1----- Calendrical issues -----
2
3As mentioned in Theory.html, although calendrical issues are out of
4scope for tzdb, they indicate the sort of problems that we would run
5into if we extended tzdb further into the past.  The following
6information and sources go beyond Theory.html's brief discussion.
7They sometimes disagree.
8
9
10France
11
12Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
13French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
14and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
15
16
17Russia
18
19Soviet Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1918-02-14.
20It also used 5- and 6-day work weeks at times, in parallel with the
21Gregorian calendar; see <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_calendar>.
22
23
24Sweden (and Finland)
25
26From: Mark Brader
27Subject: Re: Gregorian reform - a part of locale?
28<news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>
29Date: 1996-07-06
30
31In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
32decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
33those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
34year after 1696 would be in 1744 - putting the whole country on a calendar
35different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
36
37However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
38they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
39they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
40year!...
41
42Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
43getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
44
45(A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
46produced the following references to support it: "Tideräkning och historia"
47by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tideräkning och
48kalenderväsen" by Lars-Olof Lodén (1968).
49
50
51Grotefend's data
52
53From: "Michael Palmer" [with two obvious typos fixed]
54Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question
55Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
56Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
57...
58
59The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of
60European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the
61Gregorian calendar:
62
6304/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman
64                 Catholics and Danzig only)
6509/20 Dec 1582 - France, Lorraine
66
6721 Dec 1582/
68   01 Jan 1583 - Holland, Brabant, Flanders, Hennegau
6910/21 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Liege (Lüttich)
7013/24 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Augsburg
7104/15 Oct 1583 - electorate of Trier
7205/16 Oct 1583 - Bavaria, bishoprics of Freising, Eichstedt, Regensburg,
73                 Salzburg, Brixen
7413/24 Oct 1583 - Austrian Oberelsaß and Breisgau
7520/31 Oct 1583 - bishopric of Basel
7602/13 Nov 1583 - duchy of Jülich-Berg
7702/13 Nov 1583 - electorate and city of Köln
7804/15 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Würzburg
7911/22 Nov 1583 - electorate of Mainz
8016/27 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Strassburg and the margraviate of Baden
8117/28 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Münster and duchy of Cleve
8214/25 Dec 1583 - Steiermark
83
8406/17 Jan 1584 - Austria and Bohemia
8511/22 Jan 1584 - Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn
8612/23 Jan 1584 - Silesia and the Lausitz
8722 Jan/
88   02 Feb 1584 - Hungary (legally on 21 Oct 1587)
89      Jun 1584 - Unterwalden
9001/12 Jul 1584 - duchy of Westfalen
91
9216/27 Jun 1585 - bishopric of Paderborn
93
9414/25 Dec 1590 - Transylvania
95
9622 Aug/
97   02 Sep 1612 - duchy of Prussia
98
9913/24 Dec 1614 - Pfalz-Neuburg
100
101          1617 - duchy of Kurland (reverted to the Julian calendar in
102                 1796)
103
104          1624 - bishopric of Osnabrück
105
106          1630 - bishopric of Minden
107
10815/26 Mar 1631 - bishopric of Hildesheim
109
110          1655 - Kanton Wallis
111
11205/16 Feb 1682 - city of Strassburg
113
11418 Feb/
115   01 Mar 1700 - Protestant Germany (including Swedish possessions in
116                 Germany), Denmark, Norway
11730 Jun/
118   12 Jul 1700 - Gelderland, Zutphen
11910 Nov/
120   12 Dec 1700 - Utrecht, Overijssel
121
12231 Dec 1700/
123   12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Zürich, Bern, Basel, Geneva,
124                 Thurgau, and Schaffhausen
125
126          1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen
127
12801 Jan 1750    - Pisa and Florence
129
13002/14 Sep 1752 - Great Britain
131
13217 Feb/
133   01 Mar 1753 - Sweden
134
1351760-1812      - Graubünden
136
137The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not
138convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917.
139
140Source: H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen
141Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend
142(Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.
143
144-----
145
146This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
147Arthur David Olson.
148
149-----
150Local Variables:
151coding: utf-8
152End:
153