1 # tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific 2 3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 5 6 # This file also includes Pacific islands. 7 8 # Notes are at the end of this file 9 10 ############################################################################### 11 12 # Australia 13 14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. 15 16 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D 18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D 20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00s 1:00 D 22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00s 1:00 D 24 25 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 26 # Northern Territory 27 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 28 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 29 9:30 Aus AC%sT 30 # Western Australia 31 # 32 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 33 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 34 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 35 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 36 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 37 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D 38 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 39 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D 40 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 41 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 42 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec 43 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul 44 8:00 AW AW%sT 45 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec 46 8:45 Aus %z 1943 Jul 47 8:45 AW %z 48 49 # Queensland 50 # 51 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): 52 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast 53 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after 54 # Queensland ceased to. 55 # 56 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 57 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, 58 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. 59 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, 60 # so use Lindeman. 61 # 62 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20): 63 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday 64 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the 65 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and 66 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone 67 # applies to all of the Whitsundays. 68 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands 69 # 70 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 71 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 72 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 73 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 74 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 75 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 76 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 77 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 78 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 79 10:00 AQ AE%sT 80 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 81 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 82 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul 83 10:00 Holiday AE%sT 84 85 # South Australia 86 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 87 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 88 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 89 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 90 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 91 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 92 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 93 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S 94 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S 95 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S 96 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S 97 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 98 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S 99 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 100 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 101 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 102 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 103 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 104 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 105 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 106 9:30 AS AC%sT 107 108 # Tasmania 109 # 110 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): 111 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 112 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. 113 # 114 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 115 Rule AT 1916 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 116 Rule AT 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 117 Rule AT 1917 1918 - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D 118 Rule AT 1918 1919 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 119 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 120 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar Sun>=29 2:00s 0 S 121 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 122 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S 123 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 124 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 125 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 126 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 127 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 128 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 129 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D 130 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 131 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 132 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 133 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 134 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 135 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 136 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 137 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 138 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 139 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep 140 10:00 AT AE%sT 1919 Oct 24 141 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 142 10:00 AT AE%sT 143 144 # Victoria 145 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 146 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 147 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 148 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 149 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 150 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D 151 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 152 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 153 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 154 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 155 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 156 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 157 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 158 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 159 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 160 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 161 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 162 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 163 10:00 AV AE%sT 164 165 # New South Wales 166 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 167 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 168 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S 169 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 170 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 171 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 172 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 173 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D 174 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 175 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 176 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 177 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 178 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 179 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 180 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S 181 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 182 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 183 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 184 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 185 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 186 10:00 AN AE%sT 187 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb 188 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23 189 9:00 - ACST 1899 May 190 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 191 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000 192 9:30 AS AC%sT 193 194 # Lord Howe Island 195 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 196 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - 197 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 198 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 199 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 200 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - 201 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 202 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 203 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 204 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 205 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - 206 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 207 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - 208 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - 209 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - 210 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb 211 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar 212 10:30 LH %z 1985 Jul 213 10:30 LH %z 214 215 # Australian miscellany 216 # 217 # Ashmore Is, Cartier 218 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers 219 # no times are set 220 # 221 # Coral Sea Is 222 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists 223 # no times are set 224 # 225 # Macquarie 226 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948; 227 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the 228 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island 229 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828 230 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831 231 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010. 232 # 233 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): 234 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: 235 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not 236 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do 237 # on 4 April. 238 # 239 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23): 240 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics 241 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type; 242 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by 243 # pre-2013 versions of localtime. 244 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov 245 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 246 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb 247 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s 248 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25 249 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 250 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 251 10:00 1:00 AEDT 2011 252 10:00 AT AE%sT 253 254 # Christmas 255 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 256 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb 257 7:00 - +07 258 259 # Cocos (Keeling) Islands 260 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 261 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900 262 6:30 - +0630 263 264 # Fiji 265 266 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva. 267 268 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): 269 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST 270 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. 271 # 272 # "Daylight savings to commence this month" 273 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 274 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html 275 276 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): 277 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved 278 # amendments: 279 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml 280 281 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): 282 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on 283 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00. 284 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March 285 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). 286 # 287 # Official source: 288 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 289 # 290 # A bit more background info here: 291 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html 292 293 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): 294 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 295 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... 