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README

      1 -- $XTermId: README,v 1.3 2007/05/24 19:49:19 tom Exp $
      2 -- Below is the original README for xterm from 1991, for your amusement.
      3 -- For a better overview, see http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ 
      4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      5 			Abandon All Hope, Ye Who Enter Here
      6 
      7 
      8 This is undoubtedly the most ugly program in the distribution.  It was one of
      9 the first "serious" programs ported, and still has a lot of historical baggage.
     10 Ideally, there would be a general tty widget and then vt102 and tek4014 
     11 subwidgets so that they could be used in other programs.  We are trying to 
     12 clean things up as we go, but there is still a lot of work to do.
     13 
     14 If you are porting this to a machine that has problems with overlapping
     15 bcopy's, watch out!
     16 
     17 There are two documents on xterm: the man page, xterm.man, which describes
     18 how to use it, and ctlseqs.ms, which describes the control sequences it
     19 understands.
     20 

README.i18n

      1 -- $XFree86: xc/programs/xterm/README.i18n,v 1.1 2003/11/13 01:16:37 dickey Exp $
      2 
      3 Using xterm in your language
      4 ============================
      5 
      6 Since XFree86 version 4.0, the internationalization (i18n) feature of
      7 xterm is gradually improved.  Xterm is being improved even now.  You
      8 need only set the standard locale environment variables such as
      9 LC_CTYPE, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, or LANG.  Once the locale is set up you can
     10 use xterm in your favorite character encoding.
     11 
     12 This document explains how the i18n feature is realized and how to
     13 configure xterm for your character encoding.
     14 
     15 Refer to locale(7) for details of the locale mechanism.
     16 
     17 
     18 Basic i18n-related settings and resources
     19 =========================================
     20 
     21 These settings apply to XFree86 xterm patch #181, and the program luit
     22 which is distributed with XFree86 4.4
     23 
     24 1.  Usage of "locale mode"
     25 
     26     On startup, xterm must be in "locale mode" to make it follow the
     27     current locale.  You can invoke xterm in locale mode in these ways:
     28 
     29     a.  Set "vt100.locale" resource "true".  This resource was
     30         introduced since XFree86 4.3.  The default value of the "locale"
     31         resource is "medium", which means xterm follows the locale only
     32         in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or Thai locales.  For example,
     33 
     34           XTerm*locale: true
     35 
     36         in your ~/.Xresources file.
     37 
     38     or
     39 
     40     b.  Invoke xterm with the "-lc" option.
     41 
     42 2.  Converter program "luit"
     43 
     44     The "luit" must be available in the standard XFree86 binary
     45     directory.  It is usually available because it is part of the
     46     XFree86 distribution.  The standard binary directory may differ from
     47     system to system.  /usr/X11R6/bin/luit is an example.
     48 
     49     "luit" is used to convert between Unicode and the character encoding
     50     for your locale.  When built for XFree86, xterm includes logic for
     51     invoking luit.
     52 
     53 3.  Locale setting
     54 
     55     Finally, you will need to configure your locale.  We expect that you
     56     have already configured your locale for other software.  For example,
     57 
     58       LANG=de_DE@euro
     59       export LANG
     60 
     61     in your ~/.xsession file.  There are many ways to configure locale. 
     62     For example, your display manager may have a mechanism to invoke a
     63     window manager in your favorite locale, or you may have system-wide
     64     locale setting in /etc/environment.  You may also have set the
     65     LC_ALL variable instead of the LANG variable.
     66 
     67 
     68 How to use xterm in different locale temporarily
     69 ================================================
     70 
     71 You may sometimes need to invoke xterm in a different character encoding
     72 than your current locale.  For example, use xterm to login remote systems
     73 in different locale.
     74 
     75 Do this by invoking xterm in the target locale.  For example,
     76 
     77   $ LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R xterm &
     78 
     79 Previously, font setting has been used in such cases.
     80 
     81   $ xterm -fn -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--10-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r &
     82 
     83 This does not work well in conjunction with the "locale" resource,
     84 because luit and xterm combined rely upon Unicode fonts.
     85 
     86 
     87 How to set fonts for UTF-8/locale modes
     88 =======================================
     89 
     90 Since xterm patch #181, xterm can automatically use Unicode fonts in
     91 UTF-8 mode and locale mode.  Few of you will need to modify the default
     92 setting to display your language.  In particular, Unicode fonts in
     93 combination with locale mode will satisfy the needs of not only
     94 ISO-8859-1 users but also East Asian and other non-ISO-8859-1 users.
