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      1 ----- Calendrical issues -----
      2 
      3 As mentioned in Theory.html, although calendrical issues are out of
      4 scope for tzdb, they indicate the sort of problems that we would run
      5 into if we extended tzdb further into the past.  The following
      6 information and sources go beyond Theory.html's brief discussion.
      7 They sometimes disagree.
      8 
      9 
     10 France
     11 
     12 Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
     13 French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
     14 and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
     15 
     16 
     17 Russia
     18 
     19 Soviet Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1918-02-14.
     20 It also used 5- and 6-day work weeks at times, in parallel with the
     21 Gregorian calendar; see <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_calendar>.
     22 
     23 
     24 Sweden (and Finland)
     25 
     26 From: Mark Brader
     27 Subject: Re: Gregorian reform - a part of locale?
     28 <news:1996Jul6.012937.29190 (a] sq.com>
     29 Date: 1996-07-06
     30 
     31 In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
     32 decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
     33 those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
     34 year after 1696 would be in 1744 - putting the whole country on a calendar
     35 different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
     36 
     37 However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
     38 they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
     39 they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
     40 year!...
     41 
     42 Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
     43 getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
     44 
     45 (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
     46 produced the following references to support it: "Tiderkning och historia"
     47 by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderkning och
     48 kalendervsen" by Lars-Olof Lodn (1968).
     49 
     50 
     51 Grotefend's data
     52 
     53 From: "Michael Palmer" [with two obvious typos fixed]
     54 Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question
     55 Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
     56 Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
     57 ...
     58 
     59 The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of
     60 European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the
     61 Gregorian calendar:
     62 
     63 04/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman
     64                  Catholics and Danzig only)
     65 09/20 Dec 1582 - France, Lorraine
     66 
     67 21 Dec 1582/
     68    01 Jan 1583 - Holland, Brabant, Flanders, Hennegau
     69 10/21 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Liege (Lttich)
     70 13/24 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Augsburg
     71 04/15 Oct 1583 - electorate of Trier
     72 05/16 Oct 1583 - Bavaria, bishoprics of Freising, Eichstedt, Regensburg,
     73                  Salzburg, Brixen
     74 13/24 Oct 1583 - Austrian Oberelsa and Breisgau
     75 20/31 Oct 1583 - bishopric of Basel
     76 02/13 Nov 1583 - duchy of Jlich-Berg
     77 02/13 Nov 1583 - electorate and city of Kln
     78 04/15 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Wrzburg
     79 11/22 Nov 1583 - electorate of Mainz
     80 16/27 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Strassburg and the margraviate of Baden
     81 17/28 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Mnster and duchy of Cleve
     82 14/25 Dec 1583 - Steiermark
     83 
     84 06/17 Jan 1584 - Austria and Bohemia
     85 11/22 Jan 1584 - Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn
     86 12/23 Jan 1584 - Silesia and the Lausitz
     87 22 Jan/
     88    02 Feb 1584 - Hungary (legally on 21 Oct 1587)
     89       Jun 1584 - Unterwalden
     90 01/12 Jul 1584 - duchy of Westfalen
     91 
     92 16/27 Jun 1585 - bishopric of Paderborn
     93 
     94 14/25 Dec 1590 - Transylvania
     95 
     96 22 Aug/
     97    02 Sep 1612 - duchy of Prussia
     98 
     99 13/24 Dec 1614 - Pfalz-Neuburg
    100 
    101           1617 - duchy of Kurland (reverted to the Julian calendar in
    102                  1796)
    103 
    104           1624 - bishopric of Osnabrck
    105 
    106           1630 - bishopric of Minden
    107 
    108 15/26 Mar 1631 - bishopric of Hildesheim
    109 
    110           1655 - Kanton Wallis
    111 
    112 05/16 Feb 1682 - city of Strassburg
    113 
    114 18 Feb/
    115    01 Mar 1700 - Protestant Germany (including Swedish possessions in
    116                  Germany), Denmark, Norway
    117 30 Jun/
    118    12 Jul 1700 - Gelderland, Zutphen
    119 10 Nov/
    120    12 Dec 1700 - Utrecht, Overijssel
    121 
    122 31 Dec 1700/
    123    12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Zrich, Bern, Basel, Geneva,
    124                  Thurgau, and Schaffhausen
    125 
    126           1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen
    127 
    128 01 Jan 1750    - Pisa and Florence
    129 
    130 02/14 Sep 1752 - Great Britain
    131 
    132 17 Feb/
    133    01 Mar 1753 - Sweden
    134 
    135 1760-1812      - Graubnden
    136 
    137 The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not
    138 convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917.
    139 
    140 Source: H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen
    141 Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend
    142 (Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.
    143 
    144 -----
    145 
    146 This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
    147 Arthur David Olson.
    148 
    149 -----
    150 Local Variables:
    151 coding: utf-8
    152 End:
    153