296 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, 297 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: 298 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 299 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html 300 301 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03): 302 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date 303 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong). 304 # 305 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 306 # which says 307 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in 308 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to 309 # 2am on February 26 next year. 310 311 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24) 312 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for 313 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22. 314 # 315 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 316 # states: 317 # 318 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012 319 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012. 320 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start 321 # on the 23rd of October, 2011. 322 323 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen: 324 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate 325 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st 326 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013. 327 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155 328 329 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler: 330 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ... 331 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am 332 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx 333 334 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10): 335 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00: 336 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-(1).aspx 337 338 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20): 339 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year. 340 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx 341 342 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77 343 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28), 344 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02): 345 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time 346 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at 347 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016. 348 349 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04): 350 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx 351 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when 352 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will 353 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017." 354 355 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21): 356 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing 357 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27), 358 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate. 359 360 # From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13): 361 # http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/ 362 # ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019. 363 364 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06): 365 # Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27 366 # (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on 367 # Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020." 368 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00 369 # the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly 370 # depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches 371 # transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice 372 # than guessing no DST. 373 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06): 374 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848 375 376 # From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08): 377 # [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021. 378 # From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08): 379 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071 380 # From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08): 381 # https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/ 382 # "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of 383 # stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should 384 # start and end. Bala says it is a short period..." 385 # 386 # From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan 387 # (2021-10-12): 388 # https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21 389 # https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/ 390 # In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in 391 # Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the 392 # suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process 393 # of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight 394 # Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of 395 # scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be 396 # concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple 397 # thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and 398 # internationally." 399 400 # From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27): 401 # Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change 402 # in Fiji for 2022-2023.... 403 # https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl 404 405 # From Almaz Mingaleev (2023-10-06): 406 # Cabinet approved the suspension of Daylight Saving and appropriate 407 # legislative changes will be considered including the repeal of the 408 # Daylight Saving Act 1998 409 # https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/CABINET-DECISIONS-3-OCTOBER-2023 410 # 411 # From Paul Eggert (2023-10-06): 412 # For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely. 413 414 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 415 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 416 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - 417 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 - 418 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - 419 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 - 420 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - 421 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 - 422 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 - 423 Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 424 Rule Fiji 2015 2021 - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 - 425 Rule Fiji 2019 only - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 - 426 Rule Fiji 2020 only - Dec 20 2:00 1:00 - 427 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 428 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva 429 12:00 Fiji %z 430 431 # French Polynesia 432 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 433 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 # Rikitea 434 -9:00 - %z 435 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 436 -9:30 - %z 437 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 # Papeete 438 -10:00 - %z 439 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; 440 # it is uninhabited. 441 442 443 # Guam 444 445 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 446 # http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf 447 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf 448 Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D 449 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf 450 Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S 451 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 452 Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D 453 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 454 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S 455 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 456 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D 457 Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S 458 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 459 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf 460 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 461 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 462 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 463 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf 464 Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D 465 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf 466 Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S 467 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 468 Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D 469 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf 470 Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S 471 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf 472 Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D 473 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf 474 Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S 475 476 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 477 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 478 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana 479 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam 480 9:00 - %z 1944 Jul 31 481 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 482 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 483 484 485 # Kiribati (Gilbert Is) 486 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 487 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki 488 12:00 - %z 489 490 # Kiribati (except Gilbert Is) 491 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 492 Zone Pacific/Kanton 0 - -00 1937 Aug 31 493 -12:00 - %z 1979 Oct 494 -11:00 - %z 1994 Dec 31 495 13:00 - %z 496 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 497 -10:40 - %z 1979 Oct 498 -10:00 - %z 1994 Dec 31 499 14:00 - %z 500 501 # N Mariana Is 502 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 503 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 504 9:43:00 - LMT 1901 505 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 9 506 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 507 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time 508 509 # Marshall Is 510 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 511 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901 512 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 513 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 514 11:00 - +11 1937 515 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 516 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30 517 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct 518 12:00 - +12 519 520 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 521 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 522 11:00 - %z 1937 523 10:00 - %z 1941 Apr 1 524 9:00 - %z 1944 Feb 6 525 11:00 - %z 1969 Oct 526 -12:00 - %z 1993 Aug 20 24:00 527 12:00 - %z 528 529 # Micronesia 530 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 531 Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 532 10:07:08 - LMT 1901 533 10:00 - +10 1914 Oct 534 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 535 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 536 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 537 10:00 - +10 538 539 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 540 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia 541 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 542 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct 543 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 544 11:00 - +11 1937 545 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 546 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 547 11:00 - +11 548 549 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 550 Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 551 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 552 11:00 - %z 1914 Oct 553 9:00 - %z 1919 Feb 1 554 11:00 - %z 1937 555 10:00 - %z 1941 Apr 1 556 9:00 - %z 1945 Aug 557 11:00 - %z 1969 Oct 558 12:00 - %z 1999 559 11:00 - %z 560 561 # Nauru 562 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 563 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe 564 11:30 - %z 1942 Aug 29 565 9:00 - %z 1945 Sep 8 566 11:30 - %z 1979 Feb 10 2:00 567 12:00 - %z 568 569 # New Caledonia 570 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 571 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 - 572 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - 573 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 - 574 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. 