if (ln->u.value.u.integer < 0)
			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value nonportable */
			warning(120, ">>");
		return;
	}

	/* The left operand would become unsigned in traditional C. */
	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && hflag && is_uinteger(ort)
	    && !(ln->tn_op == CON && ln->u.value.u.integer >= 0))
		/* '%s' %s '%s' differs between traditional C and C90 */
		warning(118, tspec_name(lt), ">>", tspec_name(rt));

	/*
	 * In traditional C, the left operand would be extended
	 * (possibly sign-extended) and then shifted.
	 */
	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && hflag && !is_uinteger(ort)
	    && portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0
	    && !(ln->tn_op == CON && ln->u.value.u.integer >= 0))
		/* '%s' %s '%s' differs between traditional C and C90 */
		warning(118, tspec_name(lt), ">>", tspec_name(rt));
}

static void
typeok_shl(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
{
	/*
	 * Traditional C performs the usual arithmetic conversions on the
	 * operands, C90 and later don't.
	 */
	if (hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90 && portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0)
		/* '%s' %s '%s' differs between traditional C and C90 */
		warning(118, tspec_name(lt), "<<", tspec_name(rt));
}

static void
typeok_shift(const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
{
	if (rn->tn_op != CON)
		return;

	if (!is_uinteger(rt) && rn->u.value.u.integer < 0)
		/* negative shift */
		warning(121);
	else if ((uint64_t)rn->u.value.u.integer == size_in_bits(lt))
		/* shift amount %u equals bit-size of '%s' */
		warning(267, (unsigned)rn->u.value.u.integer, type_name(ltp));
	else if ((uint64_t)rn->u.value.u.integer > size_in_bits(lt)) {
		/* shift amount %llu is greater than bit-size %llu of '%s' */
		warning(122, (unsigned long long)rn->u.value.u.integer,
		    (unsigned long long)size_in_bits(lt),
		    tspec_name(lt));
	}
}

static bool
is_typeok_eq(const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
{
	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
		return true;
	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
		return true;
	return false;
}

static void
warn_incompatible_pointers(op_t op, const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
{
	lint_assert(ltp->t_tspec == PTR);
	lint_assert(rtp->t_tspec == PTR);

	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec;
	tspec_t rt = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;

	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt)) {
		if (op == RETURN)
			/* invalid structure pointer combination */
			warning(244);
		else {
			/* incompatible structure pointers: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
			warning(245, type_name(ltp),
			    op_name(op), type_name(rtp));
		}
	} else {
		if (op == RETURN)
			/* invalid combination of '%s' and '%s' */
			warning(184, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
		else {
			/* invalid combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
			warning(124,
			    type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
		}
	}
}

static void
check_pointer_comparison(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
{
	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type, *rtp = rn->tn_type;
	tspec_t lst = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec, rst = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;

	if (lst == VOID || rst == VOID) {
		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 &&
		    (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)) {
			/* (void *)0 is already handled in typeok() */
			const char *lsts, *rsts;
			*(lst == FUNC ? &lsts : &rsts) = "function pointer";
			*(lst == VOID ? &lsts : &rsts) = "'void *'";
			/* C90 or later forbid comparison of %s with %s */
			warning(274, lsts, rsts);
		}
		return;
	}

	if (!types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
		return;
	}

	if (lst == FUNC && rst == FUNC) {
		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here, see C99 6.5.8p2. */
		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && op != EQ && op != NE)
			/* pointers to functions can only be compared ... */
			warning(125);
	}
}

static bool
typeok_compare(op_t op,
	       const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
	       const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
		check_pointer_comparison(op, ln, rn);
		return true;
	}

	if (lt != PTR && rt != PTR)
		return true;

	if (!is_integer(lt) && !is_integer(rt)) {
		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
		return false;
	}

	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
	/* invalid combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
	warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
	return true;
}

static bool
typeok_quest(tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn)
{
	if (!is_scalar(lt)) {
		/* first operand of '?' must have scalar type */
		error(170);
		return false;
	}
	lint_assert(before_conversion(rn)->tn_op == COLON);
	return true;
}

static void
typeok_colon_pointer(const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
{
	type_t *lstp = ltp->t_subt;
	type_t *rstp = rtp->t_subt;
	tspec_t lst = lstp->t_tspec;
	tspec_t rst = rstp->t_tspec;

	if ((lst == VOID && rst == FUNC) || (lst == FUNC && rst == VOID)) {
		/* (void *)0 is handled in typeok_colon */
		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99)
			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
			warning(305, "function pointer", "'void *'",
			    op_name(COLON));
		return;
	}

	if (pointer_types_are_compatible(lstp, rstp, true))
		return;
	if (!types_compatible(lstp, rstp, true, false, NULL))
		warn_incompatible_pointers(COLON, ltp, rtp);
}

static bool
typeok_colon(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
	     const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{

	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt))
		return true;
	if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
		return true;

	if (lt == STRUCT && rt == STRUCT && ltp->u.sou == rtp->u.sou)
		return true;
	if (lt == UNION && rt == UNION && ltp->u.sou == rtp->u.sou)
		return true;

	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
		return true;
	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
		return true;

	if ((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)) {
		const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
		const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
		/* invalid combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
		warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp),
		    rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(COLON));
		return true;
	}

	if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID) {
		if (lt != VOID || rt != VOID)
			/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
			warning(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
		return true;
	}

	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
		typeok_colon_pointer(ltp, rtp);
		return true;
	}

	/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
	error(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
	return false;
}

static bool
has_constant_member(const type_t *tp)
{
	lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec));

	for (sym_t *m = tp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
		const type_t *mtp = m->s_type;
		if (mtp->t_const)
			return true;
		if (is_struct_or_union(mtp->t_tspec) &&
		    has_constant_member(mtp))
			return true;
	}
	return false;
}

static bool
typeok_assign(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
{
	if (op == RETURN || op == INIT || op == FARG)
		return true;

	if (!ln->tn_lvalue) {
		if (ln->tn_op == CVT && ln->tn_cast &&
		    ln->u.ops.left->tn_op == LOAD)
			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
			error(163);
		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
		error(114, "left ", op_name(op));
		return false;
	} else if (ltp->t_const
	    || (is_struct_or_union(lt) && has_constant_member(ltp))) {
		if (allow_c90)
			/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
			warning(115, "left ", op_name(op));
	}
	return true;
}

static bool
typeok_scalar(op_t op, const mod_t *mp,
	      const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
	      const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	if (mp->m_takes_bool && lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
		return true;
	if (mp->m_requires_integer) {
		if (!is_integer(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_integer(rt))) {
			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
			return false;
		}
	} else if (mp->m_requires_integer_or_complex) {
		if ((!is_integer(lt) && !is_complex(lt)) ||
		    (mp->m_binary && (!is_integer(rt) && !is_complex(rt)))) {
			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
			return false;
		}
	} else if (mp->m_requires_scalar) {
		if (!is_scalar(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_scalar(rt))) {
			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
			return false;
		}
	} else if (mp->m_requires_arith) {
		if (!is_arithmetic(lt) ||
		    (mp->m_binary && !is_arithmetic(rt))) {
			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
			return false;
		}
	}
	return true;
}

static void
check_assign_void_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
			  tspec_t lt, tspec_t lst,
			  tspec_t rt, tspec_t rst)
{

	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID)))
		return;
	/* two pointers, at least one pointer to void */

	/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
	if (!(!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)))
		return;
	/* comb. of ptr to func and ptr to void */

	const char *lts, *rts;
	*(lst == FUNC ? &lts : &rts) = "function pointer";
	*(lst == VOID ? &lts : &rts) = "'void *'";

	switch (op) {
	case INIT:
	case RETURN:
		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
		warning(303, rts, lts);
		break;
	case FARG:
		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, arg #%d */
		warning(304, rts, lts, arg);
		break;
	default:
		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
		warning(305, rts, lts, op_name(op));
		break;
	}
}

static bool
is_direct_function_call(const tnode_t *tn, const char **out_name)
{

	if (tn->tn_op == CALL
	    && tn->u.call->func->tn_op == ADDR
	    && tn->u.call->func->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME) {
		*out_name = tn->u.call->func->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_name;
		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

static bool
is_unconst_function(const char *name)
{

	return strcmp(name, "memchr") == 0 ||
	    strcmp(name, "strchr") == 0 ||
	    strcmp(name, "strpbrk") == 0 ||
	    strcmp(name, "strrchr") == 0 ||
	    strcmp(name, "strstr") == 0;
}

static bool
is_const_char_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	/*
	 * For traditional reasons, C99 6.4.5p5 defines that string literals
	 * have type 'char[]'.  They are often implicitly converted to 'char
	 * *', for example when they are passed as function arguments.
	 *
	 * C99 6.4.5p6 further defines that modifying a string that is
	 * constructed from a string literal invokes undefined behavior.
	 *
	 * Out of these reasons, string literals are treated as 'effectively
	 * const' here.
	 */
	if (tn->tn_op == CVT &&
	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == ADDR &&
	    tn->u.ops.left->u.ops.left->tn_op == STRING)
		return true;