     95 
     96 If you want to set your favorite Unicode font for UTF-8 and locale
     97 modes, you should add a line such as the following in your ~/.Xresources
     98 file:
     99 
    100     XTerm*VT100.utf8Fonts.font: \
    101          -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso10646-1
    102 
    103 The leading "XTerm*" pattern is more specific than the system's
    104 app-defaults file, therefore it overrides the corresponding line
    105 beginning with
    106 
    107     *VT100.utf8Fonts.font:
    108 
    109 Here is an additional note.  If you want to display East Asian
    110 doublewidth characters (CJK Ideogram, Hiragana, Katakana, Hangul,
    111 and so on), we recommend using
    112 
    113     -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-*-*-iso10646-1
    114 
    115 or
    116 
    117     -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--18-*-*-*-*-*-iso10646-1
    118 
    119 because these two fonts have corresponding doublewidth fonts.  These
    120 fonts are used as default font and default "Large" font, respectively.
    121 
    122 
    123 The internals of xterm i18n
    124 ===========================
    125 
    126 You do not need to read this section if you only want to configure your
    127 xterm.  Here we describe how xterm is implemented to support i18n.
    128 
    129 The original version of xterm does not support locale or character
    130 encoding.  Its I/O stream is interpreted as a mere 8-bit index for a
    131 font.
    132 
    133 Beginning with XFree86 4.0, xterm supported UTF-8.  It was implemented
    134 as a separate UTF-8 mode from the conventional 8-bit mode.  Character
    135 encodings had no effect on the 8-bit mode.  The UTF-8 mode has been
    136 extended to support doublewidth characters (for East Asian characters)
    137 and combining characters (such as accents for Latin alphabets and Thai
    138 vowels/tone marks).
    139 
    140 Doublewidth characters are characters that occupy two continuing
    141 columns on the terminal.  Xterm uses separate fonts for normal
    142 (singlewidth) characters and doublewidth characters.  Though xterm has
    143 configuration items for specifying doublewidth fonts, it will
    144 automatically search for a font with exactly twice as wide and the same
    145 name as the specified normal font.
    146 
    147 The default behavior of xterm was modified to use this UTF-8 mode in
    148 UTF-8 locales.  A command line option of "-u8" and a resource of "utf8"
    149 were introduced to choose UTF-8 mode.
    150 
    151 "luit" was introduced to XFree86 at version 4.2.  It converts between
    152 UTF-8 and other encodings.  When luit is invoked in a UTF-8 terminal,
    153 the terminal acts as if it is really running in the other encoding.
    154 
    155 Since XFree86 version 4.3, xterm provides a new mode to invoke luit
    156 automatically to support various encodings.  The mode where xterm
    157 invokes luit is called "locale mode".  It is the third mode following
    158 conventional 8-bit mode and UTF-8 mode.  In the locale mode, xterm is
    159 aware of the current locale and character encoding.  Since locale mode
    160 uses luit, it is based on the UTF-8 mode.  That is, xterm works in UTF-8
    161 mode and luit works as a converter between UTF-8 and the character
    162 encoding for your locale.  This is why the locale mode always needs
    163 Unicode fonts.  The default behavior of xterm is modified so that the
    164 "locale mode" will be adopted in Chinese (Big5 and GB2312), Japanese
    165 (EUC-JP), Korean (EUC-KR), and Thai (ISO-8859-11, as known as TIS-620)
    166 locales.  Locale mode is chosen for these character encodings because
    167 these encodings are not supported by conventional 8-bit mode even by
    168 changing fonts (ISO-8859-11 needs combining characters and others need
    169 doublewidth characters).
    170 
    171 To control the locale mode, command line options of "-lc" and "-en" and
    172 a resource of "locale" were introduced.  The command line option of
    173 "-u8" and a resource of "utf8" were made obsolete by them, though
    174 retained for compatibility.
    175 
    176 Since XFree86 version 4.4, xterm can have two sets of default fonts,
    177 one for conventional 8-bit mode and another for UTF-8 and locale modes,
    178 by introducing the "utf8Fonts" subresource.
    179 
    180 
    181 Future TODO Items
    182 =================
    183 
    184 We anticipate that xterm's locale mode will be used increasingly in the
    185 future.  Since the UTF-8 and locale modes use more resources than
    186 conventional 8-bit mode (because it needs larger fonts and another
    187 process "luit"), faster hardware may be needed to gain complete
    188 acceptance by users.  However, the locale mechanism allows users
    189 to manipulate data in a standard form.  Its usefulness compensates
    190 in part for reduced performance.
    191 
    192 Xterm supports antialiased fonts ("-fa" and "-fs" command line options). 
    193 Currently UTF-8 nor locale modes do not work with antialiased fonts.
    194 
    195 Xterm does not support bi-directional or RTL languages such as Hebrew
    196 and Arab.  A simple standard how terminal should behave for these
    197 languages is needed.
    198 
    199 Xterm does not support Unicode characters above U+10000.
    200