575 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - 576 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 577 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouma 578 11:00 NC %z 579 580 581 ############################################################################### 582 583 # New Zealand 584 # McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time. 585 586 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 587 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S 588 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M 589 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S 590 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M 591 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M 592 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S 593 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S 594 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a 595 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this 596 # transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change 597 # time to percolate out. 598 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 599 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 600 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S 601 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 - 602 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 603 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 604 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 605 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 606 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D 607 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 - 608 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D 609 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - 610 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S 611 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 - 612 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D 613 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - 614 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S 615 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - 616 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 617 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 618 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 619 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 620 621 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 622 Zone Antarctica/McMurdo 0 - -00 1956 623 12:00 NZ NZ%sT 624 625 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 626 12:15 - %z 1946 Jan 1 627 12:45 Chatham %z 628 629 # Auckland Is 630 # uninhabited; Mori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, 631 # and scientific personnel have wintered 632 633 # Campbell I 634 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 635 # scientific station operated 1941/1995; 636 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered 637 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland 638 639 # Cook Is 640 # 641 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24): 642 # In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar. 643 # According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of 644 # the International Date line, when they came from Sydney. 645 # Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead.... 646 # http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html 647 # ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900 648 # https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3 649 # (page 20) 650 # 651 # From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24): 652 # ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at 653 # http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/ 654 # "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the 655 # Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island." 656 # so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915. 657 # This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ... 658 # http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/ 659 # "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook 660 # Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were 661 # situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes 662 # West of Greenwich. (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be 663 # determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and 664 # seventy degrees West of Greenwich." 665 # This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it 666 # applies since 1952-10-16. But there is the possibility that the act just 667 # legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of 668 # 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19. 669 # 670 # From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24): 671 # Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger. 672 # 673 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 674 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 - 675 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 676 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 - 677 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 678 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga 13:20:56 - LMT 1899 Dec 26 # Avarua 679 -10:39:04 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 680 -10:30 - %z 1978 Nov 12 681 -10:00 Cook %z 682 683 ############################################################################### 684 685 686 # Niue 687 # See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition. 688 # 689 # From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13): 690 # Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for 691 # Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964: 692 # Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23 693 # Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23 694 # Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition. 695 696 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 697 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 # Alofi 698 -11:20 - %z 1964 Jul 699 -11:00 - %z 700 701 # Norfolk 702 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 703 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston 704 11:12 - %z 1951 705 11:30 - %z 1974 Oct 27 02:00s 706 11:30 1:00 %z 1975 Mar 2 02:00s 707 11:30 - %z 2015 Oct 4 02:00s 708 11:00 - %z 2019 Jul 709 11:00 AN %z 710 711 # Palau (Belau) 712 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 713 Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror 714 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 715 9:00 - %z 716 717 # Papua New Guinea 718 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 719 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 720 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time 721 10:00 - %z 722 # 723 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13): 724 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have 725 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War. 726 # 727 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates 728 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns. 729 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta. 730 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942, 731 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia 732 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm 733 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender. 734 # 735 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11 736 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time". 737 # See: 738 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/ 739 # 740 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880 741 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 742 10:00 - %z 1942 Jul 743 9:00 - %z 1945 Aug 21 744 10:00 - %z 2014 Dec 28 2:00 745 11:00 - %z 746 747 # Pitcairn 748 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 749 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown 750 -8:30 - %z 1998 Apr 27 0:00 751 -8:00 - %z 752 753 # American Samoa 754 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 755 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 756 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 757 758 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa) 759 760 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): 761 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received 762 # the following info: 763 # 764 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year 765 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first 766 # Sunday of April 2011." 767 # 768 # Background info: 769 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html 770 # 771 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not 772 # contain any dates: 773 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20(English)%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf 774 775 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): 776 # Please see 777 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws 778 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday 779 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight 780 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks 781 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" 782 783 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07): 784 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf] 785 # 786 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am 787 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to 788 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock 789 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs). 790 791 # From David Zlke (2011-05-09): 792 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line 793 # 794 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963 795 796 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27): 797 # The International Date Line Act 2011 798 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf 799 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on 800 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted 801 # accordingly. 802 803 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02): 804 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 805 # 806 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change 807 # 808 # DST 809 # Year End Time Start Time 810 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am 811 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - - 812 # 813 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011 814 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours 815 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours 816 # 817 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10): 818 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and 819 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.... 820 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html 821 # 822 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): 823 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4. 824 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely. 825 # 826 # From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20): 827 # https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf 828 # DST has been cancelled for this year. 829 830 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 831 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 - 832 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 - 833 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 - 834 Rule WS 2012 2021 - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 - 835 Rule WS 2012 2020 - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 - 836 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 837 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 838 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 839 -11:30 - %z 1950 840 -11:00 WS %z 2011 Dec 29 24:00 841 13:00 WS %z 842 843 # Solomon Is 844 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea 845 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 846 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 # Honiara 847 11:00 - %z 848 849 # Tokelau 850 # 851 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29) 852 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping 853 # December 31 this year ... 854 # 855 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25) 856 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking 857 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13.... 858 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change 859 # actually was to UT-11 back then. 860 # 861 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25) 862 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of 863 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948, 864 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau 865 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger 866 # are off by an hour starting in 1901. 867 868 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 869 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 870 -11:00 - %z 2011 Dec 30 871 13:00 - %z 872 873 # Tonga 874 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 875 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 - 876 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - 877 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 878 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - 879 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - 880 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 - 881 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 882 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:12 - LMT 1945 Sep 10 883 12:20 - %z 1961 884 13:00 - %z 1999 885 13:00 Tonga %z 886 887 # Tuvalu 888 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 889 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901 890 12:00 - +12 891 892 # US minor outlying islands 893 894 # Howland, Baker 895 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British 896 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. 897 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; 898 # uninhabited thereafter. 