	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
	return tp->t_tspec == PTR &&
	    tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR &&
	    tp->t_subt->t_const;
}

static bool
is_const_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
{
	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
	return tp->t_tspec == PTR && tp->t_subt->t_const;
}

static void
check_unconst_function(const type_t *lstp, const tnode_t *rn)
{
	const char *function_name;

	if (lstp->t_tspec == CHAR && !lstp->t_const &&
	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
	    is_unconst_function(function_name) &&
	    rn->u.call->args_len >= 1 &&
	    is_const_char_pointer(rn->u.call->args[0])) {
		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
		warning(346, function_name);
	}

	if (!lstp->t_const &&
	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
	    strcmp(function_name, "bsearch") == 0 &&
	    rn->u.call->args_len >= 2 &&
	    is_const_pointer(rn->u.call->args[1])) {
		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
		warning(346, function_name);
	}
}

static bool
check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op_t op, const function_call *call, int arg,
				 tspec_t lt,
				 const type_t *lstp, tspec_t lst,
				 const tnode_t *rn,
				 const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt,
				 const type_t *rstp, tspec_t rst)
{
	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID ||
					 types_compatible(lstp, rstp,
					     true, false, NULL))))
		return false;

	/* compatible pointer types (qualifiers ignored) */
	char qualifiers[32];
	snprintf(qualifiers, sizeof(qualifiers), "%s%s",
	    !lstp->t_const && rstp->t_const ? " const" : "",
	    !lstp->t_volatile && rstp->t_volatile ? " volatile" : "");
	if (allow_c90 && qualifiers[0] != '\0') {
		switch (op) {
		case INIT:
		case RETURN:
			/* '%s' discards '%s' from '%s' */
			warning(182, op_name(op),
			    qualifiers + 1, type_name(rtp));
			break;
		case FARG:
			/* passing '%s' as argument %d to '%s' discards '%s' */
			warning(383, type_name(rtp), arg,
			    function_call_descr(call), qualifiers + 1);
			break;
		default:
			/* operator '%s' discards '%s' from '%s' */
			warning(128, op_name(op),
			    qualifiers + 1, type_name(rtp));
			break;
		}
	}

	if (allow_c90)
		check_unconst_function(lstp, rn);

	return true;
}

static bool
check_assign_pointer_integer(op_t op, int arg,
			     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
			     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{

	if (!((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)))
		return false;

	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";

	switch (op) {
	case INIT:
	case RETURN:
		/* invalid combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s' for '%s' */
		warning(183,
		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
		break;
	case FARG:
		/* invalid combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', arg #%d */
		warning(154,
		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), arg);
		break;
	default:
		/* invalid combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
		warning(123,
		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
		break;
	}
	return true;
}

static bool
check_assign_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
		     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
		     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR))
		return false;

	if (op == FARG)
		/* converting '%s' to incompatible '%s' for ... */
		warning(153, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
	else
		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
	return true;
}

static void
warn_assign(op_t op, int arg,
	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	switch (op) {
	case INIT:
		/* cannot initialize '%s' from '%s' */
		error(185, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
		break;
	case RETURN:
		/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
		error(211, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
		break;
	case FARG:
		/* passing '%s' to incompatible '%s', arg #%d */
		warning(155, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
		break;
	default:
		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
		break;
	}
}

/*
 * Checks type compatibility for ASSIGN, INIT, FARG and RETURN
 * and prints warnings/errors if necessary.
 * Returns whether the types are (almost) compatible.
 */
static bool
check_assign_types_compatible(op_t op, const function_call *call, int arg,
			      const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
{
	tspec_t lt, rt, lst = NO_TSPEC, rst = NO_TSPEC;
	type_t *ltp, *rtp, *lstp = NULL, *rstp = NULL;

	if ((lt = (ltp = ln->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
		lst = (lstp = ltp->t_subt)->t_tspec;
	if ((rt = (rtp = rn->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
		rst = (rstp = rtp->t_subt)->t_tspec;

	if (lt == BOOL && is_scalar(rt))	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
		return true;

	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && (is_arithmetic(rt) || rt == BOOL))
		return true;

	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt))
		return ltp->u.sou == rtp->u.sou;

	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn)) {
		if (is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec))
			/* implicit conversion from integer 0 to pointer ... */
			query_message(15, type_name(ltp));
		return true;
	}

	check_assign_void_pointer(op, arg, lt, lst, rt, rst);

	if (check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op, call, arg,
	    lt, lstp, lst, rn, rtp, rt, rstp, rst))
		return true;

	if (check_assign_pointer_integer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
		return true;

	if (check_assign_pointer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
		return true;

	warn_assign(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
	return false;
}

static bool
has_side_effect(const tnode_t *tn) /* NOLINT(misc-no-recursion) */
{
	op_t op = tn->tn_op;

	if (modtab[op].m_has_side_effect)
		return true;

	if (op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left);

	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left) as well? */
	if (op == LOGAND || op == LOGOR)
		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.right);

	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left) as well? */
	if (op == QUEST)
		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.right);

	if (op == COLON || op == COMMA) {
		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left) ||
		    has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.right);
	}

	return false;
}

static bool
is_void_cast(const tnode_t *tn)
{

	return tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
}

static bool
is_local_symbol(const tnode_t *tn)
{

	return tn->tn_op == LOAD &&
	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME &&
	    tn->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_scl == AUTO;
}

static bool
is_int_constant_zero(const tnode_t *tn)
{

	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == INT &&
	    tn->u.value.u.integer == 0;
}

static void
check_null_effect(const tnode_t *tn)
{

	if (hflag &&
	    !has_side_effect(tn) &&
	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_local_symbol(tn->u.ops.left)) &&
	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_int_constant_zero(tn->u.ops.left))) {
		/* expression has null effect */
		warning(129);
	}
}

/*
 * Check the types for specific operators and type combinations.
 *
 * At this point, the operands already conform to the type requirements of
 * the operator, such as being integer, floating or scalar.
 */
static bool
typeok_op(op_t op, const function_call *call, int arg,
	  const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
	  const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
{
	switch (op) {
	case ARROW:
		return typeok_arrow(lt);
	case POINT:
		return typeok_point(ln, ltp, lt);
	case INCBEF:
	case DECBEF:
	case INCAFT:
	case DECAFT:
		return typeok_incdec(op, ln, ltp);
	case INDIR:
		return typeok_indir(ltp, lt);
	case ADDR:
		return typeok_address(op, ln, ltp, lt);
	case PLUS:
		return typeok_plus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
	case MINUS:
		return typeok_minus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
	case SHL:
		typeok_shl(lt, rt);
		goto shift;
	case SHR:
		typeok_shr(ln, lt, rn, rt);
	shift:
		typeok_shift(ltp, lt, rn, rt);
		break;
	case LT:
	case LE:
	case GT:
	case GE:
	compare:
		return typeok_compare(op, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
	case EQ:
	case NE:
		if (is_typeok_eq(ln, lt, rn, rt))
			break;
		goto compare;
	case QUEST:
		return typeok_quest(lt, rn);
	case COLON:
		return typeok_colon(ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
	case ASSIGN:
	case INIT:
	case FARG:
	case RETURN:
		if (!check_assign_types_compatible(op, call, arg, ln, rn))
			return false;
		goto assign;
	case MULASS:
	case DIVASS:
	case MODASS:
		goto assign;
	case ADDASS:
	case SUBASS:
		if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || rt == PTR) {
			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
			return false;
		}
		goto assign;
	case SHLASS:
		goto assign;
	case SHRASS:
		if (pflag && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
		    !(!allow_c90 && is_uinteger(rt))) {
			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
			warning(117, op_name(op));
		}
		goto assign;
	case ANDASS:
	case XORASS:
	case ORASS:
	assign:
		return typeok_assign(op, ln, ltp, lt);
	case COMMA:
		if (!modtab[ln->tn_op].m_has_side_effect)
			check_null_effect(ln);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
	return true;
}

static void
check_bad_enum_operation(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
{

	if (!eflag)
		return;