899 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937; 900 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, 901 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). 902 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 903 # until they were abandoned after the war. 904 905 # Jarvis 906 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. 907 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; 908 # uninhabited thereafter. 909 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 910 911 # Johnston 912 # 913 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10): 914 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind. 915 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so 916 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited, 917 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file. 918 # 919 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945 920 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes, 921 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM 922 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and 923 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945. 924 # 925 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11): 926 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used 927 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships, 928 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the 929 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last 930 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin, 931 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the 932 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976. 933 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf 934 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a 935 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time 936 # Minus One Hour". 937 938 # Kingman 939 # uninhabited 940 941 # Midway 942 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 943 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901 944 -11:00 - -11 1956 Jun 3 945 -11:00 1:00 -10 1956 Sep 2 946 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa 947 948 # Palmyra 949 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati 950 951 # Wake 952 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 953 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901 954 12:00 - +12 955 956 # Vanuatu 957 958 # From P Chan (2020-11-27): 959 # Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973 960 # New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973 961 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15 962 # 963 # Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974 964 # New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974 965 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11 966 # 967 # Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01] 968 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48 969 # 970 # Summer Time Act (Cap 157) 971 # Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988 972 # http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html 973 # 974 # Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11] 975 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/ 976 # 977 # Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03] 978 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59 979 980 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 981 Rule Vanuatu 1973 only - Dec 22 12:00u 1:00 - 982 Rule Vanuatu 1974 only - Mar 30 12:00u 0 - 983 Rule Vanuatu 1983 1991 - Sep Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 - 984 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sat>=22 24:00 0 - 985 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sat>=22 24:00 0 - 986 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 - 987 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 988 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila 989 11:00 Vanuatu %z 990 991 # Wallis and Futuna 992 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 993 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901 994 12:00 - +12 995 996 997 ############################################################################### 998 999 # NOTES 1000 1001 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 1002 # go ahead and edit the file, and please send any changes to 1003 # the public mailing list tz (a] iana.org for general use in the future. 1004 # For more, please see the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. 1005 1006 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1007 # 1008 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: 1009 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 1010 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 1011 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. 1012 # 1013 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source 1014 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport 1015 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 1016 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 1017 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, 1018 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. 1019 # 1020 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 1021 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which 1022 # I found in the UCLA library. 1023 # 1024 # For data circa 1899, a common source is: 1025 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94. 1026 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359 1027 # 1028 # For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see: 1029 # Socit Franaise de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913), 1030 # page 752, 18b. 1031 # 1032 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is 1033 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 1034 # 1035 # I invented the abbreviation marked "*". 1036 # The following abbreviations are from other sources. 1037 # Corrections are welcome! 1038 # std dst 1039 # LMT Local Mean Time 1040 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia 1041 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia 1042 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia 1043 # 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000 1044 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro 1045 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 1046 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present 1047 # -11:00 SST Samoa 1048 # -10:00 HST Hawaii 1049 # 1050 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii. 1051 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galpagos Is. 1052 1053 ############################################################################### 1054 1055 # Australia 1056 1057 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 1058 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting 1059 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global. 1060 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving 1061 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native 1062 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was 1063 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a 1064 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded 1065 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables 1066 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals." 1067 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03) 1068 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm 1069 1070 # From P Chan (2020-11-20): 1071 # Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01] 1072 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/ 1073 # 1074 # Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25] 1075 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/ 1076 # 1077 # Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24] 1078 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323 1079 # 1080 # Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10] 1081 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392 1082 # 1083 # Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29] 1084 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241 1085 # 1086 # All transition times should be 02:00 standard time. 1087 1088 1089 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): 1090 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia 1091 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml 1092 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. 1093 1094 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): 1095 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales 1096 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving 1097 # covers New South Wales in particular. 1098 1099 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 1100 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time. 1101 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer' 1102 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the 1103 # abbreviation does _not_ change... 1104 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least 1105 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the 1106 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses 1107 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight 1108 # time'. 1109 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian 1110 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time' 1111 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the 1112 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers 1113 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases 1114 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times; 1115 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. 1116 1117 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): 1118 # 1119 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this 1120 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer 1121 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST". 1122 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common 1123 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints 1124 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage. 1125 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important; 1126 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web 1127 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for 1128 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an 1129 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the 1130 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries: 1131 # 1132 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits] 1133 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au 1134 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au 1135 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au 1136 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au 1137 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au 1138 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits] 1139 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1140 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au 1141 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au 1142 # 1143 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits] 1144 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au 1145 # 1146 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but 1147 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages 1148 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since 1149 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found: 1150 # 1151 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au 1152 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au 1153 # 1154 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as 1155 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au" 1156 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results. 1157 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers 1158 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, 1159 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser, 1160 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle). 1161 # 1162 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations 1163 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/> 1164 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style 1165 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't 1166 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations 1167 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather 1168 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column 1169 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not 1170 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..." 1171 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and 1172 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel 1173 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two 1174 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political 1175 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party." 1176 # 1177 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree: 1178 # 1179 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26) 1180 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time 1181 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.) 1182 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1183 # 1184 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08) 1185 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml 1186 # EST CST WST EDT CDT 1187 # 1188 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated) 1189 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml 1190 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST) 1191 # 1192 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24) 1193 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp 1194 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT 1195 # 1196 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10) 1197 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf 1198 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used 1199 # 1200 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports, 1201 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like. 1202 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits: 1203 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT". 1204 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to 1205 # appear in reports of events with international implications. 1206 # 1207 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in 1208 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although 1209 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in 1210 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it 1211 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all 1212 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments, 1213 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current 1214 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and 1215 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones. 1216 1217 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): 1218 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1219 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper 1220 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, 1221 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 1222 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time. 1223 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. 1224 1225 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): 1226 # 1227 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, 1228 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more 1229 # relevant entries in this database. 1230 # 1231 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): 1232 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) 1233 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html 1234 # ACT 1235 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 1236 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html 1237 # SA 1238 # Standard Time Act, 1898 1239 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html 1240 1241 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13): 1242 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by 1243 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. 1244 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday 1245 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March. 1246 # 1247 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): 1248 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan 1249 # to extend DST together in 2006. 1250 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt 1251 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html 1252 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html 1253 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 1254 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles 1255 # allude to it. 1256 # But not Queensland 1257 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html 1258 1259 # Northern Territory 1260 1261 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1262 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] 1263 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1264 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. 1265 # ... 1266 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST 1267 1268 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1269 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1270 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. 1271 1272 # Western Australia 1273 1274 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1275 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] 1276 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1277 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to 1278 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but 1279 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus 1280 # # before reaching parliament. 1281 # ... 1282 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST 1283 # ... 1284 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1285 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1286 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1287 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W 1288 1289 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1290 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1291 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. 1292 1293 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): 1294 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney 1295 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at 1296 # work at 9.00am.) 1297 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse 1298 # everybody again. 1299 1300 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1301 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; 1302 # it matches what was used in the past. 1303 1304 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning 1305 # from Jesper Nrgaard Welen (2006-11-01): 1306 # WA are trialing DST for three years. 1307 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf 1308 1309 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01): 1310 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the 1311 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1, 1312 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption 1313 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing 1314 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See: 1315 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01. 1316 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/ 1317 # [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."] 1318 1319 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ 1320 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm 1321 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses 1322 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. 1323 1324 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): 1325 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the 1326 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western 1327 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The 1328 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so 1329 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the 1330 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South 1331 # Australia and Western Australia.... 1332 # 1333 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): 1334 # This is confirmed by the section entitled 1335 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in 1336 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html 1337 # 1338 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): 1339 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, 1340 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern 1341 # coast of the continent. 1342 # 1343 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no 1344 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border 1345 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west 1346 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is 1347 # the largest population centre in this zone.... 1348 # 1349 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the 1350 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I 1351 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, 1352 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. 1353 # 1354 # (2006-12-09): 1355 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving 1356 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis 1357 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well 1358 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. 1359 # 1360 # From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08): 1361 # https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000 1362 # ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries... 1363 # "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny 1364 # roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village." 1365 # ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence 1366 # since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ... 1367 # From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17): 1368 # That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says: 1369 # Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your 1370 # phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which 1371 # way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in 1372 # Texta is the word: 'Why'? 1373 # "Good question," Mr Pike said. 1374 # "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years." 1375 1376 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): 1377 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the 1378 # introduction of standard time in 1895. 1379 1380 # From Stuart Bishop (2024-11-12): 1381 # An article discussing the in-use but technically unofficial timezones 1382 # in the Western Australian portion of the Nullarbor Plain. 1383 # https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-11-22/outback-wa-properties-strange-time-zones/104542494 1384 # From Paul Eggert (2024-11-12): 1385 # As the article says, the Eyre Bird Observatory and nearby sheep stations 1386 # can use Tokyo time. Other possibilities include Asia/Chita, Asia/Seoul, 1387 # and Asia/Jayapura. 1388 1389 # Queensland 1390 1391 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26): 1392 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST: 1393 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland. 1394 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403 1395 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS 1396 1397 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1398 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] 1399 # # [ Dec 1990 ] 1400 # ... 1401 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST 1402 # ... 1403 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1404 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E 1405 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1406 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E 1407 1408 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24): 1409 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from 1410 # October 1989). 1411 1412 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1413 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1414 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1415 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1416 1417 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06): 1418 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact 1419 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised 1420 # me.) 1421 1422 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08): 1423 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted 1424 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... 1425 # ... 1426 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1427 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1428 # ... 1429 1430 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1431 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. 1432 1433 1434 # southeast Australia 1435 # 1436 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1437 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT 1438 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. 1439 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html 1440 1441 1442 # South Australia 1443 1444 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04): 1445 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... 1446 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving 1447 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... 1448 1449 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1450 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] 1451 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1452 # ... 1453 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST 1454 # ... 1455 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1456 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1457 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C 1458 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C 1459 1460 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11): 1461 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide 1462 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, 1463 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." 1464 1465 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): 1466 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) 1467 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even 1468 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival 1469 # is on... 1470 1471 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): 1472 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... 