	/* Allow enum in array indices. */
	if (op == PLUS &&
	    ((ln->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) ||
	     (rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR))) {
		return;
	}

	/* dubious operation '%s' on enum */
	warning(241, op_name(op));
}

static void
check_enum_type_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
{
	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];

	if (ln->tn_type->u.enumer != rn->tn_type->u.enumer) {
		switch (op) {
		case INIT:
			/* enum type mismatch between '%s' and '%s' in ... */
			warning(210,
			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
			break;
		case FARG:
			/* function expects '%s', passing '%s' for arg #%d */
			warning(156,
			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
			    arg);
			break;
		case RETURN:
			/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
			warning(211,
			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
			break;
		default:
			/* enum type mismatch: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
			warning(130, type_name(ln->tn_type), op_name(op),
			    type_name(rn->tn_type));
			break;
		}
	} else if (Pflag && eflag && mp->m_comparison && op != EQ && op != NE)
		/* operator '%s' assumes that '%s' is ordered */
		warning(243, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type));
}

static void
check_enum_int_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
{

	if (!eflag)
		return;

	switch (op) {
	case INIT:
		/*
		 * Initialization with 0 is allowed. Otherwise, all implicit
		 * initializations would need to be warned upon as well.
		 */
		if (!rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_op == CON &&
		    is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec) &&
		    rn->u.value.u.integer == 0) {
			return;
		}
		/* initialization of '%s' with '%s' */
		warning(277, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
		break;
	case FARG:
		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', arg #%d */
		warning(278,
		    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type), arg);
		break;
	case RETURN:
		/* combination of '%s' and '%s' in return */
		warning(279, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
		break;
	default:
		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
		warning(242, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
		    op_name(op));
		break;
	}
}

static void
typeok_enum(op_t op, const mod_t *mp, int arg,
	    const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp,
	    const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp)
{
	if (mp->m_bad_on_enum &&
	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (mp->m_binary && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
		check_bad_enum_operation(op, ln, rn);
	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
	    (ltp->t_is_enum && rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum)) {
		check_enum_type_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
		check_enum_int_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
	}
}

/* Perform most type checks. Return whether the types are ok. */
bool
typeok(op_t op, const function_call *call, int arg,
    const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
{

	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];

	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type;
	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_tspec;

	type_t *rtp = mp->m_binary ? rn->tn_type : NULL;
	tspec_t rt = mp->m_binary ? rtp->t_tspec : NO_TSPEC;

	if (Tflag && !typeok_scalar_strict_bool(op, mp, arg, ln, rn))
		return false;
	if (!typeok_scalar(op, mp, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
		return false;

	if (!typeok_op(op, call, arg, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt))
		return false;

	typeok_enum(op, mp, arg, ln, ltp, rn, rtp);
	return true;
}

/* In traditional C, keep unsigned and promote FLOAT to DOUBLE. */
static tspec_t
promote_trad(tspec_t t)
{

	if (t == UCHAR || t == USHORT)
		return UINT;
	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR || t == SHORT)
		return INT;
	if (t == FLOAT)
		return DOUBLE;
	if (t == ENUM)
		return INT;
	return t;
}

/*
 * C99 6.3.1.1p2 requires for types with lower rank than int that "If an int
 * can represent all the values of the original type, the value is converted
 * to an int; otherwise it is converted to an unsigned int", and that "All
 * other types are unchanged by the integer promotions".
 */
static tspec_t
promote_c90(const tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t, bool farg)
{
	if (tn->tn_type->t_bitfield) {
		unsigned int width = tn->tn_type->t_bit_field_width;
		unsigned int int_width = size_in_bits(INT);
		// XXX: What about _Bool bit-fields, since C99?
		if (width < int_width)
			return INT;
		if (width == int_width)
			return is_uinteger(t) ? UINT : INT;
		return t;
	}

	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR)
		return INT;
	if (t == UCHAR)
		return size_in_bits(CHAR) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
	if (t == SHORT)
		return INT;
	if (t == USHORT)
		return size_in_bits(SHORT) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
	if (t == ENUM)
		return INT;
	if (farg && t == FLOAT)
		return DOUBLE;
	return t;
}

/*
 * Performs the "integer promotions" (C99 6.3.1.1p2), which convert small
 * integer types to either int or unsigned int.
 *
 * If allow_c90 is unset or the operand is a function argument with no type
 * information (no prototype or variable # of args), converts float to double.
 */
tnode_t *
promote(op_t op, bool farg, tnode_t *tn)
{

	const type_t *otp = tn->tn_type;
	tspec_t ot = otp->t_tspec;
	if (!is_arithmetic(ot))
		return tn;

	tspec_t nt = allow_c90 ? promote_c90(tn, ot, farg) : promote_trad(ot);
	if (nt == ot)
		return tn;

	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(gettyp(nt));
	ntp->t_tspec = nt;
	ntp->t_is_enum = otp->t_is_enum;
	if (ntp->t_is_enum)
		ntp->u.enumer = otp->u.enumer;
	ntp->t_bitfield = otp->t_bitfield;
	if (ntp->t_bitfield) {
		ntp->t_bit_field_width = otp->t_bit_field_width;
		ntp->t_bit_field_offset = otp->t_bit_field_offset;
	}
	if (ntp->t_bitfield && is_uinteger(ot) && !is_uinteger(nt))
		ntp->t_bit_field_width++;
	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
}

static void
check_lossy_floating_to_integer_conversion(
    op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
{
	long double x = tn->u.value.u.floating;
	integer_constraints ic = ic_any(tp);
	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)
	    ? x >= ic.umin && x <= ic.umax && x == (uint64_t)x
	    : x >= ic.smin && x <= ic.smax && x == (int64_t)x)
		return;
	if (op == FARG)
		/* lossy conversion of %Lg to '%s', arg #%d */
		warning(380, x, type_name(tp), arg);
	else
		/* lossy conversion of %Lg to '%s' */
		warning(381, x, type_name(tp));
}

static void
convert_integer_from_floating(
    op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
{

	if (op == CVT)
		/* cast from floating point '%s' to integer '%s' */
		query_message(2, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
	else
		/* implicit conversion from floating point '%s' to ... */
		query_message(1, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
		check_lossy_floating_to_integer_conversion(op, arg, tp, tn);
}

static bool
should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(tspec_t nt,
				       tspec_t ot, const tnode_t *ptn)
{

	if (nt == ot)
		return false;

	if (nt == ENUM && ot == INT)
		return false;

	if (is_floating(nt) != is_floating(ot) ||
	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) != 0) {
		/* representation and/or width change */
		if (!is_integer(ot))
			return true;
		/*
		 * XXX: Investigate whether this rule makes sense; see
		 * tests/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/platform_long.c.
		 */
		return portable_rank_cmp(ot, INT) > 0;
	}

	if (!hflag)
		return false;

	/*
	 * If the types differ only in sign and the argument has the same
	 * representation in both types, print no warning.
	 */
	if (ptn->tn_op == CON && is_integer(nt) &&
	    signed_type(nt) == signed_type(ot) &&
	    !msb(ptn->u.value.u.integer, ot))
		return false;

	return true;
}

/*
 * Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from what
 * would happen to the same argument in the absence of a prototype.  This
 * check is intended for code that needs to stay compatible with pre-C90 C.
 *
 * Errors/warnings about invalid type combinations are already printed
 * in check_assign_types_compatible().
 */
static void
check_prototype_conversion(int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot, type_t *tp,
			   tnode_t *tn)
{

	if (!is_arithmetic(nt) || !is_arithmetic(ot))
		return;

	/*
	 * If the type of the formal parameter is char/short, a warning would
	 * be useless, because functions declared the old style can't expect
	 * char/short arguments.
	 */
	if (nt == CHAR || nt == SCHAR || nt == UCHAR ||
	    nt == SHORT || nt == USHORT)
		return;

	tnode_t *ptn = promote(NOOP, true, tn);
	ot = ptn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	if (should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(nt, ot, ptn)) {
		/* argument %d is converted from '%s' to '%s' ... */
		warning(259, arg, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
	}
}