1473 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... 1474 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). 1475 1476 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11): 1477 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, 1478 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can 1479 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... 1480 1481 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07): 1482 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... 1483 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... 1484 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. 1485 1486 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1487 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1488 1489 # Tasmania 1490 1491 # From P Chan (2020-11-20): 1492 # Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919. 1493 # 1494 # Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22] 1495 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/ 1496 # 1497 # Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01] 1498 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/ 1499 # 1500 # Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24] 1501 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/ 1502 # 1503 # King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act. 1504 # Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69. 1505 # 1506 # Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22] 1507 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/ 1508 # 1509 # Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15] 1510 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/ 1511 1512 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1513 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1514 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1515 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1516 1517 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): 1518 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have 1519 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia 1520 # (but nothing new about that). 1521 1522 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): 1523 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the 1524 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, 1525 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria 1526 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 1527 # instead of the first Sunday in October. 1528 1529 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: 1530 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 1531 1532 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1533 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1534 1535 # Victoria 1536 1537 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd 1538 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1539 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] 1540 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1541 1542 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): 1543 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an 1544 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was 1545 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar 1546 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located 1547 # in Melbourne, Australia. 1548 # 1549 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which 1550 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day 1551 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's 1552 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, 1553 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the 1554 # expected time. 1555 # 1556 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had 1557 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of 1558 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps 1559 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. 1560 # 1561 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html 1562 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au 1563 1564 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1565 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1566 1567 # New South Wales 1568 1569 # From Arthur David Olson: 1570 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. 1571 # Based on law library research by John Mackin, 1572 # who notes: 1573 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the 1574 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time" 1575 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common 1576 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the 1577 # legislation. This is very important to understand. 1578 # I have researched New South Wales time only... 1579 1580 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): 1581 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual 1582 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore, 1583 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26). 1584 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html 1585 1586 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): 1587 # See the following official NSW source: 1588 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales. 1589 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ 1590 # 1591 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of 1592 # daylight saving next year. See: 1593 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving 1594 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm 1595 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. 1596 # 1597 # Victoria will follow NSW. See: 1598 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28) 1599 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm 1600 # 1601 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: 1602 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19) 1603 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm 1604 # 1605 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: 1606 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics 1607 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm 1608 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying 1609 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time 1610 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very 1611 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of 1612 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. 1613 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules." 1614 # 1615 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: 1616 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21) 1617 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm 1618 1619 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian 1620 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken 1621 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. 1622 1623 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: 1624 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW 1625 # towns to use Queensland time. 1626 1627 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1628 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1629 1630 # Yancowinna 1631 1632 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04): 1633 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. 1634 1635 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1636 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] 1637 # # [ Dec 1990 ] 1638 # ... 1639 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the 1640 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings 1641 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government 1642 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have 1643 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not 1644 # # presently available. 1645 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST 1646 # ... 1647 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1648 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C 1649 # [followed by other Rules] 1650 1651 # Lord Howe Island 1652 1653 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1654 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] 1655 # [ Dec 1990 ] 1656 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an 1657 # hour ahead of NSW time. 1658 1659 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): 1660 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same 1661 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the 1662 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is 1663 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time 1664 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour 1665 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents 1666 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing 1667 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will 1668 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW. 1669 1670 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): 1671 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards 1672 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently 1673 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as 1674 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start 1675 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. 1676 1677 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1678 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and 1679 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. 1680 1681 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): 1682 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. 1683 1684 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): 1685 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight 1686 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 1687 # summer (southern hemisphere). 1688 # 1689 # From 1690 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf 1691 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling 1692 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. 1693 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each 1694 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. 1695 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia 1696 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and 1697 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... 1698 # 1699 # We have a wrap-up here: 1700 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html 1701 ############################################################################### 1702 1703 # New Zealand 1704 1705 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): 1706 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. 1707 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for 1708 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). 1709 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. 1710 1711 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): 1712 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! 1713 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. 1714 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] 1715 # # [ Nov 1990 ] 1716 # ... 1717 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 1718 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 1719 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S 1720 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S 1721 # ... 1722 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand 1723 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island 1724 1725 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): 1726 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 1727 # rather than the October 1 value. 1728 1729 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); 1730 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. 1731 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight 1732 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard 1733 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. 1734 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. 1735 # 1736 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1737 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, 1738 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references. 1739 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. 1740 # 1741 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with 1742 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham 1743 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. 1744 1745 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): 1746 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the 1747 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning 1748 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. 1749 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended 1750 1751 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14): 1752 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by 1753 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26). 