/*
 * When converting a large integer type to a small integer type, in some
 * cases the value of the actual expression is further restricted than the
 * type bounds, such as in (expr & 0xFF) or (expr % 100) or (expr >> 24).
 */
static bool
can_represent(const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
{
	uint64_t nmask = value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
	if (!is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec))
		nmask >>= 1;

	integer_constraints c = ic_expr(tn);
	if ((~c.bclr & ~nmask) == 0)
		return true;

	integer_constraints tpc = ic_any(tp);
	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)
	    ? tpc.umin <= c.umin && tpc.umax >= c.umax
	    : tpc.smin <= c.smin && tpc.smax >= c.smax)
		return true;

	debug_enter();
	debug_step("type '%s' cannot represent:", type_name(tp));
	debug_node(tn);
	debug_leave();
	return false;
}

static bool
should_warn_about_integer_conversion(const type_t *ntp, tspec_t nt,
				     const tnode_t *otn, tspec_t ot)
{

	// XXX: The portable_rank_cmp aims at portable mode, independent of the
	// current platform, while can_represent acts on the actual type sizes
	// from the current platform.  This mix is inconsistent, but anything
	// else would make the exact conditions too complicated to grasp.
	if (aflag > 0 && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) < 0) {
		if (ot == LONG || ot == ULONG
		    || ot == LLONG || ot == ULLONG
#ifdef INT128_SIZE
		    || ot == INT128 || ot == UINT128
#endif
		    || aflag > 1)
			return !can_represent(ntp, otn);
	}
	return false;
}

static void
convert_integer_from_integer(op_t op, int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot,
			     type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
{

	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
		return;

	if (op == CVT)
		return;

	if (Pflag && pflag && aflag > 0 &&
	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
	    is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot)) {
		if (op == FARG)
			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
			warning(297, type_name(tp), arg);
		else
			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
			warning(131, type_name(tp));
	}

	if (Pflag && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
	    (tn->tn_op == PLUS || tn->tn_op == MINUS || tn->tn_op == MULT ||
	     tn->tn_op == SHL)) {
		/* suggest cast from '%s' to '%s' on op '%s' to ... */
		warning(324, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp),
		    op_name(tn->tn_op));
	}

	if (should_warn_about_integer_conversion(tp, nt, tn, ot)) {
		if (op == FARG) {
			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose ... */
			warning(298,
			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp), arg);
		} else {
			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose accuracy */
			warning(132,
			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
		}
	}

	if (is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot))
		/* implicit conversion changes sign from '%s' to '%s' */
		query_message(3, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
}

static void
convert_integer_from_pointer(op_t op, tspec_t nt, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
{

	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
		return;
	if (op != CVT)
		return;		/* We already got an error. */
	if (portable_rank_cmp(nt, PTR) >= 0)
		return;

	if (pflag && size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(PTR)) {
		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' may lose bits */
		warning(134, type_name(tp));
	} else {
		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' loses bits */
		warning(133, type_name(tp));
	}
}

static bool
struct_starts_with(const type_t *struct_tp, const type_t *member_tp)
{

	return struct_tp->u.sou->sou_first_member != NULL &&
	    types_compatible(struct_tp->u.sou->sou_first_member->s_type,
		member_tp, true, false, NULL);
}

static bool
is_byte_array(const type_t *tp)
{

	return tp->t_tspec == ARRAY &&
	    (tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR || tp->t_subt->t_tspec == UCHAR);
}

static bool
union_contains(const type_t *utp, const type_t *mtp)
{
	for (const sym_t *mem = utp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
		if (types_compatible(mem->s_type, mtp, true, false, NULL))
			return true;
	}
	return false;
}

static bool
should_warn_about_pointer_cast(const type_t *nstp, tspec_t nst,
			       const type_t *ostp, tspec_t ost)
{

	while (nst == ARRAY)
		nstp = nstp->t_subt, nst = nstp->t_tspec;
	while (ost == ARRAY)
		ostp = ostp->t_subt, ost = ostp->t_tspec;

	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT &&
	    (struct_starts_with(nstp, ostp) ||
	     struct_starts_with(ostp, nstp)))
		return false;

	if (is_incomplete(nstp) || is_incomplete(ostp))
		return false;

	if (nst == CHAR || nst == UCHAR)
		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */
	if (ost == CHAR || ost == UCHAR)
		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */

	/* Allow cast between pointers to sockaddr variants. */
	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT) {
		const sym_t *nmem = nstp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
		const sym_t *omem = ostp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
		while (nmem != NULL && omem != NULL &&
		    types_compatible(nmem->s_type, omem->s_type,
			true, false, NULL))
			nmem = nmem->s_next, omem = omem->s_next;
		if (nmem != NULL && is_byte_array(nmem->s_type))
			return false;
		if (omem != NULL && is_byte_array(omem->s_type))
			return false;
		if (nmem == NULL && omem == NULL)
			return false;
	}

	if (nst == UNION || ost == UNION) {
		const type_t *union_tp = nst == UNION ? nstp : ostp;
		const type_t *other_tp = nst == UNION ? ostp : nstp;
		if (union_contains(union_tp, other_tp))
			return false;
	}

	if (is_struct_or_union(nst) && is_struct_or_union(ost))
		return nstp->u.sou != ostp->u.sou;

	enum rank_kind rk1 = type_properties(nst)->tt_rank_kind;
	enum rank_kind rk2 = type_properties(ost)->tt_rank_kind;
	if (rk1 != rk2 || rk1 == RK_NONE)
		return true;

	return portable_rank_cmp(nst, ost) != 0;
}

static void
convert_pointer_from_pointer(type_t *ntp, tnode_t *tn)
{
	const type_t *nstp = ntp->t_subt;
	const type_t *otp = tn->tn_type;
	const type_t *ostp = otp->t_subt;
	tspec_t nst = nstp->t_tspec;
	tspec_t ost = ostp->t_tspec;

	if (nst == VOID || ost == VOID) {
		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC)) {
			const char *nts, *ots;
			/* null pointers are already handled in convert() */
			*(nst == FUNC ? &nts : &ots) = "function pointer";
			*(nst == VOID ? &nts : &ots) = "'void *'";
			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
			warning(303, ots, nts);
		}
		return;
	}
	if (nst == FUNC && ost == FUNC)
		return;
	if (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC) {
		/* converting '%s' to '%s' is questionable */
		warning(229, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp));
		return;
	}

	if (hflag && alignment(nstp) > alignment(ostp) &&
	    !is_incomplete(ostp) && alignment(ostp) > 1 &&
	    !(nst == UNION && union_contains(nstp, ostp))) {
		/* converting '%s' to '%s' increases alignment ... */
		warning(135, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp),
		    alignment(ostp), alignment(nstp));
	}

	if (cflag && should_warn_about_pointer_cast(nstp, nst, ostp, ost)) {
		/* pointer cast from '%s' to unrelated '%s' */
		warning(247, type_name(ostp), type_name(nstp));
	}
}

/*
 * Insert a conversion operator, which converts the type of the node
 * to another given type.
 *
 * Possible values for 'op':
 *	CVT	a cast-expression
 *	binary	integer promotion for one of the operands, or a usual
 *		arithmetic conversion
 *	binary	plain or compound assignments to bit-fields
 *	FARG	'arg' is the number of the parameter (used for warnings)
 *	NOOP	several other implicit conversions
 *	...
 */
tnode_t *
convert(op_t op, int arg, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
{
	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && op == FARG)
		check_prototype_conversion(arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);

	if (nt == BOOL) {
		/* No further checks. */

	} else if (is_integer(nt)) {
		if (ot == BOOL) {
			/* No further checks. */
		} else if (is_integer(ot))
			convert_integer_from_integer(op, arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);
		else if (is_floating(ot))
			convert_integer_from_floating(op, arg, tp, tn);
		else if (ot == PTR)
			convert_integer_from_pointer(op, nt, tp, tn);

	} else if (is_floating(nt)) {
		if (is_integer(ot) && op != CVT) {
			/* implicit conversion from integer '%s' to ... */
			query_message(19,
			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
		}

	} else if (nt == PTR) {
		if (is_null_pointer(tn)) {
			/* a null pointer may be assigned to any pointer. */
		} else if (ot == PTR && op == CVT)
			convert_pointer_from_pointer(tp, tn);
	}