1754 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf 1755 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand 1756 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard 1757 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New 1758 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow." 1759 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time 1760 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match 1761 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did 1762 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST. 1763 1764 ############################################################################### 1765 1766 1767 # Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima) 1768 1769 # From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick: 1770 # National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government 1771 # officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there. 1772 # According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC 1773 # + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan 1774 # at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown. 1775 # I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have 1776 # synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own 1777 # decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones.... 1778 # 1779 # https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ 1780 1781 # From Phake Nick (2019-02-12): 1782 # Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned 1783 # to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database 1784 # rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin 1785 # Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only. 1786 # ... [The link mentioned above] described some special timekeeping phenomenon 1787 # regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese 1788 # in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that 1789 # the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own 1790 # coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two 1791 # hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some 1792 # sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be 1793 # incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental 1794 # report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications 1795 # Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus 1796 # Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the 1797 # island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time 1798 # (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense 1799 # Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time 1800 # and there are also no information on things like how the time was used. 1801 1802 1803 # Fiji 1804 1805 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji 1806 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time 1807 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind). 1808 1809 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): 1810 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 1811 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will 1812 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. 1813 1814 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): 1815 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. 1816 1817 # From the BBC World Service in 1818 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC): 1819 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to 1820 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also 1821 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning 1822 # of the new millennium. 1823 1824 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) 1825 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. 1826 1827 1828 # Kiribati 1829 1830 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 1831 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati 1832 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995" 1833 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. 1834 1835 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03): 1836 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition 1837 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995. 1838 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04): 1839 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All: 1840 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007). 1841 1842 # Kanton 1843 1844 # From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27): 1845 # Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated 1846 # island. (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".) 1847 # Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators 1848 # <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>; 1849 # Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to 1850 # establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the 1851 # next war. Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial 1852 # airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently 1853 # for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the 1854 # airfield for high-end niche tourism. Kanton has about two dozen 1855 # people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5 1856 # year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures 1857 # <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>. 1858 1859 # Kwajalein 1860 1861 # From an AP article (1993-08-22): 1862 # "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good 1863 # excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were 1864 # going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight 1865 # -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from 1866 # one side of the international date line to the other." 1867 # "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22. 1868 # https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html 1869 1870 # From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31): 1871 # Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/>'s 1872 # citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying 1873 # Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier. 1874 # However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this. The article 1875 # says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States 1876 # Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test 1877 # Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was 1878 # transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground" 1879 # <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>. 1880 # Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined 1881 # to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence. 1882 1883 1884 # N Mariana Is, Guam 1885 1886 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1887 # Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ... 1888 # however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that 1889 # period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during 1890 # that period of time like the surrounding area. 1891 1892 # From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23): 1893 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the 1894 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones 1895 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. 1896 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; 1897 # see Asia/Manila. 1898 # 1899 # Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start 1900 # and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern 1901 # Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume 1902 # they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff. 1903 # 1904 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time, 1905 # under the name "Chamorro standard time". There is no official abbreviation, 1906 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, 1907 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". 1908 1909 # See also the commentary for Micronesia. 1910 1911 1912 # Marshall Is 1913 # See the commentary for Micronesia. 1914 1915 1916 # Micronesia (and nearby) 1917 1918 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 1919 # Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies 1920 # kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844. 1921 1922 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): 1923 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in 1924 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26) 1925 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html 1926 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11. 1927 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now. 1928 1929 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): 1930 # 1931 # From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ 1932 # ... 1933 # For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of 1934 # Micronesia + Marshall Islands): 1935 # 1936 # A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands 1937 # who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like 1938 # of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been 1939 # implemented (yet). No further information after that were found. 1940 # 1941 # Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were 1942 # instructed to use JST at the time. 1943 # 1944 # 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use 1945 # the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the 1946 # longitude of the atoll. 1947 # 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until 1948 # February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST. 1949 # However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and 1950 # probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that 1951 # is if they keep their own time back then) 1952 # 1953 # In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area 1954 # into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1, 1955 # +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same 1956 # year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying 1957 # force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard 1958 # time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such. 1959 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area 1960 # (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1961 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil 1962 # administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time) 1963 # * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil 1964 # administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time). 1965 # * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been 1966 # formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal 1967 # governance structure have been established, these district [become 1968 # subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard 1969 # time of the area. 1970 # * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was 1971 # occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the 1972 # Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape 1973 # subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape 1974 # subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E 1975 # starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the 1976 # Marshall Islands. 1977 # 1978 # And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the 1979 # area into 2 timezones: 1980 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and 1981 # Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) 1982 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk), 1983 # Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern 1984 # Standard Time) 1985 # 1986 # Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year, 1987 # standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian 1988 # of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area. 1989 # 1990 # Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the 1991 # island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this 1992 # period of time.... 1993 # 1994 # After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the 1995 # (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time 1996 # different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking 1997 # time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10. 1998 # 1999 # After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands 2000 # under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some 2001 # American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those 2002 # area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable 2003 # information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable 2004 # information can be found. 2005 # 2006 # 2007 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): 2008 # 2009 # For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that 2010 # plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information 2011 # for Wake is too sketchy to act on. 2012 # 2013 # The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been 2014 # done, so omit it from the data for now. 2015 # 2016 # The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein. 2017 2018 2019 # Midway 2020 2021 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), 2022 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection 2023 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): 2024 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight 2025 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, 2026 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 2027 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to 2028 # air at 6am your time. 2029 # 2030 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): 2031 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they 2032 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years 2033 # in Midway, but we have no record of it. 2034 2035 # Nauru 2036 2037 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-31): 2038 # Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then 2039 # switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades. 2040 # However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then 2041 # showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ 2042 # And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced. 2043 # ... 