	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
	ntn->tn_op = CVT;
	ntn->tn_type = tp;
	ntn->tn_cast = op == CVT;
	ntn->tn_sys |= tn->tn_sys;
	ntn->u.ops.right = NULL;
	if (tn->tn_op != CON || nt == VOID) {
		ntn->u.ops.left = tn;
	} else {
		ntn->tn_op = CON;
		convert_constant(op, arg, ntn->tn_type, &ntn->u.value,
		    &tn->u.value);
	}

	return ntn;
}

static void
convert_constant_from_floating(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *ntp,
			       tspec_t nt, val_t *nv, val_t *ov)
{
	long double max = 0.0, min = 0.0;

	switch (nt) {
	case CHAR:
		max = TARG_CHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_CHAR_MIN;	break;
	case UCHAR:
		max = TARG_UCHAR_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
	case SCHAR:
		max = TARG_SCHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_SCHAR_MIN;	break;
	case SHORT:
		max = TARG_SHRT_MAX;	min = TARG_SHRT_MIN;	break;
	case USHORT:
		max = TARG_USHRT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
	case ENUM:
	case INT:
		max = TARG_INT_MAX;	min = TARG_INT_MIN;	break;
	case UINT:
		max = TARG_UINT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
	case LONG:
		max = TARG_LONG_MAX;	min = TARG_LONG_MIN;	break;
	case ULONG:
		max = TARG_ULONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
	case LLONG:
		max = LLONG_MAX;	min = LLONG_MIN;	break;
	case ULLONG:
		max = ULLONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
	case FLOAT:
	case FCOMPLEX:
		max = FLT_MAX;		min = -FLT_MAX;		break;
	case DOUBLE:
	case DCOMPLEX:
		max = DBL_MAX;		min = -DBL_MAX;		break;
	case LDOUBLE:
	case LCOMPLEX:
		/* LINTED 248; see floating_error_value. */
		max = LDBL_MAX;		min = -max;		break;
	default:
		lint_assert(false);
	}
	if (ov->u.floating > max || ov->u.floating < min) {
		lint_assert(nt != LDOUBLE);
		const char *ot_name = type_name(gettyp(ov->v_tspec));
		const char *nt_name = type_name(ntp);
		if (is_integer(nt))
			goto after_warning;
		if (op == FARG)
			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, ... */
			warning(295, ot_name, nt_name, arg);
		else
			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
			warning(119, ot_name, nt_name);
	after_warning:
		ov->u.floating = ov->u.floating > 0 ? max : min;
	}

	if (nt == FLOAT || nt == FCOMPLEX)
		nv->u.floating = (float)ov->u.floating;
	else if (nt == DOUBLE || nt == DCOMPLEX)
		nv->u.floating = (double)ov->u.floating;
	else if (nt == LDOUBLE || nt == LCOMPLEX)
		nv->u.floating = ov->u.floating;
	else
		nv->u.integer = (int64_t)ov->u.floating;
}

static bool
convert_constant_to_floating(tspec_t nt, val_t *nv,
			     tspec_t ot, const val_t *v)
{
	if (nt == FLOAT) {
		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
		    (float)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (float)v->u.integer;
	} else if (nt == DOUBLE) {
		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
		    (double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (double)v->u.integer;
	} else if (nt == LDOUBLE) {
		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot))
		    ? (long double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer
		    : (long double)v->u.integer;
	} else
		return false;
	return true;
}

static void
warn_constant_truncated(op_t op, const val_t *v)
{
	char buf[256];
	bool is_unsigned = is_uinteger(v->v_tspec);
	int64_t val = v->u.integer;
	unsigned long long abs_val = is_unsigned || val >= 0
	    ? (unsigned long long)val
	    : -(unsigned long long)val;
	const char *sign = is_unsigned || val >= 0 ? "" : "-";
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%#llx", sign, abs_val);
	/* constant %s truncated by conversion, op '%s' */
	warning(306, buf, op_name(op));
}

static void
convert_constant_check_range_bitor(size_t nsz, size_t osz, const val_t *v,
				   uint64_t xmask, op_t op)
{
	if (nsz < osz && (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0)
		warn_constant_truncated(op, v);
}

static void
convert_constant_check_range_bitand(size_t nsz, size_t osz,
				    uint64_t xmask, const val_t *nv,
				    tspec_t ot, const val_t *v,
				    const type_t *tp, op_t op)
{
	if (nsz > osz &&
	    (nv->u.integer & bit((unsigned int)(osz - 1))) != 0 &&
	    (nv->u.integer & xmask) != xmask) {
		/* '%s' converts '%s' with its most significant bit being set to '%s' */
		warning(309,
		    op_name(op), type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
	} else if (nsz < osz &&
	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != xmask &&
	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0)
		warn_constant_truncated(op, v);
}

static void
convert_constant_check_range_signed(op_t op, int arg,
				    const type_t *ntp, int64_t ov)
{
	if (op == ASSIGN)
		/* assignment of negative constant %lld to unsigned ... */
		warning(164, (long long)ov, type_name(ntp));
	else if (op == INIT)
		/* initialization of unsigned type '%s' with negative ... */
		warning(221, type_name(ntp), (long long)ov);
	else if (op == FARG)
		/* conversion of negative constant %lld to unsigned ... */
		warning(296, (long long)ov, type_name(ntp), arg);
	else if (modtab[op].m_comparison) {
		/* handled by check_integer_comparison() */
	} else
		/* conversion of negative constant %lld to unsigned ... */
		warning(222, (long long)ov, type_name(ntp));
}

/*
 * Loss of significant bit(s). All truncated bits of unsigned types or all
 * truncated bits plus the msb of the target for signed types are considered
 * to be significant bits. Loss of significant bits means that at least one
 * of the bits was set in an unsigned type or that at least one but not all
 * of the bits was set in a signed type. Loss of significant bits means that
 * it is not possible, also not with necessary casts, to convert back to the
 * original type. An example for a necessary cast is:
 *	char c;	int	i; c = 128;
 *	i = c;			** yields -128 **
 *	i = (unsigned char)c;	** yields 128 **
 */
static void
warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
				    tspec_t ot)
{
	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
		warning(166);
	else if (op == ASSIGN)
		/* constant truncated by assignment */
		warning(165);
	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
		/* bit-field initializer does not fit */
		warning(180);
	else if (op == INIT)
		/* initializer does not fit */
		warning(178);
	else if (op == CASE)
		/* case label is converted from '%s' to '%s' */
		warning(196, tspec_name(ot), type_name(tp));
	else if (op == FARG)
		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
	else
		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
}

static void
warn_constant_check_range_loss(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
				  tspec_t ot)
{
	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
		warning(166);
	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
		/* bit-field initializer out of range */
		warning(11);
	else if (op == CASE)
		/* case label is converted from '%s' to '%s' */
		warning(196, tspec_name(ot), type_name(tp));
	else if (op == FARG)
		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
	else
		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
}

static void
convert_constant_check_range(tspec_t ot, const type_t *tp, tspec_t nt,
			     op_t op, int arg, const val_t *v, val_t *nv)
{
	unsigned int obitsz, nbitsz;
	uint64_t xmask, xmsk1;

	obitsz = size_in_bits(ot);
	nbitsz = tp->t_bitfield ? tp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt);
	xmask = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz);
	xmsk1 = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz - 1);
	if (op == ORASS || op == BITOR || op == BITXOR) {
		convert_constant_check_range_bitor(
		    nbitsz, obitsz, v, xmask, op);
	} else if (op == ANDASS || op == BITAND) {
		convert_constant_check_range_bitand(
		    nbitsz, obitsz, xmask, nv, ot, v, tp, op);
	} else if (nt != PTR && is_uinteger(nt) &&
	    ot != PTR && !is_uinteger(ot) && v->u.integer < 0)
		convert_constant_check_range_signed(op, arg, tp, v->u.integer);
	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer && nbitsz <= obitsz &&
	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0 &&
	    (is_uinteger(ot) || (v->u.integer & xmsk1) != xmsk1))
		warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op, arg, tp, ot);
	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer)
		warn_constant_check_range_loss(op, arg, tp, ot);
}

/* Converts a typed constant to a constant of another type. */
void
convert_constant(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *ntp, val_t *nv, val_t *ov)
{
	/*
	 * TODO: make 'ov' const; the name of this function does not suggest
	 *  that it modifies 'ov'.
	 */
	tspec_t ot = ov->v_tspec;
	tspec_t nt = nv->v_tspec = ntp->t_tspec;
	bool range_check = false;

	if (nt == BOOL) {	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
		nv->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
		nv->u.integer = is_nonzero_val(ov) ? 1 : 0;
		return;
	}

	if (ot == FLOAT || ot == DOUBLE || ot == LDOUBLE)
		convert_constant_from_floating(op, arg, ntp, nt, nv, ov);
	else if (!convert_constant_to_floating(nt, nv, ot, ov)) {
		range_check = true;	/* Check for lost precision. */
		nv->u.integer = ov->u.integer;
	}

	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && ov->v_unsigned_since_c90 &&
	    (is_floating(nt) || (
		(is_integer(nt) && !is_uinteger(nt) &&
		    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0)))) {
		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned */
		warning(157);
		ov->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
	}

	if (is_integer(nt)) {
		unsigned int size = ntp->t_bitfield
		    ? ntp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt);
		nv->u.integer = convert_integer(nv->u.integer, nt, size);
	}

	if (range_check && op != CVT)
		convert_constant_check_range(ot, ntp, nt, op, arg, ov, nv);
}

tnode_t *
build_sizeof(const type_t *tp)
{
	unsigned int size_in_bytes = type_size_in_bits(tp) / CHAR_SIZE;
	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, size_in_bytes);
	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
	debug_step("build_sizeof '%s' = %u", type_name(tp), size_in_bytes);
	return tn;
}

tnode_t *
build_offsetof(const type_t *tp, designation dn)
{
	unsigned int offset_in_bits = 0;

	if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec)) {
		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
		error(111, "offsetof");
		goto proceed;
	}
	for (size_t i = 0; i < dn.dn_len; i++) {
		const designator *dr = dn.dn_items + i;
		if (dr->dr_kind == DK_SUBSCRIPT) {
			if (tp->t_tspec != ARRAY)
				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
			tp = tp->t_subt;
			offset_in_bits += (unsigned)dr->dr_subscript
			    * type_size_in_bits(tp);
		} else {
			if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec))
				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
			const char *name = dr->dr_member->s_name;
			sym_t *mem = find_member(tp->u.sou, name);
			if (mem == NULL) {
				/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
				error(101, name, type_name(tp));
				goto proceed;
			}
			tp = mem->s_type;
			offset_in_bits += mem->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits;
		}
	}
	free(dn.dn_items);

proceed:;
	unsigned int offset_in_bytes = offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE;
	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, offset_in_bytes);
	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
	return tn;
}

unsigned int
type_size_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
{

	unsigned int elem = 1;
	bool flex = false;
	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
		flex = true;	/* allow c99 flex arrays [] [0] */
		elem *= tp->u.dimension;
		tp = tp->t_subt;
	}
	if (elem == 0 && !flex) {
		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
		error(143);
		elem = 1;
	}

	unsigned int elsz;
	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
	case VOID:
		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
		error(146);
		elsz = 1;
		break;
	case FUNC:
		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
		error(144, type_name(tp));
		elsz = 1;
		break;
	case STRUCT:
	case UNION:
		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
			error(143);
			elsz = 1;
		} else
			elsz = tp->u.sou->sou_size_in_bits;
		break;
	case ENUM:
		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
			warning(143);
		}
		/* FALLTHROUGH */
	default:
		if (tp->t_bitfield)
			/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
			error(145);
		elsz = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
		lint_assert(elsz > 0);
		break;
	}

	return elem * elsz;
}

/* C11 6.5.3.4, GCC */
tnode_t *
build_alignof(const type_t *tp)
{
	if (tp->t_tspec == FUNC) {
		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
		error(144, type_name(tp));
		return NULL;
	}
	if (tp->t_tspec == VOID) {
		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
		error(146);
		return NULL;
	}
	if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
		error(143);
		return NULL;
	}
	if (tp->t_bitfield) {
		/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
		error(145);
		return NULL;
	}
	return build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, (int64_t)alignment(tp));
}

static tnode_t *
cast_to_union(tnode_t *otn, bool sys, type_t *ntp)
{

	if (!allow_gcc) {
		/* union cast is a GCC extension */
		error(328);
		return NULL;
	}

	for (const sym_t *m = ntp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
		if (types_compatible(m->s_type, otn->tn_type,
		    false, false, NULL)) {
			tnode_t *ntn = build_op(CVT, sys, ntp, otn, NULL);
			ntn->tn_cast = true;
			return ntn;
		}
	}

	/* type '%s' is not a member of '%s' */
	error(329, type_name(otn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
	return NULL;
}

// In GCC mode, allow 'nullptr + offset' as a constant expression.
static tnode_t *
null_pointer_offset(tnode_t *tn)
{
	uint64_t off = 0;
	const tnode_t *n = tn;
	while ((n->tn_op == PLUS || n->tn_op == MINUS)
	    && is_integer(n->u.ops.right->tn_type->t_tspec)) {
		off += (uint64_t)n->u.ops.right->u.value.u.integer;
		n = n->u.ops.left;
	}
	if (n->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
	    && n->tn_op == ADDR
	    && n->u.ops.left->tn_op == INDIR
	    && n->u.ops.left->u.ops.left->tn_op == CON
	    && n->u.ops.left->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) {
		off += (uint64_t)n->u.ops.left->u.ops.left->u.value.u.integer;
		return build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, (int64_t)off);
	}
	return tn;
}

tnode_t *
cast(tnode_t *tn, bool sys, type_t *tp)
{

	if (tn == NULL)
		return NULL;

	tn = cconv(tn);

	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	if (nt == VOID) {
		/*
		 * C90 6.3.4, C99 6.5.4p2 and C11 6.5.4p2 allow any type to be
		 * cast to void.  The only other allowed casts are from a
		 * scalar type to a scalar type.
		 */
	} else if (nt == UNION)
		return cast_to_union(tn, sys, tp);
	else if (nt == STRUCT || nt == ARRAY || nt == FUNC) {
		/* Casting to a struct is an undocumented GCC extension. */
		if (!(allow_gcc && nt == STRUCT))
			goto invalid_cast;
	} else if (is_struct_or_union(ot))
		goto invalid_cast;
	else if (ot == VOID) {
		/* improper cast of void expression */
		error(148);
		return NULL;
	} else if (is_integer(nt) && is_scalar(ot)) {
		tn = null_pointer_offset(tn);
	} else if (is_floating(nt) && is_arithmetic(ot)) {
		/* ok */
	} else if (nt == PTR && is_integer(ot)) {
		/* ok */
	} else if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
		if (!tp->t_subt->t_const && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_const) {
			if (hflag)
				/* cast discards 'const' from type '%s' */
				warning(275, type_name(tn->tn_type));
		}
	} else
		goto invalid_cast;

	if (any_query_enabled
	    && types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type, false, false, NULL))
		/* no-op cast from '%s' to '%s' */
		query_message(6, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));

	tn = convert(CVT, 0, tp, tn);
	tn->tn_cast = true;
	tn->tn_sys = sys;

	return tn;

invalid_cast:
	/* invalid cast from '%s' to '%s' */
	error(147, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
	return NULL;
}

void
add_function_argument(function_call *call, tnode_t *arg)
{
	/*
	 * If there was a serious error in the expression for the argument,
	 * create a dummy argument so the positions of the remaining arguments
	 * will not change.
	 */
	if (arg == NULL)
		arg = build_integer_constant(INT, 0);

	if (call->args_len >= call->args_cap) {
		call->args_cap += 8;
		tnode_t **new_args = expr_zero_alloc(
		    call->args_cap * sizeof(*call->args), "tnode*[]");
		if (call->args_len > 0)
			memcpy(new_args, call->args,
			    call->args_len * sizeof(*call->args));
		call->args = new_args;
	}
	call->args[call->args_len++] = arg;
}

/*
 * Compare the type of an argument with the corresponding type of a
 * prototype parameter. If it is a valid combination, but both types
 * are not the same, insert a conversion to convert the argument into
 * the type of the parameter.
 */
static tnode_t *
check_prototype_argument(const function_call *call, int arg,
    type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
{
	tnode_t *ln = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*ln));
	ln->tn_type = expr_unqualified_type(tp);
	ln->tn_lvalue = true;
	if (typeok(FARG, call, arg, ln, tn)) {
		bool dowarn;
		if (!types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type,
		    true, false, (dowarn = false, &dowarn)) || dowarn)
			tn = convert(FARG, arg, tp, tn);
	}
	free(ln);
	return tn;
}