2044 # The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 2045 # http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3 2046 # based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" 2047 # http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru 2048 # Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb. 2049 # 2050 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19): 2051 # The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in 2052 # "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935), 2053 # https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/circ/nbscircular406.pdf 2054 # page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by 2055 # Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to 2056 # 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from: 2057 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru 2058 2059 # Norfolk 2060 2061 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23): 2062 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100: 2063 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text 2064 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015. 2065 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf 2066 2067 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28): 2068 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted 2069 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's 2070 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST 2071 # other than in 1974/5. See: 2072 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html 2073 # However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition; 2074 # timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said 2075 # (thanks to Michael Deckers). 2076 2077 # Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019. 2078 # From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13): 2079 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702 2080 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14): 2081 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010 2082 2083 # Palau 2084 # See commentary for Micronesia. 2085 2086 # Pitcairn 2087 2088 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): 2089 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 2090 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. 2091 # 2092 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be 2093 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known 2094 # as Pitcairn Standard Time. 2095 # 2096 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several 2097 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation 2098 # somehow in light of this proclamation. 2099 2100 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): 2101 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 2102 # ... at midnight. 2103 2104 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: 2105 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as 2106 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be hour different from us here in 2107 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. 2108 2109 2110 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa 2111 2112 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean 2113 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change 2114 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, 2115 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that 2116 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year." 2117 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20. 2118 # https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_alaska_samoa.htm 2119 2120 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30 2121 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950, many earlier sources give -11 2122 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards 2123 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932. 2124 # https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/circ/nbscircular399.pdf 2125 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950, 2126 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a 2127 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New 2128 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations. 2129 2130 2131 # Tonga 2132 2133 # From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04): 2134 # In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast 2135 # on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic 2136 # Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360. 2137 2138 # From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03): 2139 # [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity". 2140 # Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]: 2141 # On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours, 2142 # 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich. 2143 2144 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): 2145 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting 2146 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time." 2147 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. 2148 2149 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle 2150 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins': 2151 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm 2152 # 2153 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST 2154 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its 2155 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its 2156 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of 2157 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 2158 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). 2159 # 2160 # Because His Majesty King Tufahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince 2161 # Tung, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time 2162 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. 2163 # 2164 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer 2165 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 2166 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 2167 # minutes we have lost?" 2168 # 2169 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that 2170 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth 2171 # to say your prayers in the morning." 2172 # 2173 # From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael 2174 # Deckers (2021-03-03): 2175 # Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks & 2176 # Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01. 2177 # 2178 # The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times, 2179 # which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961: 2180 # Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19 2181 # Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19 2182 # (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.) 2183 # This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time 2184 # has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further 2185 # writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on 2186 # 1960-10-19. (p. 255) 2187 # 2188 # Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to 2189 # a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tufahau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in 2190 # 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with 2191 # this over Shanks & Pottenger. 2192 2193 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): 2194 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium 2195 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. 2196 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from 2197 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan 2198 # Government. 2199 2200 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 2201 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November 2202 # 2203 # I was given this link by John Letts: 2204 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm 2205 # 2206 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November 2207 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead 2208 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead 2209 # (12 + 1 hour DST). 2210 2211 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): 2212 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>: 2213 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 2214 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the 2215 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on 2216 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and 2217 # set back an hour on the closing date." 2218 # Alas, no indication of the time of day. 2219 2220 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): 2221 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. 2222 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. 2223 2224 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): 2225 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com 2226 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 2227 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article 2228 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the 2229 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here. 2230 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>) 2231 2232 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): 2233 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. 2234 2235 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: 2236 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom 2237 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday 2238 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one 2239 # hour to 1:00am. 2240 2241 # From Pulu Anau (2002-11-05): 2242 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. 2243 2244 # From Pulu Anau (2016-10-27): 2245 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017 2246 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen 2247 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set. 2248 # 2249 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26): 2250 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00 2251 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now. 2252 2253 # From David Wade (2017-10-18): 2254 # In August government was dissolved by the King. The current prime minister 2255 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few 2256 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November. 2257 # 2258 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): 2259 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing. 2260 2261 2262 ############################################################################### 2263 2264 # The International Date Line 2265 2266 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): 2267 # 2268 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, 2269 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. 2270 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on 2271 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. 2272 # 2273 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and 2274 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL 2275 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most 2276 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line 2277 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific 2278 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international 2279 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is 2280 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some 2281 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not 2282 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the 2283 # correct date is ambiguous. 2284 2285 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time> (2023-01-23): 2286 # The nautical time zone system is analogous to the terrestrial time zone 2287 # system for use on high seas. Under the system time changes are required for 2288 # changes of longitude in one-hour steps. The one-hour step corresponds to a 2289 # time zone width of 15 longitude. The 15 gore that is offset from GMT or 2290 # UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two 2291 # 730' gores that differ from GMT by 12 hours. A nautical date line is 2292 # implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th 2293 # meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to 2294 # land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line. 2295 2296 # From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23): 2297 # The American Practical Navigator <https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/APN>, 2298 # 2019 edition, merely says that the International Date Line 2299 # "coincides with the 180th meridian over most of its length." 2300
Indexes created Sun Aug 16 00:25:19 UTC 2026