/*
 * Check types of all function arguments and insert conversions,
 * if necessary.
 */
static void
check_function_arguments(const function_call *call)
{
	type_t *ftp = call->func->tn_type->t_subt;

	/* get # of parameters in the prototype */
	int npar = 0;
	for (const sym_t *p = ftp->u.params; p != NULL; p = p->s_next)
		npar++;

	int narg = (int)call->args_len;

	const sym_t *param = ftp->u.params;
	if (ftp->t_proto && npar != narg && !(ftp->t_vararg && npar < narg)) {
		/* argument mismatch: %d %s passed, %d expected */
		error(150, narg, narg != 1 ? "arguments" : "argument", npar);
		param = NULL;
	}

	for (int i = 0; i < narg; i++) {
		tnode_t *arg = call->args[i];

		/* some things which are always not allowed */
		tspec_t at = arg->tn_type->t_tspec;
		if (at == VOID) {
			/* void expressions may not be arguments, arg #%d */
			error(151, i + 1);
			return;
		}
		if (is_struct_or_union(at) && is_incomplete(arg->tn_type)) {
			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
			error(152, i + 1);
			return;
		}
		if (is_integer(at) &&
		    arg->tn_type->t_is_enum &&
		    is_incomplete(arg->tn_type)) {
			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
			warning(152, i + 1);
		}

		arg = cconv(arg);
		call->args[i] = arg;

		arg = param != NULL
		    ? check_prototype_argument(call, i + 1, param->s_type, arg)
		    : promote(NOOP, true, arg);
		call->args[i] = arg;

		if (param != NULL)
			param = param->s_next;
	}
}

static bool
is_gcc_generic_atomic(const char *name)
{
	// https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/_005f_005fatomic-Builtins.html
	return strcmp(name, "__atomic_load_n") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_exchange_n") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_add_fetch") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_sub_fetch") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_and_fetch") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_xor_fetch") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_or_fetch") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_nand_fetch") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_fetch_add") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_fetch_sub") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_fetch_and") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_fetch_xor") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_fetch_or") == 0
	    || strcmp(name, "__atomic_fetch_nand") == 0;
}

static type_t *
return_type(const function_call *call)
{
	const tnode_t *func = call->func;
	if (allow_gcc
	    && func->tn_op == ADDR
	    && func->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME
	    && is_gcc_generic_atomic(func->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_name)
	    && call->args_len > 0
	    && call->args[0]->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR)
		return call->args[0]->tn_type->t_subt;
	return func->tn_type->t_subt->t_subt;
}

tnode_t *
build_function_call(tnode_t *func, bool sys, function_call *call)
{

	if (func == NULL)
		return NULL;

	call->func = func;
	check_ctype_function_call(call);

	func = cconv(func);
	call->func = func;

	if (func->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR ||
	    func->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec != FUNC) {
		/* cannot call '%s', must be a function */
		error(149, type_name(func->tn_type));
		return NULL;
	}

	check_function_arguments(call);

	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
	ntn->tn_op = CALL;
	ntn->tn_type = return_type(call);
	ntn->tn_sys = sys;
	ntn->u.call = call;
	return ntn;
}

/*
 * Return the value of an integral constant expression.
 * If the expression is not constant or its type is not an integer
 * type, an error message is printed.
 */
val_t *
integer_constant(tnode_t *tn, bool required)
{

	if (tn != NULL)
		tn = cconv(tn);
	if (tn != NULL)
		tn = promote(NOOP, false, tn);

	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));

	if (tn == NULL) {
		lint_assert(seen_error);
		debug_step("constant node is null; returning 1 instead");
		v->v_tspec = INT;
		v->u.integer = 1;
		return v;
	}

	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;

	if (tn->tn_op == CON) {
		lint_assert(tn->tn_type->t_tspec == tn->u.value.v_tspec);
		if (is_integer(tn->u.value.v_tspec)) {
			v->v_unsigned_since_c90 =
			    tn->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90;
			v->u.integer = tn->u.value.u.integer;
			return v;
		}
		v->u.integer = (int64_t)tn->u.value.u.floating;
	} else
		v->u.integer = 1;

	if (required)
		/* integral constant expression expected */
		error(55);
	else
		/* variable array dimension is a C99/GCC extension */
		c99ism(318);

	if (!is_integer(v->v_tspec))
		v->v_tspec = INT;

	return v;
}

/*
 * Perform some tests on expressions which can't be done in build_binary()
 * and functions called by build_binary(). These tests must be done here
 * because we need some information about the context in which the operations
 * are performed.
 * After all tests are performed, if free_expr is true, expr() frees the
 * memory for the expression.
 */
void
expr(tnode_t *tn, bool used, bool cond, bool free_expr, bool is_do_while,
    const char *stmt_kind)
{

	if (tn == NULL) {	/* in case of errors */
		expr_free_all();
		return;
	}

	/* expr() is also called in global initializations */
	if (dcs->d_kind != DLK_EXTERN && !is_do_while)
		check_statement_reachable(stmt_kind);

	check_expr_misc(tn, used, cond, !cond, false, false, false);
	if (tn->tn_op == ASSIGN && !tn->tn_parenthesized) {
		if (hflag && cond)
			/* assignment in conditional context */
			warning(159);
	}
	if (!modtab[tn->tn_op].m_has_side_effect) {
		/*
		 * for left operands of COMMA this warning is already printed
		 */
		if (tn->tn_op != COMMA && !used && !cond)
			check_null_effect(tn);
	}
	debug_node(tn);

	if (free_expr)
		expr_free_all();
}

/* If the expression has the form '*(arr + idx)', check the array index. */
static void
check_array_index(const tnode_t *indir, bool taking_address)
{
	const tnode_t *plus, *arr, *idx;

	if (indir->tn_op == INDIR
	    && (plus = indir->u.ops.left, plus->tn_op == PLUS)
	    && plus->u.ops.left->tn_op == ADDR
	    && (arr = plus->u.ops.left->u.ops.left, true)
	    && (arr->tn_op == STRING || arr->tn_op == NAME)
	    && arr->tn_type->t_tspec == ARRAY
	    && (idx = plus->u.ops.right, idx->tn_op == CON)
	    && (!is_incomplete(arr->tn_type) || idx->u.value.u.integer < 0))
		goto proceed;
	return;

proceed:;
	int elsz = length_in_bits(arr->tn_type->t_subt, NULL);
	if (elsz == 0)
		return;
	elsz /= CHAR_SIZE;

	/* Change the unit of the index from bytes to element size. */
	int64_t con = is_uinteger(idx->tn_type->t_tspec)
	    ? (int64_t)((uint64_t)idx->u.value.u.integer / elsz)
	    : idx->u.value.u.integer / elsz;

	int dim = arr->tn_type->u.dimension + (taking_address ? 1 : 0);

	if (!is_uinteger(idx->tn_type->t_tspec) && con < 0)
		/* array subscript %jd cannot be negative */
		warning(167, (intmax_t)con);
	else if (dim > 0 && (uint64_t)con >= (uint64_t)dim)
		/* array subscript %ju cannot be > %d */
		warning(168, (uintmax_t)con, dim - 1);
}

static void
check_expr_addr(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof, bool fcall)
{
	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
		if (!szof)
			mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
		mark_as_used(ln->u.sym, fcall, szof);
	}
	check_array_index(ln, true);
}

/*
 * If there is an asm statement in one of the compound statements around,
 * there may be other side effects, so don't warn.
 */
static bool
is_asm_around(void)
{
	for (decl_level *dl = dcs; dl != NULL; dl = dl->d_enclosing)
		if (dl->d_asm)
			return true;
	return false;
}

static void
check_expr_side_effect(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
{

	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
		scl_t sc = ln->u.sym->s_scl;
		if (sc != EXTERN && sc != STATIC &&
		    !ln->u.sym->s_set && !szof && !is_asm_around()) {
			/* '%s' may be used before set */
			warning(158, ln->u.sym->s_name);
			mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
		}
		mark_as_used(ln->u.sym, false, false);
	}
}

static void
check_expr_assign(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
{
	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && !szof && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
		mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
		if (ln->u.sym->s_scl == EXTERN)
			outusg(ln->u.sym);
	}
	check_array_index(ln, false);
}

static void
check_expr_call(const tnode_t *tn, const tnode_t *ln,
		bool szof, bool vctx, bool cond, bool retval_discarded)
{
	lint_assert(ln->tn_op == ADDR);
	lint_assert(ln->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME);
	if (!szof && !is_compiler_builtin(ln->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_name))
		outcall(tn, vctx || cond, retval_discarded);

	const function_call *call = tn->u.call;
	if (call->args_len == 4 || call->args_len == 5)
		check_snprintb(call);
}

static void
check_expr_op(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, bool szof, bool fcall, bool eqwarn)
{
	switch (op) {
	case ADDR:
		check_expr_addr(ln, szof, fcall);
		break;
	case LOAD:
		check_array_index(ln, false);
		/* FALLTHROUGH */
	case INCBEF:
	case DECBEF:
	case INCAFT:
	case DECAFT:
	case ADDASS:
	case SUBASS:
	case MULASS:
	case DIVASS:
	case MODASS:
	case ANDASS:
	case ORASS:
	case XORASS:
	case SHLASS:
	case SHRASS:
	case REAL:
	case IMAG:
		check_expr_side_effect(ln, szof);
		break;
	case ASSIGN:
		check_expr_assign(ln, szof);
		break;
	case EQ:
		if (hflag && eqwarn)
			/* operator '==' found where '=' was expected */
			warning(160);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
}

/*
 *	vctx			???
 *	cond			whether the expression is a condition that
 *				will be compared with 0
 *	eqwarn			whether the operator '==' might be a
 *				misspelled '='
 *	fcall			whether the expression is a function call
 *	retval_discarded	whether the return value of a function call
 *				is discarded; such calls will be analyzed by
 *				lint2 in messages 4, 8 and 9
 *	szof			whether the expression is part of a sizeof
 *				expression, which means that its value is
 *				discarded since only the type is relevant
 */
void
check_expr_misc(const tnode_t *tn, bool vctx, bool cond,
		bool eqwarn, bool fcall, bool retval_discarded, bool szof)
{

	if (tn == NULL)
		return;
	op_t op = tn->tn_op;
	if (op == NAME || op == CON || op == STRING)
		return;
	bool is_direct = op == CALL
	    && tn->u.call->func->tn_op == ADDR
	    && tn->u.call->func->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME;
	if (op == CALL) {
		const function_call *call = tn->u.call;
		if (is_direct)
			check_expr_call(tn, call->func,
			    szof, vctx, cond, retval_discarded);
		bool discard = op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
		check_expr_misc(call->func, false, false, false, is_direct,
		    discard, szof);
		for (size_t i = 0, n = call->args_len; i < n; i++)
			check_expr_misc(call->args[i],
			    true, false, false, false, false, szof);
		return;
	}

	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
	tnode_t *ln = tn->u.ops.left;
	tnode_t *rn = tn->u.ops.right;
	check_expr_op(op, ln, szof, fcall, eqwarn);

	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
	bool cvctx = mp->m_value_context;
	bool ccond = mp->m_compares_with_zero;
	bool eq = mp->m_warn_if_operand_eq &&
	    !ln->tn_parenthesized &&
	    rn != NULL && !rn->tn_parenthesized;

	/*
	 * Values of operands of ':' are not used if the type of at least
	 * one of the operands (for GCC compatibility) is 'void'.
	 *
	 * XXX test/value context of QUEST should probably be used as
	 * context for both operands of COLON.
	 */
	if (op == COLON && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
		cvctx = ccond = false;
	bool discard = op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
	check_expr_misc(ln, cvctx, ccond, eq, is_direct, discard, szof);

	switch (op) {
	case LOGAND:
	case LOGOR:
		check_expr_misc(rn, false, true, eq, false, false, szof);
		break;
	case COLON:
		check_expr_misc(rn, cvctx, ccond, eq, false, false, szof);
		break;
	case COMMA:
		check_expr_misc(rn, vctx, cond, false, false, false, szof);
		break;
	default:
		if (mp->m_binary)
			check_expr_misc(rn, true, false, eq, false, false,
			    szof);
		break;
	}
}

/*
 * Return whether the expression can be used for static initialization.
 *
 * Constant initialization expressions must be constant or an address
 * of a static object with an optional offset. In the first case,
 * the result is returned in *offsp. In the second case, the static
 * object is returned in *symp and the offset in *offsp.
 *
 * The expression can consist of PLUS, MINUS, ADDR, NAME, STRING and
 * CON. Type conversions are allowed if they do not change binary
 * representation (including width).
 *
 * C99 6.6 "Constant expressions"
 * C99 6.7.8p4 restricts initializers for static storage duration
 */
bool
constant_addr(const tnode_t *tn, const sym_t **symp, ptrdiff_t *offsp)
{
	const sym_t *sym;
	ptrdiff_t offs1, offs2;
	tspec_t t, ot;

	switch (tn->tn_op) {
	case MINUS:
		if (tn->u.ops.right->tn_op == CVT)
			return constant_addr(tn->u.ops.right, symp, offsp);
		if (tn->u.ops.right->tn_op != CON)
			return false;
		/* FALLTHROUGH */
	case PLUS:
		offs1 = offs2 = 0;
		if (tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == CON) {
			offs1 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->u.ops.left->u.value.u.integer;
			if (!constant_addr(tn->u.ops.right, &sym, &offs2))
				return false;
		} else if (tn->u.ops.right->tn_op == CON) {
			offs2 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->u.ops.right->u.value.u.integer;
			if (tn->tn_op == MINUS)
				offs2 = -offs2;
			if (!constant_addr(tn->u.ops.left, &sym, &offs1))
				return false;
		} else {
			return false;
		}
		*symp = sym;
		*offsp = offs1 + offs2;
		return true;
	case ADDR:
		if (tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME) {
			*symp = tn->u.ops.left->u.sym;
			*offsp = 0;
			return true;
		}
		*symp = NULL;
		*offsp = 0;
		return true;
	case CVT:
		t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
		ot = tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec;
		if ((!is_integer(t) && t != PTR) ||
		    (!is_integer(ot) && ot != PTR)) {
			return false;
		}
#if 0
		/*-
		 * consider:
		 *	struct foo {
		 *		unsigned char a;
		 *	} f = {
		 *		(unsigned char)(unsigned long)
		 *		    (&(((struct foo *)0)->a))
		 *	};
		 * since psize(unsigned long) != psize(unsigned char),
		 * this fails.
		 */
		else if (psize(t) != psize(ot))
			return -1;
#endif
		return constant_addr(tn->u.ops.left, symp, offsp);
	default:
		return false;
	}
}

/* Append s2 to s1, then free s2. */
buffer *
cat_strings(buffer *s1, buffer *s2)
{

	if ((s1->data != NULL) != (s2->data != NULL)) {
		/* cannot concatenate wide and regular string literals */
		error(292);
		return s1;
	}

	if (s1->data != NULL) {
		while (s1->len + s2->len + 1 > s1->cap)
			s1->cap *= 2;
		s1->data = xrealloc(s1->data, s1->cap);
		memcpy(s1->data + s1->len, s2->data, s2->len + 1);
		free(s2->data);
	}
	s1->len += s2->len;
	free(s2);

	return s1;
}


typedef struct stmt_expr {
	memory_pool se_mem;
	sym_t *se_sym;
	struct stmt_expr *se_enclosing;
} stmt_expr;

static stmt_expr *stmt_exprs;

void
begin_statement_expr(void)
{
	debug_enter();

	stmt_expr *se = xmalloc(sizeof(*se));
	se->se_mem = expr_save_memory();
	se->se_sym = NULL;
	se->se_enclosing = stmt_exprs;
	stmt_exprs = se;
}

void
do_statement_expr(tnode_t *tn)
{
	block_level--;
	mem_block_level--;
	stmt_exprs->se_sym = tn != NULL
	    ? mktempsym(block_dup_type(tn->tn_type))
	    : NULL;		/* after a syntax error */
	mem_block_level++;
	block_level++;
	/* '({ ... })' is a GCC extension */
	gnuism(320);
}

tnode_t *
end_statement_expr(void)
{
	tnode_t *tn;

	stmt_expr *se = stmt_exprs;
	if (se->se_sym == NULL) {
		tn = NULL;	/* after a syntax error */
		goto end;
	}

	tn = build_name(se->se_sym, false);
	(void)expr_save_memory();	/* leak */
	expr_restore_memory(se->se_mem);
	stmt_exprs = se->se_enclosing;
	free(se);

end:
	debug_leave();
	return tn;
}

bool
in_statement_expr(void)
{
	return stmt_exprs != NULL;
}